In the top 10 of unpleasant sounds, a crying baby ranks very high. It instantly makes a key part of your brain called the amygdale (杏仁孔) active, which, among other things, acts as a sort of radar for emotional threats. So why would babies need to cause this sort of urgent reaction? To get you to respond and fast to ensure their survival.
Babies can’t fend for themselves. They are like chicks in their parents’ nest, depending on others to keep them warm, fed and safe. Like chicks, their cries signal driving necessities such as a need for food or protection from danger. But human babies can also convey a range of other needs with cries.
Human babies are also highly social, and are interested in engaging in a dialogue with their caregivers. So they are equally attentive to their parents’ signals: the messages conveyed by the body language of their caregivers — how the parent smells, touches, holds, rocks, as well as their tone of voice. In relaxed moments with the parent, they soon discover how smiling at an attentive adult tends to cause a positive response in return.
On the other hand, these early attempts at communication between the parent and child can be very hit-and-miss. In the first few weeks, most babies cry for about two hours a day. When the parent and baby aren’t “getting” each other, crying can increase. In particular, long difficulties with breast-feeding can lead to a pattern of “established firmly” crying behavior.
Crying is a signal that can mean many different things. The lessons that are learned from these early experiences are highly significant for individual lives, but collectively they also have a great effect on our culture.
1. According to the first paragraph, what is babies’ purpose of crying?A.To change their comfortable situation at the present time. |
B.To communicate with parents and learn to use body language. |
C.To make caregivers fast respond to guarantee their survival. |
D.To get something that they want to get as quickly as possible. |
A.feed | B.look after |
C.support | D.make up |
A.Because they hope to get more from their parents. |
B.Because they want to convey messages to their parents. |
C.Because they need to learn from their parents how to communicate. |
D.Because they are social and interested in talking with their parents. |
A.Cry or Don’t Cry? | B.Why Do Babies Cry? |
C.How to Express Babies’ Feelings? | D.Human Babies Are Similar to Chicks’? |
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【推荐1】Scientists have long sought to prevent sharp memories from dulling with age, but the problem is hard to solve. New research suggests Virtual Reality (VR) might help older people recall facts and events based on specific details.
The study involved 42 healthy older adults from the San Francisco Bay Area. Half spent a dozen hours over four weeks playing a virtual-reality game called Labyrinth. They wore headsets and walked in place, wandering virtual neighborhoods while completing missions. The other half, in the control group, used computers to play games that did not require navigationg (导航) or recalling details. After 15 sessions, the latter performed much the same as before on a long-term memory test based on picking out objects they had seen about an hour earlier. But the Labyrinth players’ scores rose, and they were less frequently tricked by objects that were similar to ones they had viewed.
“The improvement brought them back up to the level of another group of younger adults who did the same memory tests,” said cognitive neuroscientist Peter Wais of the University of California, San Francisco. He and his colleagues designed the VR game, which they say likely stimulates (刺激) the hippocampus—— a brain area that is important for long-term memory. The team did not observe improvement on two other tests, which measured autobiographical memory (自传体记忆) and spatial memory capability.
“It would be great to actually follow people over time and see what this type of game does for long-term memory,” said Meredith Thompson, a Massachusetts Institute of Technology education researcher. Daniel Simons, a cognitive psychologist, said that testing three measures, instead of just one, would increase the possibility of finding an improvement. And it remains unclear how test performance in a laboratory setting might translate to real-world situations. Simons notes, “The outcome needs to be repeated, ideally with a much larger group, before it is treated as a strong finding.”
Wais’s team is now investigating how long the observed effects last and which elements of the training have the most impact.
1. What does the study show?A.Human memories get worse as they age. |
B.The elderly are weak in observing details. |
C.VR may improve the memory of the elderly. |
D.VR games are more popular among the aged. |
A.VR games make people feel younger. |
B.Good memory skills depend on long-term training. |
C.VR games do not work in all types of memory tests. |
D.The elderly score higher than younger adults in the tests. |
A.Cautious | B.Supportive | C.Ambiguous | D.Disapproving |
A.In a scientific report. | B.In a health magazine. |
C.In a fiction novel. | D.In a medical journal. |
【推荐2】When scientists and the public worry about sea level rise, they mostly focus on when and where communities will be permanently flooded. But there’s another consequence of rising seas that will affect many more people much sooner: getting cut off from roads and other critical infrastructure (基础设施). It’s a threat that society has not paid nearly enough attention to, says Allison Reilly, a civil engineer at the University of Maryland.
In a new paper, Reilly and her colleagues show the width and pace of the isolation (隔离) threat. Inspired by her work on the eastern shore of Maryland, where people already need to adjust their travel and work schedules to account for tides that frequently flood roads, Reilly and her colleagues calculated that, with one meter of sea level rise, twice as many people across the coastal United States will be isolated than will be fully flooded.
Worse still, many places currently considered at low risk of sea level rise suddenly become much riskier when isolation is taken into account, Reilly says. While planners know that low-lying Florida will be severely flooded, Maine, with its high rocky coasts, is generally thought to be at low risk. But Reilly’s work shows many Mainers are in great danger of being cut off by flooding in coastal communities and river valleys.
This far more immediate effect of rising seas needs to become part of the broader planning process. That kind of planning is starting to happen around the Chignecto Isthmus, an interprovincial land bridge in Canada, connecting New Brunswick and Nova Scotia. The New Brunswick and Nova Scotia governments are considering a variety of plans to raise or replace the dikes (坝). For Ollerhead, a Nova Scotian, that work can’t start soon enough. “It will take a lot of sea level rise before Nova Scotia becomes an island, but you could have a storm that cuts off the major transportation links for days, weeks, or months,” he says. “It’s nearly impossible to predict when, but it will happen eventually.”
1. What is the threat Allison Reilly mentioned in paragraph 1?A.The rising sea level. | B.Flood-related isolation. |
C.Permanent flooded areas. | D.Irreparable infrastructure. |
A.Conclusions of a new paper. | B.Calculations of collected data. |
C.Situations of Eastern Maryland. | D.Influences on coastal United States. |
A.To clarify a point. | B.To offer a solution. |
C.To present an assumption. | D.To illustrate a reason. |
A.Dismissive. | B.Doubtful. | C.Favorable. | D.Unclear. |
【推荐3】Metal self-healing refers to the ability of a metal material to recover its original structure and performance after being damaged or destroyed. This self-healing capability can reduce the cost of repairing and replacing metal materials, extend their service life, and improve the sustainability of materials.
In July 20, 2023, scientists have witnessed for the first time that metal fragments rupture without human intervention and then re-melt together. The team found that disappearing cracks are nano-sized, small but important. If the newly discovered phenomenon can be exploited, it may lead to an engineering revolution. In this revolution, self-healing engines, bridges, and aircraft can remove wear and tear damage, making it safer and more durable.
The Sandia National Laboratory and Texas A & M University team described the discovery in Nature on the 20th.
In the science fiction movie “The Terminator 2,” the robot T1000, made of liquid metal, left a deep impression because it could change its shape at will and repair itself after hitting. However, at the 2019 International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, the JSK Lab at the University of Tokyo showed a prototype of a robotic leg with a tendon “fuse” made of metal that can repair a fracture, and by automatically fusing and transforming into a single part, a movie is about to come true.
Insiders pointed out that if metal self-repairing can be utilized, it will improve the competitiveness of industrial products and promote the development of relevant industries, which is of great significance to achieve the two goals of sustainable human development, energy conservation and environmental protection.
In terms of transportation, the internal wear and fuel consumption rate of engines of vehicles and vessels powered by fuel increase gradually. Self-repair engines can reduce the wear of parts, improve the service life of engines, improve the operation rate, and save huge amounts of funds every year, thus improving the comprehensive benefits.
In addition, self-healing bridges and aircraft eliminate wear and tear damage, making them safer and more durable. The crowd said it was amazing!
1. Why does the second paragraph say that this discovery may cause the revolution?A.Because the structure of metals is very complex. |
B.Because human intervention makes healing easier. |
C.Because this repair capability can reduce a lot of costs. |
D.Because this is the first natural healing discovered. |
A.Learned metal self-healing | B.It is composed of liquids |
C.It is highly likely to appear in reality | D.It was made by the University of Tokyo |
A.Reduce costs and protect energy | B.Make movies come true |
C.Improve product competitiveness | D.Triggering the Industrial Revolution |
A.Neutral | B.Approval | C.Dismissive | D.Unclear |
【推荐1】Texting while walking is something that most of us are guilty of. We can’t help replying to that message we just received. However, while it’s fun to keep up with the latest gossip, we may actually be putting ourselves in danger.
A team of researchers from two UK universities recently found that people who use their phones while on the move walk differently than usual.
“Recently, a person in front of me was walking very slowly and weaving (迂回行进), and I thought, ‘Is this person drunk?’” Matthew Timmis, co-author of the study, told the Guardian.
It turned out that the person was just texting. Inspired by this, Timmis and his team set out to discover the effects of phone use on how we navigate streets.
A group of 21 volunteers were asked to walk around a simulated (模拟的) street, complete with obstacles such as a step. The participants traveled the course a total of 12 times each, either writing or reading a message, making a call, or with no phone at all.
It took the volunteers 118 percent longer to complete the course when using a phone. They also focused on the step obstacle 60 percent more and paid attention to the travel path 51 percent more when they weren’t using a phone.
Although there were no accidents, Timmis believes we should still be aware of what’s going on around us.
“The big risk here is suddenly-appearing hazards (危险), like a pedestrian (行人) suddenly walking in front of you,” he told the Guardian. “You are not going to be able to respond to that as efficiently, which increases the risk of injury.”
To bring attention to the dangers of “text walking”, a temporary “texting lane” was set up in Antwerp, Belgium in 2015. And earlier this year, a special crosswalk featuring flashing red lights on the ground to get the attention of texters was set up in Wuhan, Hubei province.
“Texting while walking can lead to collisions with poles or other pedestrians. You could even be endangering your own life when you cross the street without looking up,” a spokesperson for the company that made the Antwerp texting lane told Yahoo News.
1. What did the UK researchers recently discover about text walking?A.It’s a common problem all around the world. |
B.People walk in a different way when texting. |
C.People are risking their lives text walking. |
D.It has caused more traffic accidents. |
A.12 percent longer. | B.118 percent longer. |
C.60 percent longer. | D.51 percent longer. |
A.To provide a safe lane for text walking. | B.To attract more people to walk in the lane. |
C.To give an example of a modern lane. | D.To warn of the dangers of text walking. |
A.go up | B.go away | C.go across | D.go by |
【推荐2】Businesses are now in cost-cutting mode. Title inflation (头衔通胀) has crept into the workplace. Layoffs, hiring freezes and concerns about a recession (经济衰退) are plaguing employers.
To balance this unique economic environment, employers have figured out a way to comfort employees and job applicants without spending more money. They are offering impressive titles to soften the blow of not providing a raise to internal employees or big compensation to job candidates.
An employee’s title is their identity. It gives them credibility in the office and makes them feel more powerful. In this sense, the policy is a sensible way to help keep staff and attract top candidates.
But if you don’t really deserve the new title, it could come back and trouble you. Recruiters will be pleased to find a candidate who is a pe rfect fit for a significant, well-paying position in terms of skills, background, and previous experience. However, a stumbling block arises when they notice the candidate has a higher title than the client offers. Since a recruiter wants to make a placement and earn a fee, they won’t waste time and will seek out other candidates who are a better fit.
Even if the recruiters decide to contact the candidate, there’s a good chance the candidate won’t accept. Because most people aren’t aware that their title was inflated and believe it was a reward for their outstanding performance. Understandably, they would be offended if they received a lower-level post. Now that you are at a certain level, you don’t want to go backward.
What’s more, if your current title is too high, it raises red flags. For example, when searching for a new job, if your title is “director,” but the new role is under that level, the interviewer will curiously inquire, “why do you want to go down in title?” There will be an assumption from the hiring manager that something isn’t right. They may feel that the job seeker is leaving before being fired and willing to downgrade. Rather than trying to figure out the motivations of the candidate, they’ll move on to others who have a cleaner story without any baggage.
1. What does the underlined word “plaguing” in paragraph 1 probably mean?A.Shocking. | B.Embarrassing. | C.Troubling. | D.Confusing. |
A.They tend to look down upon others. |
B.Their salaries don’t match their titles. |
C.Their fear of being fired will disappear. |
D.They get a good platform for development. |
A.Have a discussion with the client. |
B.Contact the job applicant immediately. |
C.Exclude the candidate from consideration. |
D.Gather more information about the candidate. |
A.Enthusiastic. | B.Dismissive. | C.Appreciative. | D.Doubtful. |
【推荐3】Like many people, in terms of socializing, I prioritize (优先考虑) making time for my closest friends and family. When it comes to reaching out to people, I don’t know as well I often find myself unwilling to engage. This could be a big mistake, though, according to a new study. Having different types of social interactions seems to be central to our happiness —something many of us may think little of.
In a series of surveys, researchers looked at how having a socially diverse network related to people’s well-being. In one survey, 578 Americans reported on what activities they had been engaged in, with whom and for how long over the past 24 hours, while also saying how happy with life they were. The researchers found that people with more diverse social networks were happier and more satisfied with life than those with less diverse networks — regardless of how much time they had spent socializing overall.
“The more you can broaden your social circle and reach out to people you talk to less frequently —like an acquaintance, a friend, a coworker, or even a stranger —the more it could have positive benefits for your well-being,” said the lead researcher Hanne Collins of Harvard Business School.
To further test this idea, she and her colleagues looked at large data sets from the American Time Use Survey and the World Health Organization’s Study on Global Aging and Adult Health. In both cases, they found that when people had a broader range of social interactions, they experienced greater happiness and well-being.
Then Collins and her colleagues did another analysis, using data from a mobile app that 21,644 French-speaking people used to report on their daily social activities and happiness. There, they found that when someone experienced greater-than-average social diversity one week, they were happier that week and the week after.
Why is that? It could be that being with different people contributes to different kinds of emotions, which may be a driving force in our happiness, says Collins. Alternatively, it could be that having a more diverse network allows you to get various social supports when you need it. Whatever the case, Collins hopes her research will inspire people to expand their social networks when they can.
1. What can we learn from the first paragraph?A.Reaching out to strangers is a must in people’s life. |
B.It could be a mistake for people to socialize with strangers. |
C.Diverse social interactions contribute little to people’s happiness. |
D.Many people are more willing to interact with the closest friends. |
A.Its results were different from culture to culture. |
B.Its results were against the ones of previous surveys. |
C.The researchers collected large amounts of data from different apps. |
D.It focused on the impact of a more diverse social network on life happiness. |
A.Any stranger or co-worker can bring you happiness. |
B.Broad social circle contributes to more happiness. |
C.Happiness depends on how much time you spend with strangers. |
D.Broad social network leads to a balanced life. |
A.Collins’s social life. | B.Collins’s conclusions. |
C.Collins’s new research. | D.Collins’s specific suggestions. |
【推荐1】Plastic is piling up in ecosystems all over the world. Although its harmful impacts on both species and ecosystems have been documented, a few animals—like bowerbirds and hermit crabs—are doing what they can to recycle it. And according to a recent study, wild bees in Canada have joined the effort, which is a rare observation of behavioral flexibility in species especially insects, in increasingly plastic-rich environments.
The researchers found two species of leafcutter bees putting plastic into their nests. One of the bees they studied, the alfalfa leafcutter bee, normally bites off pieces of leaves and flowers while the second bee gathers sticky substances from trees. Leafcutter bees don't build big nests or store honey like honeybees, choosing instead small nests in underground holes, tree holes or cracks (裂缝)in buildings. But the researchers found that three of eight brood cells(育雏巢室)contained pieces of plastic bags, replacing 23 percent of the cut leaves in each cell on average.
While they don't make honey, alfalfa leafcutter bees still make money for the U. S. and Canadian farmers by pollinating(给......传授花粉)crops including alfalfa , carrots and melons. The European insects were introduced to North America in the 1930s for that purpose, and they've since become wild, joining the continent's many native species of leafcutter bees.
In a separate study conducted in Argentina between 2017 and 2018, researchers found a bee nest made entirely of plastic, which consisted of three separate cells. It's the first known example of such construction worldwide. Compared to the other nests the researchers examined, which were made of natural materials, this one had a pretty lower success rate of the bees' survival. One of the cells had a dead baby bee , another seemed to have housed an adult that had left the nest, and the third was unfinished.
1. What does the animals' use of plastic show according to the study?A.How widely plastic is used. |
B.How strange the behavior of wildlife is. |
C.How some wildlife is adapting to plastic. |
D.How plastic pollution has harmed them. |
A.Food. | B.Shelter. |
C.A plastic substitute. | D.Traditional nest materials. |
A.They have great economic value. |
B.They store honey like honeybees. |
C.They prefer to live in tree holes. |
D.They have evolved into a new species. |
A.It might be warmer. | B.It might be unhealthy. |
C.It might be easy to finish. | D.It might be recyclable. |
【推荐2】Range anxiety, the fear of running out of power before being able to recharge an electric vehicle, may be a thing of the past, according to a team of Penn State engineers who are looking at lithium iron phosphate batteries (磷酸铁锂电池) that have a range of 250 miles with the ability to charge in 10 minutes.
“We developed a pretty clever battery for mass-market electric vehicles,” said Chao-Yang Wang, a professor and director of the Electrochemical Engine Center at Penn State. “There is no more range anxiety and this battery is affordable.” The researchers also say that the battery should be good for 2 million miles in its lifetime.
They report today in Nature Energy that the key to long-life and rapid recharging is the battery’s ability to quickly heat up to 140 degrees Fahrenheit, for charge and discharge, and then cool down when the battery is not working.
The battery uses a self-heating approach previously developed in Wang’s center. The self-heating battery uses a thin nickel foil (镍箔) with one end attached to the negative terminal and the other extending outside the cell to create a third terminal. Once electrons flow, it rapidly heats up the nickel foil through resistance heating and warms the inside of the battery. Once the battery’s inner temperature is 140 degrees Fahrenheit, the switch opens and the battery is ready for rapid charge or discharge.
“This battery has reduced weight, volume and cost,” said Wang. “I am very happy that we finally found a battery that will benefit the mainstream consumer mass market.”
According to Wang, these smaller batteries can produce a large amount of power upon heating — 40 kilowatt hours and 300 kilowatts of power. An electric vehicle with this battery could go from zero to 60 miles per hour in 3 seconds and would drive like a Porsche, he said. “This is how we are going to change the environment and not contribute to just the expensive cars,” said Wang. “Let everyone afford electric vehicles.”
1. Which of the following shows the range anxiety?A.Fearing that the battery can’t be recharged. |
B.Wondering if the battery can cover 250 miles. |
C.Worrying about the power of the car running out. |
D.Considering having no money to buy a new battery. |
A.It can be environmentally friendly. |
B.It can heat up and cool down rapidly. |
C.It can help speed up the car instantly. |
D.It can discharge when it doesn’t work. |
A.How the battery works. | B.Advantages of the battery. |
C.How the battery is produced. | D.Applications of the battery. |
A.Cheap but heavy. | B.Costly but beneficial. |
C.Expensive but small-sized. | D.Affordable and efficient. |
【推荐3】Arctic sea ice has been steadily decreasing since the beginning of satellite records in 1979, but a new study comes with a warming prediction: By the end of this century, Arctic sea ice may disappear during the summer, which could drive polar bears and other ice-dependent species extinction.
Scientists thought the “Last Ice Area”, a region containing the oldest, thickest Arctic ice, would last for decades. But now, under both the most optimistic and pessimistic scenarios (可能出现的情况) for warming linked to climate change, the sea ice will dramatically thin by 2050. The most optimistic situation, in which carbon emissions are immediately and dramatically curbed to prevent the worst warming, could result in a limited part of the ice surviving in the region. In the most pessimistic situation, in which emissions continue at their current rate of increase, the summer ice and the polar bears and seals that live on it could disappear by 2100, researchers reported in a new study.
“Unfortunately, this is a massive experiment we’re doing,” study co-author Robert Newton, a senior research scientist, said in a statement. “If the year-round ice goes away, entire ice-dependent ecosystems will collapse, and something new will begin.”
As carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases increasingly contribute to the warming of the atmosphere, the past 15 years has brought the lowest 15 sea-ice extents in the satellite record, according to the National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC). Worse still, the NSIDC reports that the amount of older, thicker Arctic ice that has survived at least one melt season is at a record low. A more dramatic decrease in ice coverage could have a serious effect on the lives of the animals that live on, or under, the shifting ice network, including fish, seals, polar bears and so on.
1. What will threaten the species in the Arctic according to the study?A.The loss of their habitats. |
B.Pollution of ocean water. |
C.The extreme cold weather. |
D.Lack of necessary food and water. |
A.Improved. | B.Predicted. | C.Controlled. | D.Determined. |
A.His concern over the Arctic animals’ future. |
B.His surprise at the great amount of Arctic ice. |
C.His curiosity about the reasons for low sea-ice extents. |
D.His doubt about the dramatic decrease in ice coverage. |
A.The “Last Ice Area” is on the decrease. |
B.Small ice coverage has negative effects. |
C.Greenhouse gases lead to global warming. |
D.Ice-dependent species could become extinct. |