【推荐1】People say teenagers are no good. They make too much noise in shopping malls; they drive recklessly（不顾一切地） up and down America’s main streets; they carry chips on their shoulders as big as the Sears Tower. And at least some of the time those things are true. But we shouldn’t forget that there are hard moments in the life of a teenager too.
I watched such a moment not long ago at a woman’s funeral. I didn’t expect the event to affect me. Through much of the ceremony, in fact, I remained unmoved.
The teenage grandson stepped forward. With his very first deep breath, every heart in that church was achingly reminded of something we had all forgotten. Softly he began: “I want to share a few values that Nana taught me. She never failed to see light in any situation. When our family dog would truely attract her, what would Nana say? ‘oh, what beautiful barking that dog has!’ That was Nana. ”
“She was a strong woman who often lived in the shadow of my grandpa, who was a successful businessman in this city. But she was the one behind the scenes who provided the strength and support for my grandpa’s career,” he said, with a voice now trembling, “That was Nana’s way.”
Through a low sob, he continued, “Whenever she did anything worth recognition, you’d have to hear about it from a different source, because she was never one to show off.”
Finally, in a voice breaking free of sorrow, he looked up and said, “Nana taught me courage. She put up an incredible fight to the end, when she died peacefully, which is how she lived her life. That was Nana’s way, and I hope I can carry on in the same manner.”
There are no hearts as sensitive as those of teenagers, because everything is happening to them for the first time. The trouble with teenagers is that they haven’t learned to be controlled.
When that boy rose to speak about the woman who surely had been his truest and dearest friend, his honest voice dragged each of us out into the open where we could no longer hide in the calm ceremony. He exposed us to the truth about this very real woman who believed in a boy who probably tried the patience of many adults. He reminded us that his grandmother was more than another dot on the chart of life and death.
All over again we felt those powerful losses crossing our own hearts, and we knew that when you say good-bye to something happy, something young in yourself. And that something never really returns, and the pain never really goes away.
1. In the first paragraph, the writer gave some examples to ________.

A．support his idea that young people are no good.

B．introduce his point of view about young people.

C．tell people every coin has its two sides.

D．young people often make mistakes.

2. From the boy’s speech, we know ________.

A．his grandmother had great influence on him

B．they had a dog which often attacked people

C．people had forgotten her until the boy appeared

D．his grandmother was so weak that she is always living in the shadow of his grandpa

3. Which of the following statements is true?

A．The boy’s speech moved no one present at the funeral except the writer.

B．The boy’s being good at expressing himself enabled him to draw everyone’s attention.

C．The boy was too grieved to accept the fact that his grandmother had passed away.

D．The writer didn’t expect the event would affect him.

4. What words can best describe grandmother’s quality?

A．Weak, mild and modest.

B．Easygoing, cautious and considerate.

C．Sensitive and hard on others.

D．Patient, optimistic, strong and helpful.

5. The passage tells the readers ________.

A．facing certain bitter facts help young people to grow

B．young people have to control themselves

C．the adults should learn from the young

D．the adults should teach the young how to be brave

【推荐2】My father and I have been separated for over two years. He was physically violent and emotionally abusive to me throughout my childhood, and I felt that I couldn’t forgive him. And yet, now he is dying, unconscious and struggling to breathe through an oxygen tube after a major stroke, all I can think of is how much he loved me.

How he would hold my fringe (刘海) back and kiss me on the forehead before school. How he bought me a pottery set and roller skates, although we were struggling by on just his salary, and allowed me to skate to school. How he would play chess and tennis with me, and take me to endless chess and tennis tournaments, even though I never won anything. How he would read the Guardian every day and fill in the quick crossword, but leave a few clues and praise me if I solved them. He kept every one of my Guardian columns, and every article I ever had published, even during our many estranged (疏远) periods. He gave me a lot of his savings to buy a flat after I became a single mum. And he set my date of birth as the passcode on his phone.

Yet I’m ashamed to say I blamed him, often, for everything: my anorexia (厌食症), my cutting, my anxiety, my depression... He was there during the tough times, yet all I could think was that the tough times happened because of him, forgetting that the causes of events are complex, and that plenty of people who had happy childhoods have to deal with mental illness and domestic violence too.

I even stopped him from seeing my daughter, then three, the thing that brought him most happiness, because I was scared he would hurt her, and that her life would be like mine. That decision would mean he never spoke to me again.

When we spent time together in previous years, my father hugged me a lot yet never talked much. Born in 1930s America during the Depression, he was a man of few words, a silent romantic who signed his empty Valentine’s cards to my mother with only his first initial. I know he thought I talked too much; ironically, I never told him what I needed to. Knowing he was old, I tried to get back in touch several times to make things right, but my mother said he didn’t want to hear from me. I understand that. Why would he want to hear from the daughter who was never able to forgive him for his mistakes; who brought them up time after time, unable to accept his apologies? Who prevented him from seeing his granddaughter? Who scolded him for his faults, yet never acknowledged his numerous kindnesses?

It’s much too late now. When I sit by his hospital bed and hold his large wrinkled hand, far too warm, and ask him to squeeze it if he can hear me, he doesn’t. So I tell him a few of the things I should have told him when he was conscious, though it’s hard to say the words: that I love him very much, and that I’m sorry about the estrangement. And it reminds me of what I’ve known for a long time: that my dad didn’t know how to be a father to me when I was young, because his father was abusive to him as a child. His father died estranged from his son; my father is dying estranged from his daughter.

I never thought that I’d feel this broken at losing him. I fantasise that his eyes will open, and that he will be conscious again for just a few days. I will give him a letter thanking him for all the things I have remembered while writing this piece, and apologizing for all the ways I have wronged him. And when I deliver the letter, I will bring my five-year-old daughter with me, so he can see her happiness and sweetness, and learn that the chain of hurt that has been passed down from generation to generation has finally been broken.

1. The separation between Father and the daughter is mainly caused by ______.

A．Father’s cruelty towards the daughter

B．Father’s irresponsibility for the family

C．the daughter’s protection of her kid from harm

D．the daughter’s misunderstanding of her father

2. Father rejected his daughter’s offer to get in touch with him because ______.

A．he was too ashamed to face his daughter

B．he couldn’t support his daughter any more

C．he couldn’t pardon his daughter’s ignorance

D．he was content to live away from his daughter

3. The author’s father can be described as ______.

A．generous, cold and stubborn	B．strict, caring and stubborn
C．generous, strict and inconsiderate	D．caring, cold and inconsiderate

4. What message does the author want to convey in the underlined part?

A．The granddaughter will break the family chain to live freely.

B．The previous way of family education will no longer continue.

C．There will be no restriction in the family from that moment on.

D．Father will leave the world without any regrets and sufferings.

5. What might be the best title of the passage?

A．East or west, home is best	B．A good medicine tastes bitter
C．It’s no use crying over spilt milk	D．Where there is life, there is hope

【推荐3】Three weeks ago, we were living paycheck to paycheck. We survived on my husband’s low-paid job and my disability. We have kids. Also, I was experiencing a terrible tumor (肿瘤)on my neck, leaving me staying in bed in extreme pain, but the operation was to be $8,000, out of pocket, because Medicare only covers 80%.

To take me to the hospital, my husband took a day off work. At 7 am, his boss called. He was being placed on paid leaving, waiting for an investigation into a mistake he had made at work.

We both panicked. Having slowly worked our way out of poverty (贫穷) for 8 years, we were so close to being OK and it was ail falling away. As my husband was a great worker, we decided to stay positive and hope for the best. However, two days later he received the official phone call-he was fired.

Having no savings to pay bills, we cried hopelessly. We went to the welfare office only to be told that he couldn’t collect unemployment for 8 weeks, meaning he had the possibility of having $0 income for two months. It was terrifying.

With only enough food to last for about a week, we applied for food stamps and Medicaid. Then we worked together- diving into job applications. After sending out resumes (简历)to everywhere in the field, he came across some promising companies. We kept our fingers crossed. Hopefully, we could get out of trouble as early as possible.

Soon I got a phone call-my neck operation was going to be free now that we were poor again. And my husband got an email invitation for a video interview and it went great. He would be paid $3 more an hour than his last job. What a roller coaster ride!

1. What was the family like before the husband got fired?

A．They showed little concern for each other.

B．They lived in an extremely poor area.

C．They could hardly make ends meet.

D．They led a rich and comfortable life.

2. Why did the boss call the husband?

A．To ask him about the truth.	B．To tell him about a decision.
C．To persuade him to quit his job.	D．To warn him to mind his work attitude.

3. What does the underlined sentence in Paragraph 5 most probably mean?

A．We were uncertain about our future.	B．We waited hopelessly.
C．We felt more and more nervous.	D．We wished ourselves good luck

4. What life lesson has the author learned from her experience?

A．Many hands make light work.

B．Actions speak louder than words.

C．When one door shuts, another opens.

D．One false step makes a great difference.

【推荐1】阅读理解
阅读下列短文，从每题所给的四个选项 （A 、B 、C 和 D ）中，选出最佳选项。

It is one of the most annoying words in the English language and it seems there is no escaping it．The word “huh?” is in worldwide use, a study found.
Researchers discovered that languages spoken in countries from Ghana and Laos to Iceland and Italy all include “huh?”, or something that sounds very like it. They said that while the study may sound silly，the word is an absolutely necessary part of speech. Without it and similar words, it would be impossible to show that we haven’t heard or understood what had been said and this would lead to constant misunderstandings.
But while other words used in the same context, such as “sorry” or “what”, vary widely across languages, “huh?” remains unchanged.
The Dutch researchers carefully studied ten languages from around the world, including Siwu, which is spoken in Ghana, and an Australian Aboriginal language, as well as Italian, Spanish, Dutch and Mandarin Chinese.
They analysed tapes of recorded conversations for words that sounded like‘‘huh?”and were used to request that whatever had Just been said be repeated. All contained a version of “huh?” The word was also found in another 21 languages. While there were subtle differences in each country, all sounded basically the same.
This is surprising because normally unrelated languages will use very different words to describe the same thing. For instance, the Japanese for “dog” is “inu”, while the French is “chien”. It is thought that languages around the world have developed their own version of “huh?” because the sound is quick and simple to form, as well as being easily understood.
The researchers，said that it might seem unimportant to carry out scientific research into a word like “huh?” but in fact this little word is an essential tool in human communication．They also have an answer for those who claim that “huh?” isn’t a word. They say that it qualifies because of the small differences in its pronunciation in different languages. It also can be considered a word because it’s something we learn to say, rather than a grunt or cry that we are born knowing how to make.
1. According to researchers，the word “huh?” is very important in speech because _________．

A．its stable meaning in language development

B．its important function in communication

C．its simple and easy sound and spelling

D．its popularity in every language

2. What is the natural response if you hear the lady you’re speaking to say “huh?”?

A．You should ask her to repeat what she says before that.

B．You should apologize to her for speaking in a low voice.

C．You should invite her to share her different views politely.

D．You should try to repeat what you’ve just said in a clearer way.

3. According to researchers, “huh?” should be considered a word．rather than a sound because_________ .

A．it is listed in most dictionaries

B．it is something humans learn to say

C．there is a clear and consistent spelling of the word

D．it is pronounces quite differently around the world

4. What is the purpose of the text?

A．To inform readers about research on the worldwide used word “huh?”.

B．To argue that “huh?” is the most important word in every language．

C．To entertain readers by relating similar idioms in different languages．

D．To instruct readers of the differences of “huh?” in different languages．

【推荐2】Nelson Mandela once said, “If you talk to a man in a language he understands, that goes to his head. If you talk to him in his own language, that goes to his heart.” I’ve always enjoyed learning new languages. So far, I’ve learned 11 languages.

German is the first language I started learning completely on my own. I don't remember clearly why I chose to learn it, but I remember I had no idea how to learn it. I spent several months reading an old grammar book found in my grandmother's bookcase. I quickly became sad.

Then I saw an ad on TV about a language series in 4 languages and decided to give it a go. While using it, I came up with my method: a special technique to absorb the basic patterns of any language in a light, natural and fun way. I quickly realized that it was helpful to me.

After using the technique for a year and a half, I met a group of Germans while on vacation. I would always remember their faces as they repeatedly asked in surprise, “Wie kannst du so gut Deutsch?” This reaction and the resulting, special connection were enough to fuel my passion to perfect my German. From that moment on, I started reading a lot. The language has become an important part of my life.

Lesson learned: If you find a method that you like and works, you can start learning any language by yourself. There is no best method of learning a language. Find something that is helpful to you. And above all, experiment!

1. What Nelson Mandela said shows the importance of________.

A．going to others’ hearts	B．understanding foreigners
C．Learning foreign languages	D．learning our mother tongue well

2. What did the author most probably think of the grammar book?

A．Simple.

B．Helpful.

C．Excellent.

D．Disappointing.

3. What does the underlined word “it” in paragraph 3 refer to?

A．The ad.

B．The language series.

C．Learning all lessons in a light, natural and fun way.

D．The way the author learned from the language series.

4. What did the Germans most probably ask the author?

A．Could you be a guide for us?

B．Where did you learn German?

C．How can you speak German so well?

D．Would you tell us your way of learning German?

【推荐3】Language is a bridge of different culture. The more people across the world speak each other’s mother language, the better understanding they will develop. I am happy that about 300 million Chinese, almost the size of the entire US population, are learning English. Meanwhile, in the USA, there are many Americans who are studying Chinese. One of my former colleagues was the envy of our group, partly because he spoke many languages well, especially Chinese.

To a certain extent, I became inextricably (密不可分地）bound up with Chinese through my life. I still remember in March 2013 I moved from New York City to Washington D. C. The students there, many of whom had studied Chinese for years, desired to visit China, meet Chinese people and learn more about Chinese culture and history.

While writing a column, I checked online and found that an impressive Chinese language teacher, Christina Stouder, was still working in Washington D. C. Having spent years in China, including teaching in Hunan province, she not only spoke fluent Chinese but was also skilled in Chinese culture, history and society.

Caitlin Keliher was a student at George Washington University in November 2013 when I met her at “Chinese tea time”, a regular Chinese event at the university’s Sigur Center for Asian Studies. I loved the gatherings because the professor Edward McCord was a brilliant Chinese history professor, whose knowledge I found was the most fascinating. When I checked out Keliher online on Wednesday, she was working at Harvard China Fund as a pro-gram coordinator (协调者) after finishing her graduate study at Harvard Kennedy School.

Over the years, I have interviewed passionate students of the Chinese language not just in the USA, but also in Spain, France, Portugal, Cuba and Belgium, where I am now based. I feel delighted when young people greet me with nihao (Chinese for hello) in a Carrefour supermarket or the park near my apartment in Brussels.

1. What does paragraph l mainly talk about!

A．The popularity of learning Chinese.

B．The benefits of learning a foreign language.

C．The number of people learning English.

D．The author’s feeling of the former colleague.

2. How did the author develop the text?

A．By listing some relative data

B．By stating his own real emotion.

C．By showing his own experience.

D．By imagining some potential endings.

3. What do we know about the author?

A．He lives in Washington D. C. now.

B．He can speak several foreign languages.

C．He enjoys knowing more about Chinese.

D．He met Caitlin Keliher in a Chinese university.

4. What may be the best title for the text?

A．My Close Connection with Chinese

B．My Achievements of Learning Chinese

C．My Experience of Researching Chinese

D．My Unique Understanding of Chinese

【推荐1】This was the first real task I received in my new school. It seemed simple: go on the Internet and find information about a man named George Washington. As I searched the name, I found that there were two famous people having the same name who looked completely different! One invented hundreds of uses for peanuts(花生), while the other led some sort of army across America. I stared at the screen, wondering which one my teacher meant. I called my grandfather for a golden piece of advice; let the coin decide. I flipped(掷) a coin and Ah! Tails (背面)! My report would be about the great man who invented peanut butter, George Washington Carver.

Weeks later, I stood in front of the classroom and proudly read my homework. But things started to get strange. I looked around the room, only to find my classmates with big smiles on their faces and tears in their eyes and my stone-faced teacher. I was completely lost. “What could be causing everyone to act this way?”

Oh well, I dropped the paper and sat down at my desk, burning to find out what I had done wrong. As a classmate began his report, it all became clear, “My report is on George Washington, the man who started the American War of Independence.” The whole world became quiet! How could I know that my teacher meant that George Washington?

Of course, my subject result was awful. Sad but fearless, I decided to turn this around. I talked to the headmaster Miss Lancelot, but she said firmly: No re-dos; no new score. I felt that it was not fair, and I believed I deserved a second chance. So I threw myself heartily into my work for the rest of the school year. Ten months later, I sat in the headmaster’s office again, but this time a completely different conversation. I smiled and flashed back to the terrible moment at the beginning of the year as the headmaster told me I was good enough to skip(跳过) the 6th grade and started the 7th grade next term.

1. The task I received was to find information about ________.

A．uses for peanuts

B．American War of Independence

C．George Washington

D．my headmaster Miss Lancelot

2. People in the class acted strangely because ________.

A．I was too proud of my homework

B．I mistook what the homework was about

C．the whole world suddenly became quiet

D．the teacher’s face turned to a stone

3. We can infer(推断) from the passage that ________.

A．the headmaster didn’t like the writer at all

B．the writer’s classmates felt sad at his mistake

C．the writer knew little about American history

D．the writer’s grandpa was a very wise man

4. Which of the following proverbs can best describe the main idea of this story?

A．Seeing is believing.

B．Where there is a will, there is a way.

C．One is never too old to learn.

D．A friend in need is a friend indeed.

【推荐2】When I was a little girl, I was foolish enough to believe everything adults said. Even I was scared to death by a word my mother said.

It all started when my elder brother came home with a heavy bag of cherries(樱桃)a friend gave him. In order to spend a pleasant afternoon, my sister suggested we have a competition to see who could eat the most cherries in as short a time as possible and be the winner. We all jumped at her idea, and the competition began in no time. Our action had to be fast and we must know how to bite in the middle of the cherry to chew and spit the seed out losing no time. I realized that this wasn't a good game to play. And I suddenly found that I have swallowed more than one seed down to my stomach. Then Mother came and laughed and said to me, "tonight when you sleep, a cherry tree will grow out from your head." I was jittery and scared. I believed every word she said at that age. I was rather frightened that night thinking how I was going to make it to school the next morning if I had a tree on top of my head or how I would leave this world just like that because of the cherry seeds in my stomach. I couldn't sleep the whole night.

Well, the next morning, I woke up to my surprise, and discovered nothing had changed. My head was normal as it was. But one thing remains unchanged until this day. My love for cherries stays forever.

1. Why did they start the cherry eating competition?

A．Because they wanted to challenge their friends.

B．Because their mother asked them to do that.

C．Because they wanted to have a happy afternoon.

D．Because they just wanted to please their brothers.

2. The underlined word "jittery" (Para 2) probably means"____".

A．pleased	B．disappointed
C．lucky	D．nervous

3. From the mother's words we can learn that____.

A．She was just joking.	B．She wanted to help the writer
C．She didn't know what to do	D．She was too strict with her children

4. Why did the writer believe her mother's words?

A．Because her mother asked her to do that.

B．Because she was too young at that time.

C．Because her brother had the similar experience before.

D．Because she wanted to have a good relationship with her mother.

5. In this passage the writer wants to ___.

A．Introduce a kind of fruit to readers	B．Show her anger to her mother
C．Show the reason why she hates the fruit	D．Tell an interesting story of her childhood

【推荐1】Every two years, the International Olympic Committee (IOC)selects a city to host the Olympic Games. It’s always very exciting. The application process is very long, slow, and difficult. Cities that apply need to work very hard.

Phase I—Applicant cities

The IOC starts the application process nine years before the Olympic Games. First the IOC invites national Olympic committees to apply to host the Games. The IOC then holds a meeting for people from the national Olympic committees of cities that have decided to apply. About one year later, the IOC selects several cities on the basis of government support, safety, hotels, transportation, etc. after they are selected; the cities are required to pay a fee of around US $500，000 if they want to continue the application process. Cities that decide to continue are then called candidate cities(候选城市).

Phase Ⅱ—Candidate Cities

In the first step of Phase II, the IOC gives candidate cities an application process guide and list of questions. Candidate cities must first answer the questions. Next, the cities must hand in the candidature file. This file explains in detail the city’s plans to host the Olympic Games. The IOC reads the candidature file. Several months later, people from the IOC take a trip to the candidate cities. After viewing the cities, they write reports about them for the IOC. Finally, two years after the process began, the IOC holds a special meeting. It is there that they announce their selection for the host city, seven years before the Olympic Games will begin.

1. How many years will the application process begin before the start of the Olympic Games?

A．Four years.	B．Seven years.
C．Nine years.	D．Five years.

2. What aspects should a city consider when it applies for hosting the Olympic Games?

A．Transportation, safety and beauty.	B．Safety, history and transportation.
C．Hotels, safety and transportation.	D．History, hotels and beauty.

3. What does the candidature file explain in detail?

A．Events of the Olympic Games.

B．Plans for hosting the Olympic Games.

C．The Olympic host city application process.

D．The culture of the candidate cities.

【推荐2】In a new study conducted by the University of Virginia's Claire Cameron Ponitz and Oregon State University's Megan McClelland, the researchers found that kindergartners who had high levels of "self-regulation" in the fall did better in tests of reading, vocabulary, and math in the spring than those with low levels of self- regulation.

Dr Ponitz has pointed that the ability to control and direct one's own feelings, thoughts, and actions is self-regulation. It can be as simple as a child raising his hand when he wants to ask a question in class, or as complex as a child controlling his feelings when he's disappointed or angry.

While the self-regulation ability has long been considered an essential part of a child's healthy emotional development, self-regulation is increasingly being seen as a good predictor of a child's academic success.   According to Dr McClelland, a number of studies have found that self-regulation largely predicts literacy（读写能力）outcomes in children. In their research, McClelland and Ponitz found that aspects of self-regulation not only predicted literacy outcomes in the preschool and elementary school, but also predicted the gains in literacy children made during that time.

Good self-regulation skills are also important to a child's social development." Self-regulation helps children   succeed in the classroom environment, McClelland says. "The children who can successfully handle these learning   environments have better relationships with their teachers, are more liked by their classmates, and do better academically. They are also more motivated to achieve because of these skills. "

The good news for parents and educators is that easy ways to help children develop self- regulation skills may be as close as possible to the local playground. Both Ponitz and McClelland suggest that class games where children must follow directions and wait to take turns should be particularly suited for the development of self -regulation.

1. According to Dr Ponitz, what's self-regulation?

A．It's the skills in passing reading, vocabulary and math tests.

B．It's the ability to control and direct one's own feelings, thoughts and actions.

C．It's the ability to handle the learning environment successfully.

D．: It's the short-term gain in one's academic success.

2. Good self-regulation skills are important to a child in the following aspects except         .

A．his emotional development

B．his academic success

C．his social development

D．his class games

3. To develop self- regulation, what can children do?

A．They can take part in class games.

B．They can take some courses.

C．They can be taught by their parents.

D．They can follow their teachers directions.

4. What's the passage mainly about?

A．How to develop children's self-regulation skills.

B．The importance of self- regulation for academic success.

C．The importance of self-regulation for kindergartners.

D．How to be successful students.

【推荐3】In a new study published on the Journal of Auian Biology, researchers at the National Autonomous University of Mexico tracked the behavior of house finches(雀) on the main campus of the university, in Mexico City.

The team created an artificial nest lining(内衬), which includes feathers, cotton, hair and cigarette ends. Then, after the birds 'eggs had hatched, they replaced the original lining with the new one, to make sure the nests were pest free. The researchers then added live ticks to the mix, while dead ticks were added to other linings.

It seems that urban house finches use more cigarette ends to line their nests when they've been invaded by ticks. And, those whose nests were given live ticks increased their cigarette end weight by about 40 percent more than those where dead ticks had been used, according to New Scientist. The technique is likely a form of self-medication, the experts explain, as it's thought that the chemicals in cigarette ends can help to keep off the pests.

While this behavior may have its benefits, the researchers say it's also possible that the use of cigarette ends in the nests could have negative effects. "It is a matter of concern that cigarette ends, being poisonous, are part of house finch nests in Mexico City," the authors explain in the paper," but we have not come across evidence of long-term costs of using this material."

According to the researchers, a thorough evaluation will be necessary to determine the real effects of using cigarette ends, whether they are positive or not. But they explain, the findings do suggest that the cigarette ends are linked to the presence of ticks and likely play a role in keeping them away.

1. What does the underlined phrase" the mix" in paragraph 2 refer to?

A．The former nests.	B．The artificial lining.
C．The cigarette ends.	D．The original lining.

2. What is paragraph 3 mainly about?

A．The findings of the experiment.	B．The application of the research findings.
C．The theory related to the recent research.	D．The reasons for house finches using cigarette ends.

3. What did house finches do when live ticks were found in their nests?

A．Eat them out.	B．Dust them off.
C．Build firmer nests.	D．Use more cigarette ends.

4. Which word best describes the author's attitude to the study?

A．Skeptical.

B．Conservative.

C．Objective.

D．Tolerant.