For centuries Lviv, located 50 kilometers from the Poland-Ukraine border, was an important stopping point on the main trade routes between the east and west. During the Renaissance, the city could afford Italy's finest architects because every merchant passing through was forced to stay and sell their goods for at least two weeks. "It was a very smart move to collect money from them," said Yaroslav Hrytsak, a local historian, adding, "It kept the wealth in the city, and that wealth has been transformed into architectural richness."
Many historic buildings remain but Lviv's prosperity didn't survive its bloody history. Over the centuries, the city fell under the rule of Poland, Austria, Austria-Hungary, Russia and the Nazi Germany. In addition, both Sweden and Turkey tried unsuccessfully to conquer the city. Then for almost half a century Lviv was ruled by the Soviet Union (苏联). With that, the city was condemned to relative obscurity(无闻). But recently things have started to change. Lviv experienced a sudden 40% increase in tourism in early2010, which was the highest rate in Europe. Just last month, its gates opened even wider, when Lviv became a host city for the Euro 2012 football championships.
So how has this happened? With the Soviet collapse, some saw new opportunities for reviving Lviv's former wealth and fame.
Limelight networks is a US-founded company. It's one of many digital tech firms to have opened offices in Lviv over the past few years. "It had good growth and experience in the US, however, the company needs more talent to do the new cool projects and products for our customers. This is why we're here in Ukraine." said CEO of Limelight networks.
Lviv's unexpected abundance of I.T. talent is in fact a legacy(遗产) of the former Soviet Union. To help the military, many Soviet universities focused on turning out world-class engineers and Lviv's university is still producing them. Now, the city is home to 23 higher education institutions.
It's clear that the city of Lviv does not intend to remain a hidden jewel for much longer.
1. Which of the following countries didn't rule Lviv in history?
A.Sweden | B.Poland | C.Russia | D.Germany |
A.Because of Lviv's cheap work force. |
B.Because of Lviv's beautiful scenery. |
C.Because of Lviv's abundant IT talent. |
D.Because of Lviv's rich natural resources. |
A.it is likely that more universities will be set up in Lviv. |
B.it is difficult for Lviv to revive its former wealth and fame. |
C.it is possible that Lviv will become a European cultural capital. |
D.it won't be long before Lviv regains its former fame. |
相似题推荐
【推荐1】What follows are just a few of the global destinations given World Heritage status by UNESCO. They could be your family’s next vacation.
Wildlife Wonders
The Okavango Delta in northern Botswana is one of southern Africa’s biggest and most biodiverse freshwater watersheds (流域) and a dream destination for animal lovers of all ages. It sustains the planet’s most endangered animals, including the largest remaining elephant population, cheetahs, African wild dogs, wattled cranes, and great white pelicans.
Fairy Chimneys
Central Turkey’s Göreme National Park is a dry region of volcanic stone that takes fantastic forms, which often called fairy chimneys (仙女烟囱). Some of the most striking sights are villages carved into the volcanic stone. The Göreme Open Air Museum, valley hikes, cave hotels, hot air balloon rides, and guided tours are highlights for all ages.
The Earliest Mummies (木乃伊)
Wrapped simply in reeds and decorated with hair and clay masks, Chile’s Chinchorro mummies are 2,000 years older than Egypt’s. At San Miguel de Azapa Archaeological Museum, only a few of the 300 samples are on view, while at Colón 10, visitors can see 48 mummies buried in the earth through a glass floor.
Dinosaur Fossils
Dinosaur Provincial Park in Canada gives some paleontologists (古生物学者) a chance to explore landscapes. Although visitors are not permitted to dig in this fragile environment, the park offers a full schedule of family-friendly fossil tours, guided activities, and dinosaur displays. Families can camp out under the stars and dream of the days when various dinosaurs lived in this region.
1. Which of the following highlights the Okavango Delta?A.Beautiful villages. | B.Rare freshwater fishes. |
C.Diverse wildlife species. | D.Striking views of mountains. |
A.Botswana. | B.Chile. | C.Egypt. | D.Canada. |
A.Have a night camping trip. | B.Explore landscapes in the valley. |
C.Dig for man-made dinosaur fossils. | D.Attend a lecture by a paleontologist. |
【推荐2】Considering that Sundarbans National Park is situated in the tropics,September to March is the ideal time to come here.April,May and June are too hot while July and August often bring heavy season winds that limit travel and don’t make for a very pleasant sightseeing experience.You can really enjoy doing lots of charming things in the Sundarbans during September to March.
Take a river tour
Most tourists who explore the Sundarbans arrive in Khulna City first.From there,you can join a boat tour that travels south along the Ganges River through miles of preserved forest all the way to Kotka,where there is a beautiful beach along the Bay of Bengal.
Visit a bird habitat
This bird habitat is a nesting place for dozens of tropical birds found in the Sundarbans.The best way to observe these birds is climbing up the Sajnekhali Watchtower.If you’re lucky,you’11 also catch the famed Bengal Tiger making its rounds through the swampy jungle.
Visit the Mangrove(红树林)Interpretation Centre
If you wish to spend some time indoors out of the sweaty heat,go to the Mangrove Interpretation Centre.This place is very educational with many posters,maps and exhibits showing the wildlife and varieties of mangrove plants found within the park.You’ll also get to see crocodiles in a small pool.
Take a tour of local villages
Experience village life that has largely remained unchanged for centuries.In this vast tropical region,there are villages made up of various ethnic groups who rely on fishing,farming and working in the local through growing tourist industry for their livelihoods.The Sundarbans is a UNESCO world heritage site where you can visit villages and talk to locals,who will gladly share their culture with you.
1. Which month is suitable for a visit to Sundarbans National Park?A.December. | B.August. |
C.June. | D.May. |
A.See some plants and animals. |
B.Put up posters about wildlife. |
C.Feed crocodiles in a small river. |
D.Observe birds by climbing up the trees. |
A.To advertise some natural animal habitats. |
B.To advocate the protection of forests in Khulna City. |
C.To introduce several charming villages in the vast tropical region. |
D.To show visitors something attractive to do in the Sundarbans. |
【推荐3】When you’re sitting in class or behind your desk waiting for the clock to strike a time when you can go home, it is natural that the mind can wander (走神) a bit. It is common for our mind to wander to a vacation and even travel the world. What if there is a way that you can travel the world without having to pay any money?
A person that managed to make it around the world without spending much was Shantanu Starick. How did he trade off his service? Starick realized that as a photographer he had a service that people would usually be willing to pay money for, but he would instead offer his photography service to anyone who could provide him with food, accommodation and transportation. Starick has been traveling for a surprising 30 months and has visited countries ranging from the United States to Ecuador.
In English-speaking countries, trading off service and communicating aren’t difficult for Starick. However, in farther areas where there isn’t an English-speaking person in sight it can be quite difficult. More than anything, the locals admire the effort behind trying to speak their language, even if he doesn’t exactly sound like a native speaker.
You can do it too!
Honestly, with a bit of confidence, drive and a skill you can trade, you’ll be able to do exactly the same as Starick.
Start thinking about what you can do to get around the world without paying money. With our social networks and the connectivity our world has, you can easily connect with and market yourself to people across the world without any effort.
1. What is the author's purpose in writing the first paragraph?A.To introduce the topic. |
B.To describe students in class. |
C.To give an example of travelling. |
D.To show peoples state of mind. |
A.Give up. | B.Exchange. |
C.Cut down. | D.Improve. |
A.He is too poor to afford the travels. |
B.He earns his living by traveling. |
C.He travels without paying much money. |
D.He can speak many languages. |
【推荐1】We are all aware of the effect greenhouse gas emissions are having on our planet and the efforts needed to tackle climate change. Most of us are doing our bit to minimize our impact on the environment, but despite our overall effort, are we doing enough to achieve net zero by 2050?
Net zero means not increasing the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Many countries are doing their bit by changing how they generate andI use power, thereby cutting carbon dioxide output.
In the UK, the government has been setting out its plans to achieve net zero by 2050. It’s recently announced an end date for the sale of gas boilers, which are used for heating homes. The idea is to replace them with heat pumps. It’s offering homeowners grants of up to £ 5, 000 to get them installed. Another movement in the UK is a big push towards electric vehicles. There will be financial incentives (动机) for car manufacturers, and more charging points are to be installed (安 装) in streets. And there will be a prohibition on the sale of new petrol and diesel cars by 2030.
But not all emissions can be reduced to zero, so the remaining emissions will have to be compensated for, or offset. One way to do this is to plant thousands of trees, which are good at absorbing carbon dioxide. The UK government has pledged to the citizens to plant 30, 000 hectares of trees a year by 2025.
Whether the UK, or anyone else, can reach net zero remains to be seen. And there’s some doubt about how this can be accurately measured anyway. But it’s generally recognized that a global effort is needed to tackle climate change. Therefore, net zero targets only make sense if every other country is moving in the same direction.
1. What can we infer from the first three paragraphs?A.Net zero means removing the greenhouse gases from the atmosphere thoroughly. |
B.British will cease using gas boilers. |
C.Every homeowner will receive £ 5, 000 for installing gas boilers. |
D.The UK government has persuaded all British to buy electric vehicles. |
A.guaranteed | B.planned | C.announced | D.started |
A.Replace gas boilers with heat pumps. |
B.Popularize electric vehicles. |
C.Plant thousands of trees. |
D.Sell new petrol and diesel cars. |
A.UK — the Pioneer of Net Zero Targets |
B.Unavoidable Impact of Climate Change |
C.Joint Effort Is Essential to Achieve Net Zero Targets |
D.The Ways to Achieve Net Zero Targets |
【推荐2】The annual World Economic Forum took place in Davos, Switzerland, in Jan. 23-26, 2018. What did Chinese entrepreneurs (企业家)speak in the forum? Are there some quotable quotes for you?
★Jack Ma, founder and executive chairman of Alibaba Group
“I think globalization cannot be stopped — no one can stop globalization, no one can stop trade. If trade stops, the world stops. Trade is the way to dissolve (结束) the war not cause the war,” said Ma in Davos, “Google, Facebook, Amazon and Alibaba — we are the luckiest companies of this century. But we have the responsibility to have a good heart, and do something good.”
★Richard Liu, founder and chief executive officer of JD
“Business is not only a way to make money but also a way to contribute yourself, to help people,” Liu said in a speech in Davos. “How can we face the fractured (分化的) world? That’s the topics of the Davos this year. I think a very important thing in business is cooperation. If we can unite, work together, if we work very closely, I think we can bring more hope to the people and we can build more trust between the people, countries and companies and partners,” he said.
★Jane Sun, CEO of Ctrip
“Tourism is a sunrise industry. Since I entered Ctrip, every year there are new comers, which, first of all, shows that tourism is booming.” Sun told Sina.com in Davos. “We invested heavily in ABC.A refers to AI, B is big data, and C is cloud computing. As we continue to expand overseas, these three will be very good weapons for us. So we think those mean opportunity,” she said.
★Hu Xiaoming, president of Aliyun
“In 2018, people will see the development in various countries more closely connected with cloud computing. More manufacturing enterprises and financial institutions will start to use ‘cloud’, and cloud computing will increase the efficiency of technology and finance,” Hu told Xinhua in Davos.
1. What do Chinese entrepreneurs like Jack Ma and Richard Liu focus more on?A.Earning more money. | B.The joined efforts of mankind. |
C.Reducing production costs. | D.The role of science in business. |
A.Tourism. | B.The creation of AI. |
C.Computer. | D.Financial service online. |
A.Economy recovery. | B.The World Economic Forum. |
C.Cloud computing. | D.Financial efficiency. |
【推荐3】Robert F Kennedy once said that a country’s GDP measures “everything except that which makes life worthwhile”. With Britain voting to leave the European Union, and GDP already predicted to slow as a result, it is now a timely moment to assess what he was referring to.
The question of GDP and its usefulness has annoyed policymakers for over half a century. Many argue that it is a faulty concept. It measures things that do not matter and misses things that do. By most recent measures, the UK’s GDP has been the envy of the Western world, with record-low unemployment and high growth figures. If everything was going so well, then why did over 17 million people vote for Brexit, despite the warnings about what it could do to their country’s economic prospects?
A recent annual study of countries and their ability to transform growth into well-being throws some light on that question. Across the 163 countries measured, the UK is one of the poorest performers in ensuring that economic growth is translated into meaningful improvements for its citizens. Rather than just focusing on GDP, over 40 different sets of criteria from health, education and civil society engagement have been measured to get a more comprehensive assessment of how countries are performing.
While all of these countries face their own challenges, there are a number of consistent themes. Yes, there has been a budding(初见端倪的)economic recovery since the 2008 global crash, but in key indicators in areas such as health and education, major economies have continued to decline. Yet this isn’t the case with all countries. Some relatively poor European countries have seen huge improvements across measures including civil society, income equality and the environment.
This is a lesson that rich countries can learn: when GDP is no longer regarded as the mere measure of a country’s success, the world looks very different.
So, what Kennedy was referring to was that while GDP has been the most common method for measuring the economic activity of nations, as a measure, it is no longer enough. It does not include important factors such as environmental quality or education outcomes-all things that contribute to a person’s sense of well-being.
The sharp hit to growth predicted around the world and in the UK could lead to a decline in the everyday services we depend on for our well-being and for growth. But policymakers who refocus efforts on improving well-being rather than simply worrying about GDP figures could avoid the heralded(预示的)disaster and may even see progress.
1. It can be inferred from paragraph 2 that ________.A.the UK is reluctant to reshape its economic pattern |
B.GDP as the measure of success is widely opposed in the UK |
C.the UK will contribute less to the world economy |
D.policymakers in the UK are paying less attention to GDP |
A.It is sponsored by 163 countries. | B.It excludes GDP as an indicator. |
C.Its criteria are questionable. | D.Its results are inspiring. |
A.the UK is preparing for an economic boom |
B.high GDP forecasts an economic decline |
C.it is essential to consider factors beyond GDP |
D.it requires caution to handle economic issues |
A.High GDP but Inadequate Well-Being, a UK Lesson |
B.GDP Figures, a Window on Global Economic Health |
C.Rebort F Kennedy, a Person Who Puts an End to GDP |
D.Brexit, the UK’s Gateway to Well-Being |
【推荐1】By knowing what kind of learner you are, you can organize your study to best suit your particular way of learning.
Visual learning style
These learners like to draw, build, design and make things. They like looking at pictures and enjoy jigsaw puzzles and mazes. They tend to think in pictures rather than words.
Verbal learning style
These learners are very good at listening and are often very good speakers and story tellers. They think in words rather than pictures. They like to read and write, and usually have good memories for such things as names, dates and places.
Logical learning style
These learners are very logical. They easily recognize numerical and word patterns and look for logical connections between ideas. They like to figure things out for themselves and love solving problems. They enjoy working with abstract (抽象) ideas.
Bodily learning style
These learners like to move around a lot and to touch objects and people. They often wave their hands around when they are talking. They are good at physical activities, such as sport and dancing, and they enjoy making things with their hands.
Naturalistic learning style
These learners love to be outside. They are interested in nature and are usually fond of animals. They are often involved with nature conservation groups. They are excellent at planning picnics and other outdoor activities. They like to understand how things in nature work.
Music learning style
These learners appreciate music. They are usually good at singing or playing musical instruments and can often compose (作) music. They are often very sensitive to noises around them and are sometimes easily distracted (分散注意力) by background noises.
Interpersonal learning style
These learners like to be surrounded by people. They usually have lots of friends and like to join groups and clubs. They are often the leaders of any group they join and they are very good peace makers.
Intrapersonal learning style
These people are quite happy in their own company. They spend a lot of time thinking about things such as their dreams and hopes and their relationships with other people. They prefer to work alone and to follow their own interests.
1. If a person usually puts things into categories and sorts when thinking, he is most probably ________.A.a bodily learner | B.a visual learner |
C.a logical learner | D.a verbal learner |
A.through music and rhythm |
B.in a natural setting rather than a built environment |
C.with pets around them |
D.in the condition that there is loud natural noise |
A.he (she) is not good at communicating with others |
B.his (her) individual ability is rather good |
C.he (she) is slow in thinking out the answers to problems |
D.his (her) relationship with others is always bad |
A.How Should You Learn? | B.How to Learn Best |
C.Choose Your Style | D.Learning Styles |
【推荐2】Most people who’ve stayed up all night know the “tired and nervous” feeling the next day. The body might be exhausted, but the brain feels active or even crazy. Even after these changes fade away, sleep loss can have a strong anti-depression effect on people for several days.
To figure it out, a team of biologists from Northwestern University looked at the effects of sleep loss in mice. In the beginning, they created a depressed state in all the mice by repeatedly giving them small shocks. In response to these shocks, the mice entered a depressive-like state and eventually stopped trying to escape their cages. Subsequently, some were allowed to sleep while others were forced to stay up. Later, they tested the mice’s response to shocks again. They found that after this sleepless night, the mice that had stayed up were less depressed and showed more attempts to escape the shocks.
What causes these changes in mice? To see how the mice’s brains responded to their sleepless night, the researchers measured dopamine neuron (神经元) activity. They saw that mice lacking in sleep showed higher dopamine activity in three regions: the prefrontal cortex (前额叶皮质), nucleus accumbens (伏隔核) and hypothalamus (下丘脑).
To figure out which areas were related to the mice’s anti-depression effect, they silenced dopamine reactions in each of these areas of the brain. The anti-depression effect disappeared in mice when the team silenced the dopamine input in the prefrontal cortex, while it continued to exist when they do the same to the other two regions. That’s why Yevgenia Kozorovitskiy, the leading researcher, says that this region may be important in relieving depression.
Based on the belief that transitions between a depressed state and a non-depressed state are influenced by the brain’s ability to reorganize connections, Kozorovitskiy and her team looked at individual neurons in the prefrontal cortex for signs of growth. They saw evidence of the new connections, suggesting that dopamine had reconnected neurons in the mice brains to maintain their mood for several days. Kozorovitskiy says this work may help future studies on depression treatment, but whether it’ll cure depression remains to be seen.
1. What is the purpose of the first paragraph?A.To present a fact. | B.To introduce a study. |
C.To make a prediction. | D.To analyze a phenomenon. |
A.The mice staying up were constantly depressed. |
B.The mice with sleep loss gave up escaping cages. |
C.The mice with enough sleep didn’t react to shocks. |
D.The mice sleeping less were in anti-depression state. |
A.Uncovering causes of mice’s changes. | B.Testing new treatment for depression. |
C.Finding mice’s reaction to environment. | D.Assessing the amount of dopamine input. |
A.Optimistic. | B.Objective. | C.Doubtful. | D.Negative. |
【推荐3】If you've ever ridden in a car with more than one other person, you will know the importance of calling “Shotgun!” before getting in the car. Most people prefer to sit in the front passenger seat. It offers extra leg room. There are even rules about when and how you call out the word “shotgun”. But why do people call the front passenger seat “shotgun”? Why not just “the front seat”?
The origin of this expression took place in the old West, although no one actually called the front seat “shotgun” back then. Carriage drivers would often bring along someone and let him sit next to them and carry a weapon, usually a shotgun. The assistant (辅助的) driver who sat in the front seat. just next to the driver, acted as a bodyguard to keep bad men who got in their way off.
Years later, as more and more Americans fell in love with westerns (西部电影), the expression found its way into Hollywood movies and pop culture. The 192l short story The Fighting Fool by Dane Coolidge describes a character in the story as “riding shotgun for Wells Fargo”. Probably its most famous appearance in western was in John Wayne's movie Stagecoach, where his co-star George Bancroft says, “I'm going to Lordsburg with Buck. I'm going to ride shotgun’”
Now, of course, our concern about riding shotgun has nothing to do with protecting valuable things. No matter where you sit, pay attention to how you get out of the car.
1. What does the underlined word “Shotgun” in Paragraph l refer to?A.A kind of gun. |
B.The most famous western film. |
C.A kind of popular sports car. |
D.The seat next to the driver. |
A.To show their pride in themselves. |
B.To keep the carriage running in the right way. |
C.To protect everyone in the carriage from danger. |
D.To get animals off their way. |
A.Through movies. | B.Through the Internet. |
C.Through bad men. | D.Through assistant drivers. |
A.To tell us a story in Hollywood movies. |
B.To show us where to sit in a crowded car. |
C.To show us the most dangerous times in the old days. |
D.To tell us some things about “shotgun”. |