Recently. Edinburgh is faced with the problem of disposing of (处理)about250,000 Million tons of waster a year. Despite different ways to dispose of much of it in a green manner —largely through encouraging tecycling---its aging facilities such as the Powderhall landfill do not have the ability to deal with it.
The European Union (EU) has issued a new policy, regulating how such mountains of waster are to disposed of. The five councils (Edinburgh. East Lothian. West Lothian. Midlethian and Borders) face fine around $18million a year from 2013 it they don’t increase recycling levels and rely less on landfill. With this in mind, the councils got together with the idea of building a lage incinerator plant (垃圾焚烧厂) to burn half of the waste produced in their districts. But the plan fell apart after the change of target levels by a new UK government waste policy which required that no more than 25% of the city’s waste should be disposed of in this way by 2025.
After the plan was abandoned, a private company which already transported millions of tons of the city’s wast by train to a landfill site near Dunbar, offered an alternative soution when it suggested opening a huge waste site near Portobello.
Since Powderhall is supposed to close in 2015, it seemed necessary for the members of the Edinburgh Council to accept the suggestion. But soon they turned it down—after 700 local objections reached them — because it would have meant hundreds of lorries a day making loud noise through heavily populated areas.
That still leaves eth council with a problem. By 2013,only 50% of 1995 levels of waste will be allowed to be sent to landfill. Even if recycling targets are met, there will still be a large amount of rubbish to be burnt up. Due build an Edinburgh and Midlothian councils have now decided to work together to build an incinerator plant as time to find a solution is fast running out.
1. The main way of handling waste in a green manmer in Edinburgh is________________ .
A.recycling | B.restoring | C.burying | D.burning |
A.reduce the roast of burying waste |
B.meets the EU requirements |
C.speed up waste recycling |
D.tempter landfill sites |
A.a name from a private company |
B.the comelier was not interested in it |
C.it was not supports by EU |
D.the local people was against it |
A.To open a new landfill nearby |
B.To close the powder hall landfill in 2015 |
C.To set up a plan for burning waste |
D.To persuade people to deduce their waste. |
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【推荐1】In recent years, Ethiopia has become a regional leader in solid waste management. Last year, the country transformed the landfill (垃圾填埋场) in Addis Ababa into a new waste-to-energy plant, the first such project on the continent. The plant incinerates up to 1, 400 tonnes of waste every day, about 80 percent of the city's rubbish, supplying the capital with 25 percent of its household electricity needs.
However, despite these important steps, challenges remain in Ethiopia. Although the country has permitted the Basel, Stockholm and Rotterdam conventions, laws and policies for environmentally sound management of hazardous (有害的) wastes are still not effective in pre- venting littering waste illegally.
To help Ethiopia meet these challenges, the Chemicals and Waste Management Program is supporting the country with a three-year project to enhance its capacity for sound management of hazardous wastes.
In the initial stages, a project management unit will be formed, made up of many representatives from government departments and private organizations. This unit will be responsible for reviewing and assessing Ethiopia's current legal system, which, despite numerous advances in recent years, does not specifically target the recycling of hazardous waste. Once legal gaps are identified, the project will seek to update existing policies and strategies.
Many people in Ethiopia are not aware of the possible effect of environmental damage and the need to report such crimes to the police. To resolve this pressing issue, Ethiopia will be conducting a series of capacity-building activities, including creating awareness-raising programs, training trainers and providing equipment.
Ethiopia will also work to establish a national mechanism for chemicals and waste management by engaging government departments and civil society groups. Authorities will also make budgetary provisions (预算拨款) in national, regional and institutional planning to ensure funding for these activities is sustainable even after the project's completion.
1. Which can replace the underlined word “incinerates” in paragraph 1?A.Produces. | B.Burns. | C.Gathers. | D.Absorbs. |
A.The relevant laws are not sound. | B.The shortage of workers is severe. |
C.The pollution level is too high. | D.The funds are not sufficient. |
A.Restrict their environmental movement. | B.Call on them to start some programs. |
C.Reward them with budgetary provisions. | D.Raise their environmental awareness. |
A.Ethiopia is facing serious environmental problems. |
B.Ethiopia has achieved success in waste management. |
C.Ethiopia is putting efforts into waste management. |
D.Ethiopia has reduced environmental pollution levels. |
【推荐2】How green are you? Do you know how to be green?
We all need a healthy environment, but we produce waste every day and it is harmful to our environment. Though we are young, we can still do something to help. Here are some ideas for you.
Reduce
Reduce means “use less”. Don’t waste things. This saves money and reduces pollution. Before we buy something new, think whether it is really necessary — or maybe the old one is still useful.
Reuse
Reuse means “use again”. When we buy things, make sure that they can last a long time. When something is broken, we should repair it instead of throwing it away and buying a new one. Don’t use a paper cup or a paper bag. It’s better to use a china (瓷) cup and a lunch box because you can use them again.
Recycle
Recycle means “change things into something else”. Though it takes energy to change something into something else, it’s better than throwing things away or burning them.
So please remember these words: reduce, reuse and recycle.
1. Which of the following is TRUE?A.Always throw away old things. |
B.Don’t waste things. |
C.Always buy new things. |
D.Never buy new things. |
A.reuse | B.reduce |
C.repair | D.recycle |
A.menu | B.dictionary |
C.storybook | D.magazine |
A.How to produce things. |
B.How to burn things. |
C.How to be green. |
D.How to help others. |
【推荐3】Soda bottles and sour cream containers—these plastics (and many others) typically arrive at recycling plants mixed together in the same bin. But because they are made of different molecular (分子的) building blocks, called monomers, they must be sorted into different streams before they can be melted to make new products. Otherwise, their various monomers tend to separate from one another like oil and water.
“Until about a year ago, everybody thought the only thing you could do is take a plastic, break it down to a monomer and then reform it,” says Sanat Kumar, a chemical engineer at Columbia University. “Now we’ve come up with a different way of doing it.” His team has developed a process that allows different kinds of plastic to be recycled together. Their findings, reported recently in Nature, could give new life to many items that end up in landfills.
The new process solves the problem by adding chemicals called universal dynamic cross-linkers to the mix. Just as soap brings together oil and water, these cross-linkers form covalent (共价的) molecular bonds that tie the diverse monomers together. This process creates materials that can keep certain useful properties of each plastic, such as keeping oxygen from passing through. These materials can then be melted and remade again and again because the cross-linkers can break and re-form their bonds.
The researchers hope the technique could eventually help repurpose more plastic waste, and Kumar says the process consumes less energy than breaking plastics down into their original monomers—but it’s not yet cheap enough to be widely used at existing recycling facilities. Still, showing that it works could lead to profitable markets for less expensive recycled plastics, which Kumar says would be one way to help recyclers eventually address the plastic waste crisis. “The plastics problem is huge,” he says, “and you’re going to have to look for multiple solutions.”
1. What’s the first paragraph mainly about?A.The recycling method of plastics. |
B.The present situation of plastic pollution. |
C.The difficulty of recycling mixed plastics. |
D.The variety in monomers among different plastics. |
A.Sorting out plastics. | B.Recycling plastics. |
C.Breaking down plastics. | D.Melting plastics. |
A.They can be used as soap to bond oil and water. |
B.They can keep oxygen from passing through. |
C.They can maintain their own useful properties. |
D.They can help bring different monomers together. |
A.Its relatively high cost. | B.Its low efficiency. |
C.Its negative environmental effect. | D.Its high energy consumption. |
【推荐1】With the development of AI technology, many people are debating the boundary between robot and man -- Will robots become more intelligent and eventually replace humans? By contrast, what we really need to worry about is actually “men being forced to become machines”.
The tasks of takeout riders are controlled by an invisible hand -- the intelligent distribution system. “In order to make the riders more focused on food delivery, this system replaces our human logic to the maximum extent possible.” The riders don’t need to think; they just have to follow the guide of the system to fulfill their tasks. All they have to do is riding as fast as they can. The navigation system charts the “best route” for these riders to go over an overpass, through a fence, or even on the wrong side of the road, which, of course, promises the shortest delivery time. That is why these riders have to race against time as they over-speed, run red lights and go on the wrong road; they have to be faster, and faster. Their actions may be against the traffic law, but they are pushed by the pressure of “system time”. Takeout riders are just individuals who labor with their time, and they can’t go against the “system time”, so all they have to do is speeding. The riders’ physical conditions and the weather are completely invisible to the “intelligent distribution system”. It only sees a moving cartoon image on the software interface.
The scariest part of the system is that it is not only the platform, but the riders themselves that push them to go faster and faster. Every order they’ve delivered has been uploaded to the cloud data of the platform, and the algorithm will calculate the speed limit of the riders. When everyone gets faster and faster, the algorithm will speed them up appropriately. This is really a vicious circle.
Of course, each one of us can be a number in statistics, but “a person” can never be just a number. Algorithms can be cold, but human-beings are not. Data, as a tool, should serve people, but not enslave them. Technology keeps moving forward, but it also should be moving toward kindness.
1. According to the passage, what can we learn about the application of technology?A.Robots have become more intelligent and taken the place of humans. |
B.AI technology is accelerating takeout riders with navigation system. |
C.The navigation system has mapped out the perfect route for these riders. |
D.Algorithms will speed takeout riders up appropriately depending on weather. |
A.A cartoon character accompanies every takeout rider when they perform their tasks. |
B.Takeout riders only see a moving cartoon when they use the phone navigation system. |
C.The navigation system ignores the real-time environment when it charts the “best routes”. |
D.Takeout riders can’t be seen on the software interface when they navigate with their phone. |
A.Supportive | B.Doubtful | C.Negative | D.Cautious |
A.To call for kind application of technology in daily life |
B.To introduce the rapid development of Takeout industry |
C.To explain the relationship between technology and humans |
D.To praise the contributions of technology to Takeout industry |
【推荐2】Antiquities are ancient objects and artworks. Many people visit museums to view antiquities. They enjoy seeing these relics of the ancient world as a way of understanding past cultures and sometimes connecting with their own heritage.
Museums get works to show from many different sources. Sometimes they buy them. Other times they receive donations. Today there are strict guidelines forbidding art that has been stolen from other countries. However, antiquities that have been at museums for many years or even centuries may have arrived there by dishonest means. Now, some countries say that museums have a duty to return these antiquities to their original locations.
Should museums return the antiquities? Experts disagree. Malcolm Bell says yes. Bell is a professor of art at the University of Virginia. He says, “Many antiquities and works of art have special cultural value for a particular community or nation. When these works are taken from their original cultural setting, they lose their context and the culture loses a part of its history.”
According to Bell, a country’s request for the return of an antiquity “usually has a strong legal basis.” “It was exported (出口) illegally, probably also dug out illegally, and is now stolen property (财物).” He called the return of antiquities “an expression of justice”.
James Cuno says not always. Cuno is the president of the J. Paul Getty Trust, an art museum in Los Angeles. Cuno agrees that museums have a legal duty to return illegally exported antiquities. However, he doesn’t support the return of works which were got legally. “Land held today by a given nation-state in the past likely belonged to a different country...even if one wanted to return those stolen works of art, where would one do so? Which among the many countries, cities, and museums that own parts of a work of art should be the home of the returned work?” Cuno believes that museums should collect art from the world’s various cultures. This should be done “through buying or long-term loan (长期租借) and working together with museums and nations around the world.”
This debate is far from over. As a complex question with no easy answer, the issue requires more study.
1. What can we learn from the first two paragraphs?A.Museums got antiquities through various means. |
B.Antiquities from other countries are more valuable. |
C.Antiquities are greatly appreciated by foreign visitors. |
D.Museums around the world have lost many antiquities. |
A.illegally-owned antiquities should not be shown |
B.museums should return illegally-owned antiquities |
C.antiquities from other countries may lose its cultural value |
D.museums should collect antiquities from different cultures |
A.Positive. | B.Negative. |
C.Objective. | D.Uninterested. |
I: Introduction P: Point SP: Sub-point C: Conclusion
A. | B. |
C. | D. |
【推荐3】When you are having dinner, do you eat up all the food on your plate or have some leftover? According to the UN, 1. 3 billion tons of food is wasted around the world every year. That’s about one-third of all food produced each year.
We make a survey in 34 countries to see how much food is wasted in different countries. For example, the UAE(阿联酋) wastes the most food, with each person wasting about 1,000 kilos every year on average. However, some countries have worked hard to use their foo resources wisely. France wastes the least amount of food, according to the survey.
France was the first country to pass laws that stop food waste. It’s not allowed to throw away fresh food. Another law forces French restaurants to provide bags for people's leftovers(剩菜剩饭).
China ranked 23rd for food waste in the survey. China's food waste is around 18 million tons every year, enough to feed up to 50 million people for one year. Facing this situation, China has been working hard to reduce food waste. Since early 2013, a movement to prevent food waste called “empty plate” has begun. It has become popular among both government officials and general public.
1. How much food is produced every year around the world?A.1, 000 kilograms. | B.Nearly 4 billion tons. |
C.About 1. 3 billion tons. | D.More than 34, 000 kilograms. |
A.France. | B.China. |
C.The United States. | D.The UAE. |
A.produces less food each year |
B.passed laws to ban food waste |
C.buys more food from other countries |
D.started a movement called "empty plate' |
A.UAE wastes the most food. |
B.You can throw away fresh food in France. |
C.China has been working hard to reduce food waste. |
D.1.3 bilii tons of food is wasted around the world every year. |
A.Developed countries waste more food. |
B.How much food the world needs every year. |
C.Empty plate" has become popular worldwide. |
D.A survey about food waste in different countries. |
【推荐1】The origins of the Christmas traditions are the most fascinating of any holiday. All our favourite activities can be traced (追溯) back to specific points in history, and knowing how these things came about just makes celebrating Christmas much more wonderful.
The original Nicholas was born in 280 A.D. in the small country of Lycia, which is now part of modern Turkey. Nicholas became first a priest (牧师) and then a bishop (主教) in the early Christian church. The first paintings of him show Nicholas wearing the clothes of a Christian bishop—red decorated with white. When we see Santa’s suit today, we’re still seeing the two kinds of colors.
Nicholas became famous for gift-giving. In the early fourth century, a story began to spread about Nicholas coming at night to the home of three poor girls who did not have money and therefore could not get married. While the girls slept, Nicholas left gold coins in their stockings, which were drying by the fire. That’s how the tradition of Santa filling stockings got its start.
In 1841, Santa first appeared at a department store in Philadelphia. This Santa tried to climb down a chimney to impress the children who were watching, but he got stuck halfway down. In 1890, department store Santas began appearing all over America, especially on the East Coast around Boston. Parents in other countries joined together and hired passenger trains to take their families to see these Santas.
At the same time, Ralph E. Morris of the New England Telephone Company suggested that strings of lights be hung on Christmas trees. After all, lights would be much safer than candles. Our modern-day image of Santa as a fat man is based on ads of the Coca-Cola company in the 1930s. Artist Hans Sundblom used a retired salesman named Les Prentice as his model.
1. What can we learn from Paragraph 1?A.Christmas is the most important holiday. |
B.The traditions of Christmas are based on facts. |
C.There was not any record of Christmas in the past. |
D.More and more people begin to celebrate Christmas. |
A.He set up the first Christian church. |
B.He was called Santa Claus when he was born. |
C.His clothes are similar to Santa’s suit in color. |
D.His image is the same as the modern-day Santa. |
A.prove that Nicholas used to be a rich man |
B.tell of the origin of Santa filling stockings |
C.show Christmas was set up mainly for the poor |
D.describe a famous story in the early fourth century |
A.Santa didn’t become popular until the year 1890. |
B.Candles have never been used on Christmas trees. |
C.The Coca-Cola company designed the image of Santa. |
D.Santa began giving gifts by climbing down chimneys in 1841. |
【推荐2】Over the past few decades, children have been taking part less in free play and more in organized sports. While participation in organized sports has both social and physical benefits for young children, concerns about safety and benefits increase as participants get younger.
Though most children are naturally likely to be physically active, not all kids are willing to get up and move. Soccer coach Joseph Luxbacher says, “Every kid has the potential to be a good sportsman in different kinds of sports. Participating in organized sports such as the school soccer team introduces direction to children’s physical activities. Following a team schedule gives kids a set time and place to exercise. As a result, kids can be safe from accidents and be protected against hurt.”
What’s more, participating in organized sports gives children time to communicate with others and showing good sportsmanship. For young children who may still be very self-centered, participating in team sports teaches them to think about the group and encourages them to be happy about the success of their teammates. Kids can also benefit from spending time with their coach and having a chance to develop a positive relationship with an adult other than their parents, especially if the coach is both skilled and devoted to being a positive mentor.
Playing organized sports requires a lot of time for practice and games, so it would seem that this could influence students’ study. Actually it can ameliorate students’ test performance. That’s because to play organized sports well, players have to memorize information, do repetitive actions, and learn from teammates. All these types of learning skills can make students score higher.
Though it can come from many different sources——parents, coaches, teammates or themselves——many children who participate in organized sports feel pressured to succeed. While a little stress can be helpful in leading children to perform with increased focus and strength, too much stress will leave young kids feeling very tired. Organized sports are more likely to put the right amount of pressure on them.
1. What do Joseph Luxbacher’s words show?A.Organized sports can achieve kids’ potential. |
B.Most children prefer free play to organized sports. |
C.Organized sports can better secure kids from injuries. |
D.Most children have a set time and place to exercise. |
A.Kids can learn social skills by playing organized sports. |
B.Kids can meet better coaches by playing organized sports. |
C.Kids can show good judgement by playing organized sports. |
D.Kids can better communicate with parents by playing organized sports. |
A.Measure | B.Record | C.Recognize | D.Improve |
A.How organized sports can benefit children |
B.How to coach children in organized sports |
C.How organized sports put pressure on children |
D.How to become a good teammate in organized sports |
【推荐3】Guangzhou has long been famous for various kinds of flowers and local people have developed their enthusiasm for flowers since the time of Nanyue King in the Western Han Dynasty, which was founded over 2,000 years ago.
According to historical records, in the Western Han Dynasty, blooming flowers were seen everywhere in ancient Guangzhou, also known as Canton. Many people, whether men or women, wore flowers as decorations (装饰). There were even more varieties of flowers and plants grow n in the royal garden owned by Zhao Tuo, the founder of Nanyue Kingdom.
During the Tang and Song dynasties, Huadi, the land of flowers in Chinese, located in present-day Fangcun area of Guangzhou, was where Datong Port (港口), a major harbor for foreign trade, lay. Many businessmen from different places brought various flower seeds to the port by sea, turning a large wetland into flower fields. Besides, Cantonese farmers also grew flowers on the farmlands of thirty-three villages located south of the Pearl River.
The flower trade also contributed to the boom (繁荣) of Canton, which was the starting point of the ancient Maritime Silk Road (海上丝绸之路). As early as the Western Han Dynasty, people of Lingnan region had sailed to Sri Lanka. In the Tang and Song dynasties, a shipping route of over 14,000 kilometers was established, allowing people to travel to as far as the Persian Gulf. During the Ming and Qing dynasties, several ocean-crossing routes had connected Canton with many other parts of the world. In the period of Emperor Qianlong in the Qing Dynasty, Canton was served as the only port open for foreign trade.
Starting off from the Lingnan region, all kinds of flowers found their way to the West, including camellia and Chinese rose, which were developed into more varieties in only 300 years.
The ancient Maritime Silk Road played a key role in supporting the selling of locally-grown flowers of the Lingnan region to other countries. It also brought special foreign flowers from countries and regions along the route to Canton, which promoted the city’s fame for giving people excellent views of blossoms of flowers in all seasons.
1. What’s the function of paragraph 2?A.To introduce the topic. | B.To make a comparison. |
C.To raise readers’ interest. | D.To support the content above. |
A.Being a major harbor for foreign trade within China. |
B.Developing new varieties of flowers in only 300 years. |
C.Growing various flower seeds brought by businessmen. |
D.Serving as the starting point of the Maritime Silk Road. |
A.The ancient Maritime Silk Road led to the flower trade in Canton. |
B.Emperor Qianlong paid special attention to Canton’s development. |
C.Canton developed into the starting point of the long world trade route. |
D.Trade with foreigners decreased to a large degree in the Qing Dynasty. |
A.Huadi had an important effect on the development of Canton. |
B.Canton’s economic success roots back to the Western Han Dynasty. |
C.The long-standing tradition of flower contributed to Canton’s history. |
D.The Maritime Silk Road was formed due to the flower trade in Canton. |