Over the past few decades, children have been taking part less in free play and more in organized sports. While participation in organized sports has both social and physical benefits for young children, concerns about safety and benefits increase as participants get younger.
Though most children are naturally likely to be physically active, not all kids are willing to get up and move. Soccer coach Joseph Luxbacher says, “Every kid has the potential to be a good sportsman in different kinds of sports. Participating in organized sports such as the school soccer team introduces direction to children’s physical activities. Following a team schedule gives kids a set time and place to exercise. As a result, kids can be safe from accidents and be protected against hurt.”
What’s more, participating in organized sports gives children time to communicate with others and showing good sportsmanship. For young children who may still be very self-centered, participating in team sports teaches them to think about the group and encourages them to be happy about the success of their teammates. Kids can also benefit from spending time with their coach and having a chance to develop a positive relationship with an adult other than their parents, especially if the coach is both skilled and devoted to being a positive mentor.
Playing organized sports requires a lot of time for practice and games, so it would seem that this could influence students’ study. Actually it can ameliorate students’ test performance. That’s because to play organized sports well, players have to memorize information, do repetitive actions, and learn from teammates. All these types of learning skills can make students score higher.
Though it can come from many different sources——parents, coaches, teammates or themselves——many children who participate in organized sports feel pressured to succeed. While a little stress can be helpful in leading children to perform with increased focus and strength, too much stress will leave young kids feeling very tired. Organized sports are more likely to put the right amount of pressure on them.
1. What do Joseph Luxbacher’s words show?| A．Organized sports can achieve kids’ potential. |
| B．Most children prefer free play to organized sports. |
| C．Organized sports can better secure kids from injuries. |
| D．Most children have a set time and place to exercise. |
| A．Kids can learn social skills by playing organized sports. |
| B．Kids can meet better coaches by playing organized sports. |
| C．Kids can show good judgement by playing organized sports. |
| D．Kids can better communicate with parents by playing organized sports. |
| A．Measure | B．Record | C．Recognize | D．Improve |
| A．How organized sports can benefit children |
| B．How to coach children in organized sports |
| C．How organized sports put pressure on children |
| D．How to become a good teammate in organized sports |
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【推荐1】Trying to stand out from millions of videos on the social networking platform Douyin can often be difficult, but a relatively new account(帐号), which has only been active since last year, has managed to do so easily.
The star behind this account is not a young woman with a slim figure, but a 70-year-old woman. Within just a few months Chen Jifang has attracted over 400, 000 followers with her energetic workouts (锻炼). She was once even featured on a reality show on CCTV.
"The main group that I wanted to encourage was people aging 30 to 50," says Chen. "I think they will be encouraged to work out after seeing that a granny like me can. It is never too late to pursue(追求)good health."
Chen's passion for exercising was born out of a need instead of desire to become famous. Her health had been poor since she was a child. In 2018, she was diagnosed with a lot of problems such as a fatty liver and hyperlipidemia(高血脂). The doctor suggested that she exercise more to stop the further decline of her already poor health.
Overweight Chen started with light jogging, but a fitness coach persuaded her to enter a gym on Dec 29, 2018. "Everyone in the gym was young. They were giving me curious looks," recalls Chen, who walks 3.5 kilometers to the gym every day.
Her daily training started at 8 am with 50 pushups(俯卧撑)and running. After a short break at 9 am, Chen continued working out until 3 pm. She hit the gym every day in 2019. She also gave up her favorite foods like barbecued meats and spicy hotpot.
When her health improved, Chen did more challenging workouts like weightlifting. Three months later, she lost 28 kilograms. Her health index also returned to normal.
"We cannot stop aging, but exercise can slow it down," she says. "Instead of spending money on medicine, it is better to spend money on fitness."
1. What is the purpose of the first paragraph?| A．To attract the interest of readers | B．To encourage readers to work out |
| C．To persuade readers to download Douyin | D．To introduce a social network platform |
| A．Because she wanted to encourage middle-aged women to work out |
| B．Because she wanted to be featured in a reality show on CCTV |
| C．Because she wanted to attract more fans |
| D．Because her health was in bad condition |
| A．visited | B．struck. | C．became famous | D．defeated |
| A．Easy to stand out through Douyin. | B．Better to Spend Money on Fitness. |
| C．This Granny stands out for workouts. | D．Lose Weight Before You Are Old. |
【推荐2】A new report presented at a European Society of Cardiology conference finds that people in the habit of climbing stairs had about a 39% lower likelihood of death from heart disease, compared to those who didn’t climb stairs. They also had a lower risk of heart attacks and extended longevity (寿命).
“It was beyond my expectation that such a simple form of exercise can reduce all-cause death,” says study author Dr. Sophie Paddock.
She and her colleagues looked at data from about 480,000 participants, ranging in age from mid-30s to mid-80s — about half were women. Paddock says the findings fit with a body of evidence pointing to the benefits of moderate-intensity exercise.
So, how much stair climbing is enough? One study found climbing six to ten flights (台阶) a day was linked to a reduced risk of premature death. And another study found climbing more than five flights a day lowered the risk of cardiovascular (心血管的) disease by 20%.
To calculate this, researchers analyzed participants’ risk of heart disease based on factors including blood pressure, smoking history, and family history. Participants filled out questionnaires about their lifestyle and exercise habits including stair climbing. Over the course of 12 years, the stair climbers were less likely to have heart disease. Notably, people who stopped climbing stairs during this time saw their risk rise. It’s a reminder that in order to benefit from exercise, you’ve got to keep doing it.
The benefits can kick in pretty quickly. A review published earlier this year found a minimum of four to eight weeks are needed to start improving your cardiometabolic risk.
If you’re trying to incorporate more movement into your day, adding stair climbing is a good way to get quick bursts of aerobic exercise, says Dr. Carlin Long, a cardiologist at University of California. “I think if people are able to achieve six to ten flights of exercise on stairs a day,that would be a good target. But this will depend on your personal level of fitness,” Long says.
1. How did Dr. Sophie Paddock feel about the new report?| A．Surprised. | B．Puzzled. | C．Doubtful. | D．Embarrassed. |
| A．They recorded their own daily routine. |
| B．They analyzed the participants’ related data. |
| C．They organized people to climb stairs for 12 years. |
| D．They regularly checked the participants’ health condition. |
| A．Developing a habit of taking exercise is not easy. |
| B．The amount of exercise relies on individual fitness. |
| C．People should climb at least 10 flights of stairs a day. |
| D．The benefits of stair climbing take long time to show up. |
| A．Ways to Work out? Let’s Explore Together |
| B．Want a Healthy Heart? Choose to Work out |
| C．Stair Climbing or Walking? Both Are Beneficial |
| D．Climb Stairs or Not? Your Choice May Extend Longevity |
【推荐3】Basketball is a team sport played in a court with two netted rings attached to 10-foot poles on either end of the court.
The ball must be continually dribbled (运球) as players try to move it toward the extreme ends of the court where the netted rings wait.
Making illegal body contact is a foul (犯规). If a team commits consecutive (连贯的) fouls, their opponents are awarded a free throw.
The team that scores the most points in the stipulated time is the winner. If the teams are tied at the end of regulation, the game goes into overtime. Overtime periods are played until one team has more points than the other at the end of an overtime period.
| A．The referee throws up the ball to start the game. |
| B．Don’t walk with the ball，which is called traveling. |
| C．You can learn to dribble, pass, shoot and defend at a high level. |
| D．Start your journey by playing against the best players in your age group. |
| E．They are point guard, shooting guard, small forward, power forward and center. |
| F．Five active players per team attempt to score points by getting a ball through one of the nets. |
| G．If a player commits six fouls in an NBA game, he or she will be disqualified from finishing the game. |
【推荐1】Researchers from academia are more likely to experience anxiety and depression than average persons, as we report in a Feature investigating the mental-health crisis in science. It’s clear that a major factor common in academia is a harmful working environment. Short-term contracts, low salaries, and pressure to publish are also contributors — but so are bullying and harassment. Internal structures need to change. And modern systems of employee protection when things go wrong — such as those that encourage whistle-blowing — need to be implemented.
At the root of the problem is the mismatch between the idea of a university as a refuge (收容所) for lone geniuses and the collaborative nature of contemporary science. Also the research system still tends to put power in the hands of just one or a few persons, not shared more widely among a research team. It doesn’t have to be this way. When power and responsibility are shared, people work more harmoniously, and step up when required. But if power is given to one or only a few people, it can be misused to annoy and bully others. All too often, this is what happens.
Although universities do have whistle-blowing procedures (which protect people from being punished if disclosing wrongdoing), they often discourage anonymization (匿名) for those drawing attention to inappropriate behaviours. Some argue that it makes complaints more difficult to investigate, but anonymous whistle-blowing provides a fairer way to obtain justice in an environment in which the person causing harm is often also the person ultimately responsible for an individual’s career prospects.
Universities need to take a good look at this matter and study how international organizational structures could be reformed. A good first step would be to look to industry, because we know that researchers working in industry report higher job satisfaction than do their academic peers. At the same time, academic governing bodies should revisit mechanisms for whistle-blowing.
Universities have extensive connections to industry, through industry-academia collaborations, through knowledge-exchange offices and through the direct involvement of business people. These relationships could all be used to study ways to bring about positive change in academia.
The need to achieve positive change cannot be overstated. Doing nothing is not an option. If the next generation of researchers is as dissatisfied as our Feature suggests, then no less than the future of research and scholarship is at risk.
1. Which is mainly responsible for researchers’ heightened anxiety?| A．Lack of cooperation. | B．The future of research. |
| C．Discouraging whistle-blowing. | D．Bad atmosphere in workplace. |
| A．Supportive. | B．Indifferent. | C．Critical. | D．Ambiguous. |
| A．Pay higher salaries. | B．Restructure institutions. |
| C．Increase contract lengths. | D．Encourage competition. |
| A．The popularity of academic bullying. | B．The salary structure of academic researchers. |
| C．The lack of collaboration in scientific research. | D．The problem academic researchers are facing. |
【推荐2】For decades, climate scientists have named hurricanes and ranked them according to severity. “Naming and categorizing heat waves is also a must,” states a newly formed international union, called the Extreme Heat Resilience Alliance. “Hurricanes get attention because they cause obvious physical damage,” says Jennifer Marlon, a climate scientist at Yale University. Heat waves, however, have less evident effects, since the primary damage is to human health.
Heat waves kill more people in the United States than any other weather-related disaster. Data from the National Weather Service show that from 1986 to 2019, there were 4,257 deaths as a result of heat. By comparison, there were fewer deaths by floods(2,907), tornadoes(2,203) or hurricanes(1,405) over the same period. What’s more, climate change is increasing the possibility of high temperature events worldwide, getting tens of thousands of people dying each year because of heat.
Some populations are particularly easily harmed by high heat, including people over 65 and those with potential medical conditions. Historical racial discrimination also places minority communities at higher risk. Due to housing policies, communities of color are more likely to live in urban areas, heat islands which lack the green spaces that help cool down neighborhoods.
Part of the naming and ranking process will include defining exactly what a heat wave is. No single definition currently exists. Without a universally accepted definition of a heat wave, “We don't have a common understanding of the danger we face,” says Aaron Bernstein, an expert of the new group. “Defined categories for heat waves could help local officials better prepare to address potential health problems in the face of rising temperatures. And naming and categorizing heat waves could increase public awareness of the health risks caused by these silent killers.”
The union is in ongoing conversations with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, the World Meteorological Organization and other institutions to develop a standard naming and ranking practice.
1. What do we know about the heat wave in America?| A．It causes most serious physical damage. |
| B．It has got more attention in recent years. |
| C．It kills more people than other natural disasters. |
| D．It is the biggest killer among weather-related disasters. |
| A．They live in poorly-built houses. | B．They lack good medical resources. |
| C．They have less access to green spaces. | D．They are restricted in their movements. |
| A．Supportive. | B．Doubtful. | C．Conservative. | D．Tolerant. |
| A．They also kill lives like hurricanes. | B．They should have names like hurricanes. |
| C．Climate change is affecting them greatly. | D．Measures should be taken to prevent them. |
The term “crocodile tears” refers to insincere sadness. This term has an etymology dating back several centuries. As early as the fourth century, crocodile tears are referenced in the literature with the meaning of insincere sorrow. It is said that crocodiles weep while eating their hunted animals because they are sad; however, this sadness is not honest.
The term crocodile tears became widely popular after it was documented in a fifteenth-century book titled The Voyage and Travel of Sir John Mandeville, Knight. A passage from the book reads: “These crocodiles kill men and they eat them weeping.”
As you may already know, crocodilians(鳄目动物) likely feel bad about little—especially feeding. However, the assumption of the crocodile-tears metaphor may be true. In a 2007 paper published in BioScience titled “Crocodile Tears: And they eat them weeping”, researchers observed 7 crocodilians in cages during feeding time at a reserve (4 caimans and 3 American alligators). The researchers observed the crocodilians outside of water at feeding stations to better find out whether tearing developed.
Five of the 7 crocodilians developed something like tears in their eyes before, during or after feeding. The researchers suggest that these crocodile tears occur because a crocodilian hisses (发出嘶嘶声) while it eats, and this hissing forces air through the spaces in the bone behind the nose and out the eye, in the process picking up nasolacrimal secretions (鼻泪管分泌物.)
In humans, crocodile tears is a medical condition that causes a person to tear up while eating. Crocodile tears typically occur because of a temporary loss of facial control due to damage of the facial nerve. Specifically, when the facial nerve grows again, it does so incorrectly thus resulting in tears during chewing food.
1. The underlined word “etymology” in Paragraph 1 refers to ________.| A．a reference book containing articles on various topics |
| B．the origin and history of a particular term |
| C．a printed sheet of paper that are given free to advertise |
| D．the application and influence of a new theory |
| A．is a medical condition that causes a crocodile to tear up |
| B．became widely popular as early as the fourth century |
| C．refers to pretended sadness |
| D．proved to be only an assumption |
| A．crocodilians especially feel bad about feeding |
| B．not all the 7 crocodilians developed tearing |
| C．the crocodilians were carefully observed inside water |
| D．crocodile tears occur because a crocodilian hisses after it eats |
| A．what the real truth is about crocodile tears |
| B．when the term “crocodile tears” got popular in literature |
| C．how researchers made the experiment on crocodilians |
| D．why crocodile tears typically occur in humans |
