Talking to yourself may seem a little shameful. According to the well-known saying, talking to yourself is the first sign of madness,
Far from being mentally ill, self-talk allows us to plan what we are going to do, manage our activities, regulate our emotions and even create a description of our experience.
As children, according to the Russian psychologist Lev Vygotsky, we use private speech to regulate our actions in the same way that we use public speech to control the behavior of others.
Conduct a dialogue with ourselves.
| A．What is private speech? |
| B．But there is no need for embarrassment. |
| C．Psychologists refer to this as private speech. |
| D．Ask questions of the self and provide answers. |
| E．We do a lot of private speech when we are young. |
| F．As we grow older, we make the private speech become the way of blinking, |
| G．Although the private speech is effective, we never entirely put away the out-loud speech. |
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【推荐1】Being an early bird, or the opposite night owl (夜猫子), is usually not something that is thought of as being highly under our control. Some people seem to sleep early while others get a second wind and tend to sleep late. This internal clock is a person’s unique internal timekeeper and the body’s own master controller of many functions. Most obvious is our sleep patterns; however, it also plays a role in our eating patterns, hormone levels, and maybe even our mood.
A recent study looked at whether the body clock is related to levels of physical activity. Using a watch-like device that measures movement, over 5,000 participants’ activity levels were collected for two weeks. After considering some factors that may explain differences, such as education or background health conditions, they found that night owls, as compared to morning types, had up to 60 to 90 fewer minutes per day of activity.
For those with a more of an “eveningness” type, jobs or other demands on time may mean that a morning alarm is sounding well before their natural wake time. As a result, a night owl type may be starting the day relatively “jet lagged” (有时差感的) —feeling out of step with their body due to being awake when the body would prefer to be asleep.
We should emphasize that this study does not tell us that being a night owl is the cause of lower physical activity. It only shows a connection between being an early bird or night owl and certain conditions. In this study, we only considered two factors —sleep patterns and activity. Using your eat-sleep cycle to your advantage as much as possible to be active is probably the best advice. Are you someone who feels ready and clear first thing in the morning? That may be the best time to get those steps in. More energy in the evening? Then scheduling that walk for after dinner may be best.
1. What do we know about the internal clock?| A．It motivates people to sleep early. | B．It keeps a person careful about time. |
| C．It affects multiple functions of the body. | D．It masters the patterns of mood and eating. |
| A．An early bird received higher education. | B．A night owl had lower physical movement. |
| C．An early bird had more reasonable activity levels. | D．A night owl had better background health conditions. |
| A．Uneasy. | B．Natural. | C．Energetic. | D．Embarrassed. |
| A．Do exercise after dinner. | B．Adjust our sleep patterns. |
| C．Make a schedule in advance. | D．Make the most of our body clock. |
【推荐2】Surface Exploration, Robots make great explorers on planets, moons, and other landing areas. Aside from Earth, just about every surface in the solar system is unsafe for humans to explore. The air on most other planets is insufficient for humans to breathe, making it necessary to wear a space suit and oxygen equipment. The temperatures on these surfaces are much too hot or much too cold for any humans to withstand. Plus there would be complications with radiation, weather, and lack of gravity. Robots have much less limitation in these areas and can survive much longer under these conditions.
Data Collection. Robots are designed for collecting scientific data. Robots are also able to perform many tasks at one time and can process information much quicker and more efficiently. Important scientific projects from detecting minerals, analyzing ground samples, and finding water are all performed much quicker and more accurately(精确地)by robots.
Cost-effectiveness. The use of robots has made the cost of space exploration much less expensive than it would cost for humans to do the work. In order to successfully send humans into space we would need to build a vehicle that can not only carry humans, but also have enough food and water to keep them alive for the duration of the trip. Moreover, robots have no problems working for hours on end. Robots never complain. They don't require food or water, and they never need a bathroom break.
Space Travel. Over the past 30 years or so there have been many different types of robots used successfully in the exploration of space. Perhaps the most famous and successful robots are the Spirit and Opportunity who have both been exploring the surface of Mars. They have both been very successful with experiments on soil and rocks and have even found evidence of water in Mars’ history.
1. According to the passage, which of the following is NOT true?| A．The use of robots in space exploration costs more than the use of humans. |
| B．It may be dangerous for humans to explore the solar system except the earth. |
| C．Both the Spirit and Opportunity have found the evidence of water in the Mars. |
| D．Many different types of robots have explored the space successfully. |
| A．Education. | B．Finance. |
| C．Travel. | D．Science. |
| A．arise | B．bear |
| C．defeat | D．diverse |
| A．the radiation | B．the oxygen |
| C．the diet | D．the alien |
| A．Negative. | B．Persuasive. |
| C．Subjective. | D．Objective. |
【推荐3】Jennifer Udler was in the middle of a 50-minute session with a patient when it started to rain. Walking and talking about anxiety and stress, she and her teenage patient got wet. But when they made it back indoors, Jennifer said, “Hey, look at us! We’re wet, but we got through it! Now you can use that next time you have anxiety before and during an event.” This kind of insight is key to her practice.
Jennifer, a social worker whose practice focuses on adolescents, has been a therapist(治疗师)for 20 years. For most of that time, she practiced in a traditional office, but she noticed how easy it was for her running partners to open up about their problems. After doing some research, in 2013, Jennifer founded Positive Strides Therapy, where she conducts sessions while walking outdoors. She conducts all of her sessions outdoors and in all kinds of weather.
“When somebody asks me if I specialize in walking therapy, I say, ‘No, that’s how I practice,’” Udler said. “I specialize in family systems theory. Walking in the park is just where I practice.”
Despite the lack of formal research, Jennifer believes strongly in the benefits, saying that it can be helpful. “We’ll be talking about ‘moving forward’ as we are actually moving forward on the path, building muscle memory of how they can move forward and leave the anxiety behind.”
And outdoor walking therapy doesn’t just benefit teens. Jennifer says the adults in her practice welcome the humanizing effect of taking therapy outdoors.
1. What lesson did Jennifer teach her teenage patient through the rain?| A．Rain and suffering are a part of life. | B．She is ready to help the young man. |
| C．We can beat our difficulty after all. | D．Rain can help us deal with our trouble. |
| A．Jennifer always talks with his patients in the rain. |
| B．Jennifer found it easy to talk with her patients in traditional office. |
| C．Jennifer conducts all of her sessions outdoors in Positive Strides Therapy. |
| D．Jennifer specializes in walking therapy. |
| A．Doubtful. | B．Confident. | C．Unconcerned. | D．Disappointed. |
| A．The lack of formal research about the therapy. |
| B．Building physical memory of past experience. |
| C．Treating her teen patients in a traditional office. |
| D．Conducting walk-and-talk therapy for teens. |
| A．Walking outdoors is similar to managing worries. |
| B．Moving in the rain is a bit too difficult to tolerate. |
| C．The rain can make one excited and face the trouble. |
| D．Running in the rain or storm will make one healthy. |
