In 1977, Irene Pepperberg of Harvard University began studying what was on another creature’s mind by talking to it. Her first experiments began with Alex. Alex was a one-year-old African grey parrot and Irene taught him to produce the sounds of the English language. “I thought if he learned to communicate, I could ask him questions about how he sees the world.”
At the time, most scientists didn’t believe animals had any thoughts. They thought animals were more like robots but didn’t have the ability to think or feel. Of course, if you own a pet you probably disagree. But it is the job of a scientist to prove this and nowadays more scientists accept that animals can think for themselves.
“That’s why I started my studies with Alex,” Irene said, “Some people actually called me crazy for trying this.”
Nowadays, we have more and more evidence that animals have all sorts of mental abilities. Sheep can recognize faces. Chimpanzees (黑猩猩) use a variety of tools and even use weapons to hunt. And Alex the parrot became a very good talker.
Thirty years after the Alex studies began. Irene was still giving him English lessons up until his recent death. For example, if Alex was hungry he could say “want grape”. Alex could count to six and was learning the sounds for seven and eight. “He has to hear the words over and over before he can correctly say them.” Irene said, after pronouncing “seven” for Alex a few times in a row. Alex could also tell the difference between colors, shapes, sizes, and materials (e.g. wood and metal). Before he finally died, Alex managed to say “seven”.
Another famous pet that proved some animals have greater mental skills was a dog called Rico. He appeared on a German TV game show in 2011. Rico knew the names of 200 different toys and easily learned the names of new ones. When Rico became famous, many other dog owners wanted to show how clever their pets were. Another dog called Betsy could understand 300 words.
One theory for dogs’ ability to learn a language is that they have been close companions to humans for many centuries and so their ability to understand us is constantly evolving (进化). While animals can’t do what humans do yet, some scientists believe that examples like Alex and Rico prove that evolution develops intelligence, as well as physical appearance.
1. Irene wanted to find out __________.
A.what a parrot thinks |
B.why a parrot can speak |
C.how parrots make sounds |
D.if parrots speak English |
A.singing them |
B.reading them |
C.writing them |
D.rehearing them |
A.understand some words |
B.recognize strange voices |
C.copy human gestures |
D.tell different colors |
A.our pets understand what we say |
B.dogs may speak to humans one day |
C.humans are related to chimpanzees |
D.mental ability can evolve in animals |
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【推荐1】Giant pandas could be left hungry and struggling to survive by global warming, scientists have warned. A new study predicts that climate change is certain to wipe out much of the bamboo on which the bears rely for food. Prime panda habitat in China could be completely lost by the end of the century. Human development adds to the threat by blocking the bears' access to places where bamboo is less affected by rising temperatures.
The research focused on the Qinling Mountains in Shaanxi province, which is home to around 275 wild pandas. The animals make up around 17% of the entire wild giant panda population. Qinling pandas have been isolated for thousands of years due to a long history of human habitation around the mountain range. Their limited range makes them particularly sensitive to the loss of food resources.
Bamboo, which carpets the forest floor where the pandas live, is the single item in the bears' diet and also provides essential food and shelter for other animals. The plant's unusual reproductive cycle limits its ability to adapt to climate change. One species studied by the scientists only flowers and reproduces every 30-35 years. Tuanmu's team pointed out that three main bamboo species were likely to disappear in the Qinling Mountains as the climate warmed.
"We will need advance actions to protect the current giant panda habitats," said leading researcher Mao-Ning Tuanmu, from Yale University in the US. "We need time to look for areas that might become panda habitat in the future, and to think now about connection between good panda habitats and habitats for other species."
Conservation efforts should now aim to protect areas that have a better chance of supplying pandas with food, despite climate change. Natural "bridges" could also be created to help the pandas escape from a bamboo shortage. Looking at the climate impact on the bamboo can help us prepare for the challenges that the panda will likely face in the future.
1. What does the author want to tell us in paragraph 1?A.Human activities prevent giant pandas travelling for food. |
B.Giant pandas could be short of food for two reasons. |
C.Giant pandas are faced with the danger of starvation. |
D.Global warming will ruin the bamboo in China. |
A.It is hard for this bamboo to get used to climate change. |
B.It takes decades to flower and produce once again. |
C.Three main bamboo species have disappeared. |
D.Giant pandas live on a single food resource. |
A.We should get giant pandas away from present habitats. |
B.We should help giant pandas remove other species. |
C.We should set up a nature reserve for giant pandas. |
D.We should plant more bamboos for giant pandas. |
A.Threat to the survival of Giant Pandas |
B.Effect of Climate Change on Giant Pandas |
C.Research on Disappearance of Bamboo |
D.Measures to Protect Giant Pandas |
【推荐2】Many years ago, dogs and wolves were the same. But about 14,000 years ago, some wolves began to change. They were no longer as wild. No one knows exactly how this happened. Angus Phillips of National Geographic Magazine thinks it may have happened like this: “Some wolves moved close to human cooking fires after smelling something good to eat. Then they worked to get closer to groups of humans. They did this by being helpful or proving they would not hurt people. The humans might have used the wolves’ better hunting skills to help them hunt animals. The wolves could warn humans of danger at night. Over thousands of years, humans kept the large, rough wolves out of the human camps. This led to the development of different kinds of dogs that were more friendly to people. They began to look different than wolves. They were generally smaller than wolves, with a shorter nose.”
Through the late 19th century, humans would raise dogs for special skills they wanted, such as hunting, helping with the work on farms or protecting animals. Today, the most common use of a dog is for friendship. Some people even consider their dog to be a part of their family. Scientists are finding that dogs can even understand human emotions. Around the world today there are more than 400 million dogs. But their relationship with people is not always close. Some of these dogs become strays. They live on the streets and often eat garbage. Diana Bharucha, from Bangalore,
Diana, started a program called ‘Stray Dogs Free Bangalore.’ She says that dogs should have a home with a human master. Diana told the news-magazine Citizens Matters: “If the dog population continues to increase, they will go back to living in a group and turn wild. They will start hunting like wild animals which will be a danger for human life.” Humans are still learning how to live together with dogs. This relationship can be wonderful but difficult. But people will continue to share their lives with man’s best friend: the dog.
1. Paragraph1 is mainly about ________.A.the wolves’ great hunting skills | B.how some wolves developed into dogs |
C.why some wolves got close to humans | D.the difference between wolves and dogs |
A.the method | B.the place | C.the number | D.the purpose |
A.have no home | B.are abused by the family |
C.get separated from others | D.suffer from serious illnesses |
A.To control the dog population. | B.To prevent dogs turning wild. |
C.To rescue dogs on the street. | D.To stop dogs being hunted. |
【推荐3】About 8:15 one morning, I left for the airport to meet friends from Holland, only to discover that the plane was to be an hour late. The airport is close by, so I went home to wait.
Arriving at the house I found my dog, Clyde, in a very excited state, pushing his nose into a flowerbed near our front door then jumping back, barking (吠) all the time. I thought that perhaps he had seen a mouse among the leaves. Then suddenly he ran to the other end of flowerbed right by the front door, and began the same again—this time at a rosemary bush.
I decided to check with a stick. Do you know what I found? A snake! I was in shock! Quickly, the cobra was slithering (蜿蜒着滑行) up the steps to our front door! Two quick blows from me with the stick and it was dead. Clyde was still unsure of it and kept barking.
I just had time to put the snake in a plastic bag and leave it for the rubbish truck, before returning to the airport to greet my friends. If the plane had been on time, things might have been very different here today! Friends have told me that the cobra aims to spit in a person’s eyes in order to blind them. Clyde’s barking warned me that something was wrong and danger was near. If Clyde had not been “on guard”, the cobra could easily have got into our house. There he might have lain hidden, ready to “surprise attack” me when I wasn’t expecting it. This reminds me of the fact that anything can happen at any time so we should be always “on guard”. We cannot take life for granted, and should appreciate every day that we have.
1. Why was Clyde so excited when the author returned?A.Because a snake bit him. | B.Because he saw a mouse. |
C.Because his owner came back. | D.Because he sensed danger was near. |
A.At the rosemary bush. | B.At the steps to the front door. |
C.At the far end of the flowerbed. | D.At the near end of the flowerbed. |
A.Playful. | B.Curious. | C.Watchful. | D.Courageous. |
A.A Life Lesson | B.A Miracle of Life |
C.An Unforgettable Experience | D.An Unexpected Guest |
【推荐1】As trees across the northern areas turn gold and deep red, you can find autumn colors in parks and woodlands, in the cities, countryside, and mountains. People are wondering what these colors are for. For years, scientists have worked to understand the changes that happen to trees in the autumn. Up to now there have been different explanations for why natural selection makes autumn colors so widespread.
Dr. Hamilton from Oxford University proposed that bright autumn leaves contained a message: they warn insects to leave them alone. In autumn, insects choose trees where they will lay eggs. When the larvae(幼虫)come out the next spring, they feed on the trees, often with a result of destruction of the trees. Dr. Hamilton suggested that trees could ward off these insects with poisons. They could have strong defenses by letting egg-laying insects know what was in store for their eggs.
Dr. Hamilton and students turned the theory into a mathematical model, which showed that warning signals could indeed drive the evolution(进化)of bright leaves. It was a first attempt to see what was out there.
A research team from the University of Wisconsin gave a quite different explanation. “If you are up here in Wisconsin, by the time leaves change, all the insects that feed on leaves are gone.” Dr. Hoch said. He believed that autumn colors served mainly as protection.
According to Dr. Hoch and his team, autumn colors might be able to protect the leaves from sun damage or frost(冰冻)injury—in other words, they actually act as a sunscreen to avoid the destruction to the leaves. Besides, autumn colors might protect the leaves from water loss. If the cells in the leaves become dry, the connections between the cells will be weakened and leaves will break off.
Although there are different explanations about autumn colors, it has really given them a deeper concern for this time of year. “People sometimes say that science makes the world less interesting by just explaining things away,” one famous biologist said. “But with autumn leaves, the more you know about them, the more amazed you are.”
1. According to Dr. Hamilton, there is a connection between________.A.the size of leaves and the survival of insects |
B.the size of leaves and the behavior of insects |
C.the size of leaves and the quality of insects |
D.the size of leaves and the number of insects |
A.Climate has an influence on the color of the leaves |
B.Sun damage and frost injury drive the insects away |
C.the color of autumn leaves has a protective function |
D.Autumn colors bring great destruction to the leaves |
A.catch |
B.attract |
C.ignore |
D.prevent |
A.The evolution of colorful leaves |
B.The secret to autumn leaves’ changes |
C.The charm autumn colors |
D.The role of leaves’ being protection |
【推荐2】A competition about Versailles literature (凡尔赛文学) was carried out on Sina Weibo recently. So what is Versailles literature?
The psychology behind humblebragging is to be recognized for one’s successes and be liked by others at the same time, according to scholars.
“
So, how can we annoy humblebraggers back? “Just pretend you don’t get whatever it is they try to show off,” a netizen advised. “
A.And respond with sincere pity for their complaints. |
B.Having too many houses, how can I decide which one to decorate? |
C.I’m fed up with living in the countryside with no shopping malls around. |
D.The key factor that makes the two groups of people different is sincerity. |
E.Actually, the term has nothing to do with the French palace or with literature. |
F.However, studies show that humblebragging as a self-promotion strategy does not work. |
G.The intention is to show off things of materialistic values, yet pretending that’s not the point. |
【推荐3】During the period from 1660 through 1800, Great Britain became the world’s leader. Language itself became submitted to rules during this period. This need to fix the English language is best illustrated (描述) in the making of The Dictionary of the English Language by Samuel Johnson. Guides to the English language had been in existence before Johnson began his project in 1746. These, however, were often little more than lists of hard words. When definitions of common words were supplied, they were often unhelpful. For example, a “horse” was defined in an early dictionary as “a beast well known”.
Johnson changed all that, but the task was not an easy one. Renting a house at 17 Gough Square, Johnson began working in the worst of conditions. Supported only by his publisher, Johnson worked on the Dictionary with five assistants. Compared to the French Academy’s dictionary, which took forty workers fifty-five years to complete (1639-1694), Johnson’s dictionary was completed by very few people very quickly.
Balanced on a chair with only three legs, Johnson sat against a wall in a room filled with books. Johnson would read widely from these books, mark passages illustrating the use of a particular word, and give the books to his assistants so that they could copy the passages on slips of paper. These slips were then stuck to eighty large notebooks under the key words that Johnson had selected. Fixing the word by this method, Johnson could record a word,s usage and its definition.
How many passages were used? According to Johnson’s modern biographer Walter Jackson Bate, the original total number could have been over 240,000. How many words were defined by the lexicographer? Over 40,000 words appeared in two large books in April of 1755. Did Johnson fully understand the huge task he was undertaking when he began? As he told his contemporary biographer James Boswell, “I knew very well what I was undertaking and very well how to do it — and have done it very well.”
1. What is the problem of early English dictionaries?A.They only offer simple pictures. |
B.They list just a few foreign words. |
C.They simply give some translations. |
D.They add no more than some big words. |
A.A publisher. | B.A biographer. |
C.A maker of dictionaries. | D.An assistant. |
A.He standardized English. |
B.He cared about authority a lot. |
C.He gained much financial support. |
D.He complained of working conditions. |
A.To discuss the problems of dictionaries. |
B.To encourage people to work on a project. |
C.To persuade people to buy the new dictionary. |
D.To introduce how Johnson complete his dictionary. |
【推荐1】As is known to all. the first modern Olympics were held there in 1896. But the history of the Olympics in Greece dates back to much earlier.
The first ancient Olympics were held in 776 B. C. The games got their name from Olympia, the Greek city where they took place.
Like the Summer Olympics of today, the ancient Olympics were held every four years. One of the main features (特点) of the ancient Olympics was the Olympic truce (休战).The truce meant that all wars were stopped, so that athletes and spectators could compete and travel in peace. Thousands of people from all over the Greek world came to watch.
During the first Olympics, there was only one competition—a 218-yard (200-meter) race. But over time the games grew to include wrestling, chariot racing, boxing and other sports. Women were not allowed to compete, but they had their own separate games.
“The ancient athletes became celebrities (名人), just like today. They often lived the rest of their lives being treated to free dinners.” Cerrato said “City-states even tried to steal away each other's athletes by offering them various awards.”
Unlike today's Olympics, the ancient Olympics were held to honor Zeus. Greeks thought that Zeus was the leader of the many gods and goddesses they believed in. But what comes as a surprise to many people is the fact that many athletes competed completely naked(裸体的)!
The ancient Olympics existed until 393 A. D. But the modern Olympics are still going strong. “The Olympics” gather athletes from around the world,said Sue Macy, author of a new National Geographic book, Swifter, Higher, Stronger: A Photographic History of the Summer Olympics. “It’s so much bigger today.”
1. What would be the best title of the passage?A.History of the Olympics. | B.Features of the Olympics. |
C.Truce of the Olympics. | D.Swifter. Higher, Stronger. |
A.the ancient Olympics attracted people all over the world |
B.men as well as women could compete in the games |
C.the ancient Olympics were an important event in Greece |
D.there were many kinds of races at that time |
A.all the people in Greece would stop working |
B.people stopped fighting to take part in the games |
C.people from all over the world came to see the games |
D.most of the athletes came from those who won the fight |
A.organized the games | B.played in the games |
C.watched the games | D.had no chance to watch the games |
【推荐2】In 1914, Ernest Shackleton and his team left England in a wooden sailing ship called the Endurance, hoping to become the first to cross Antarctica.
But in 1915, the Endurance became trapped over the Weddell Sea. The ice destroyed the Endurance and later sank it. Shackleton and all of his men abandoned the ship and managed to stay alive. Although they failed to complete the expedition, the tale of their long and difficult return is one of the most famous survival stories of all time.
Much was known about the location of the Endurance. The ship’s captain kept accurate records of the ship’s position. The ship’s photographer even took pictures of it as it went down. But the ship, deep in the icy waters near Antarctica, had never been found.
Now, a search team called “Endurance22” located the ship, which was found 1.87 miles below the ocean’s surface, about four miles south of its last known position. The team reports that the ship is in excellent shape. Even though the ship is made of wood and is over 100 years old, it has survived with little damage. Scientists say that the small worms that normally break down wooden objects underwater don’t live in the cold waters around Antarctica.
The Endurance 22 is led by the Falklands Maritime Heritage Trust. The team ran the project from an icebreaking ship. To locate the Endurance, the team used two underwater robots called Sabertooths which can travel by themselves deep under the sea. What makes them unique is that they can travel under the ice and go where the ship can not. Once the ship was located, the Sabertooths used highquality cameras and scanners to record the Endurance in detail.
The Endurance 22 plans to create a digital 3D model of the wreck site, using the careful scans they made. This will allow scientists to study the ship in detail without disturbing it.
1. What can we know about Shackleton?A.He built the Endurance by himself. | B.He was also a famous photographer. |
C.He had a tough journey back home. | D.He crossed Antarctica by the Endurance. |
A.Fine weather. | B.Cold water. |
C.Wood material. | D.Unique structure. |
A.They can repair the ship. | B.They can travel under the ice. |
C.They can break ice on the sea. | D.They can take pictures in detail. |
A.They will let it remain untouched. |
B.They will rebuild it using 3D technology. |
C.They will use scanners to record its details. |
D.They will do research on creating a model. |
【推荐3】Canada has reintroduced some bisons (北美野牛) to the country’s oldest national park in Banff, Alberta, officials said on Monday, more than 130 years after the North American animal last appeared on the eastern slopes of the Canadian Rockies.
The protection team moved a group of 16 bisons into enclosed grassland in Banff National Park in the west of the province last week. The group will stay under observation in the Panther Valley until next summer, when the animals will be released into the full 1,189 sq km reintroduction zone in the park’s eastern valleys.
Parks Canada said bisons were once main grazers (plant-eaters) and that bringing them back would recover their missing role in Banffs ecosystem. “This would be one of only four bison groups in North America that would be fully interacting with their predators (meat-eaters) and shaping the ecosystem as they did over a hundred years ago,” said Karsten Heuer, the bison reintroduction project manager. Those predators will include wolves and bears native to the park.
Ten pregnant female bisons and six young bulls were disease-tested before being driven 400 km across Alberta by truck. Since the Panther Valley is not easy to reach by road, officials attached the containers by a long line to a plane and flew them in one at a time for the last 25 km.
Vast bison groups of up to 30 million animals once lived freely across North America. The animal was nearly hunted to extinction, and park keepers estimate bisons have not grazed in Banff National Park since before it was set up in 1885.
1. Why did the protection team move bisons into enclosed grassland?A.To observe them. | B.To protect them. |
C.To cure diseases. | D.To change their habits. |
A.To reshape Banff’s ecosystem. |
B.To help the bison population expand. |
C.To make the oldest national park worth visiting |
D.To recover their predators’ role in the ecosystem. |
A.Deadly diseases. | B.Cruel hunting. |
C.Natural predators. | D.Worsened ecology. |
A.To show how to protect bisons. |
B.To describe the living condition of bisons. |
C.To explain how to transport bisons to Banff. |
D.To inform readers of bisons returning to Banff. |