You’re out to dinner. The food is delicious and the service is fine. You decide to leave a big fat tip. Why? The answer may not be as simple as you think.
Tipping, psychologists have found, is not just about service. Instead, studies have shown that tipping can be affected by psychological reactions to a series of different factors from the waiter’s choice of words, to how they carry themselves while taking orders, to the bill’s total. Even how much waiters remind customers of themselves can determine how much change they pocket by the end of the night.
“Studies before have shown that mimicry(模仿) brings into positive feelings for the mimicker,” wrote Rick van Baaren, a social psychology professor. “These studies show that people who are being mimicked become more generous toward the person who mimics them.”
So Rick van Baaren divided 59 waiters into two groups. He requested that half serve with a phrase such as. “ Coming up !” Those in the other hall were instructed to repeat the orders and preferences back to the customers. Rick van Baaren then compared their take-home pay. ’The results were clear—it pays to mimic your customer. The copycat(模仿者) waiters earned almost double the amount of tips to the other group.
Leonard Green and Joel Myerson, psychologists at Washington University in St. Louis, found the generosity of a tipper maybe limited by his bill. After research on the1,000 tips left for waiters, cabdrivers, hair stylists, they found tip percentages in these three areas dropped as customers’ bills went up. In fact, tip percentages appear to plateau(稳定期) when bills topped $100 and a bill for $200 made the worker gain no bigger percentage tip than a bill for $100.
“That’s also a point of tipping,” Green says. “You have to give a little extra to the cabdriver for being there to pick you up and something to the waiter for being there to serve you. If they weren’t there, you’d never get any service. So part of the idea of a tip is for just being there.”
1. How many factors affect the customers’ tipping?| A．6. |
| B．5. |
| C．4. |
| D．3. |
| A．Mimicry brings into very bad feelings for the mimicker. |
| B．The waiter who mimics people usually gets less tip that they give. |
| C．The mimic waiters can get more money than those who don’t mimic others. |
| D．Tipping can be affected by physical reactions to many different waiters. |
| A．He gives his generous tip to waiters very often. |
| B．He agrees with Mr Green and Rick van Baren about tipping. |
| C．He objects to Mr Green’s idea about tipping. |
| D．He thinks part of Mr Green’s explanation is reasonable. |
| A．How Much to Tip |
| B．What Is Tip |
| C．Where to Leave a Big Fat Tip |
| D．Tipping Is Very Important |
相似题推荐
【推荐1】Understanding The Metaverse
The metaverse is rapidly being described as the next frontier in the tech, business, and finance world. The idea gained popularity in July 2021, after Facebook CEO Mark Zuckerberg renamed the company to Meta to reflect its growing focus on the metaverse. Today, everyone, from major corporations like Microsoft and Disney to creative startups, is struggling to enter the market that is predicted to reach over $780 billion by 2024.
In simplest terms, the metaverse is a fully immersive (沉浸式) virtual world that is like our real life.
Zuckerberg may have drawn the world’s attention to the metaverse, but the idea of a virtual world is not new.
However, experts believe the technologies need to improve greatly before that happens. The still heavy virtual reality headsets often cause motion sickness and are not ready for long time use. The amount of computing power required to house billions of people worldwide in a virtual universe also presents an issue.
The various Metaverse companies will also have different virtual worlds. They will have to standardize the technology so users can move seamlessly (无缝) between them.
| A．But what exactly is the metaverse? |
| B．The development of the metaverse still has a long way to go. |
| C．However, a metaverse is not a specific type of technology. |
| D．The metaverse industry will create jobs for hundreds and thousands of people. |
| E．Most importantly, the virtual experience has to be very attractive and affordable for consumers. |
| F．Fans believe that the metaverse will enable people to conduct their daily lives in an online world. |
| G．The gaming industry has been building the fundamental elements of the metaverse for many years. |
【推荐2】It is bad to have food stuck between your teeth for long periods of time. This is because food attracts germs; germs produce acid, and acid hurts your teeth and gums. Flossing (使用牙线) helps to remove the food that gets stuck between your teeth. This explains why flossing helps to keep your mouth healthy, but some doctors say that flossing can also be good for your heart.
It may seem strange that something you do for your teeth can have any effect on your heart. Doctors have come up with a few ideas about how flossing works to keep your heart healthy. One idea is that the germs that hurt your teeth can leave the mouth and travel into your blood Germs that get into the blood can then attack your heart. Another idea is based on the fact that when there are too many germs in your mouth, the body tries to fight against there germs. For some reason, the way the body fights these mouth germs may end up weakening the heart overtime.
Not every doctor agrees about these ideas. Some doctors think that the link between good flossing habits and good heart health is only a coincidence. The incidence (发生率) of two or more events is completely random, as they do not admit of any reliable cause and effect relationship between them. For example, every time I wash my car, it rains. This does not mean that when I wash my car, I somehow change the weather. This is only a coincidence. Similarly, some doctors think that people who have bad flossing habits just happen to also have heart problems, and people who have good flossing habits just happen to have healthy hearts.
The theory that flossing your teeth helps to keep your heart healthy might not be true. But every doctor agrees that flossing is a great way to keep your teeth healthy. So even if flossing does not help your heart, it is true to help your teeth. This is enough of a reason for everyone to floss their teeth every day.
1. From the passage, we know that________.| A．food stuck between your teeth may hurt your teeth |
| B．all of the doctors agree that flossing is good for your heart |
| C．doctors’ judgment about flossing is based on medical research |
| D．not every doctor thinks flossing helps to keep your teeth healthy |
| A．1 | B．2 | C．3 | D．4 |
| A．the numbers of rainstorms occurring whenever someone washes his car |
| B．The popular ideas that people should have good flossing habits |
| C．The doctors who don’t think flossing helps keep the heart healthy |
| D．The links between a healthy heart and good flossing habits |
| A．There ia an argument about whether flossing is good for your heart. |
| B．Keeping your heart healthy can keep your teeth in a good stale |
| C．Even if flossing is only good for your teeth, you should still do it regularly |
| D．People should think about the relationship between flossing and their health. |
【推荐3】New data presented this week at the annual Associated Professional Sleep Societies (APSS) suggest that a student's preferred sleeping schedule has a lot to do with his or her grade-point average in school. In one study, researchers at the University of Pittsburg revealed that poor sleep habits among high schoolers led to lower grades, particularly in math.
It's no surprise that poor sleep habits may negatively impact academic performance. And dozens of studies have linked an increase in nightly sleep to better cognition and alertness. The new research, however, goes a step further, quantifying the impact of erratic or inadequate sleep on grades. These findings are more convincing than saying that if you get more sleep, you'll feel better," says Jennifer Cousins, a lead researcher of the study.
The study involved data from 56 adolescents (34 female) between the ages of 14 and 18 years. They were asked to fill out sleep diaries for one week and wear a special activity monitor on their wrists, which recorded when the students were asleep or awake. Overall, teens with poor sleep habits received lower grades than students who stuck with a more regular sleep routine.
Interestingly, Cousins also found that different sleep habits had different effects on the students' school performance：those who woke up more often during the night did worse in math, for example, while those who slept peacefully through the night tended to get better grades in English.
These findings bring up new questions about teasing out（探讨）the details of what is important about sleep that impacts learning," says Cousins. "Does more sleep improve our ability to deal with abstract concepts found in math, or does sleep quality increase creativity? We don't know the answers, and don't want to draw those conclusions yet. But this helps us understand more about how sleep helps the things we do in daily life. "
Authors of the study point out that the results provide overwhelming evidence of the importance of sleep during a period of development that is critical for adolescents and recommend sleep education as a prevention tool to help increase awareness of the importance of sleep and of the negative consequences of poor sleep.
1. The underlined word "erratic" in the second paragraph probably means______.| A．adequate | B．different |
| C．stable | D．irregular |
| A．lower grades in math are related to more awakenings at night |
| B．the longer you sleep, the better your grades in English will be |
| C．the findings will cause new insoluble problems about sleeping and learning |
| D．different sleep habits have similar effects on students' learning |
| A．People should understand the importance of sleep for students. |
| B．Whether greater sleep quality help increase students' creativity is not known yet. |
| C．Students' grades mainly depend on their sleep quality. |
| D．The study helps researchers understand how sleep affects learning. |
| A．The More Sleep, the Better Cognition |
| B．The Poorer Sleep Habits, the Lower Grades |
| C．The More Sleep, the Better You Will Feel |
| D．The More Peacefully You Sleep, the Higher Grades You Will Get |
【推荐1】There are 195 countries in the world today but almost none of them have purple on their national flags. So what’s wrong with purple? It’s such a popular color today. The answer is really quite simple. Purple was just far too expensive.
The color purple has been related to royal power and wealth for centuries. Queen Elizabeth I didn’t allow anyone except close members of the royal family to wear it. Purple’s unique position comes from the rarity and high cost of the dye (染料) used to produce it. The dye was from a small sea snail (海螺) that was only found in the Tyre area of the Mediterranean. Over 10,000 snails were needed to create just one gram of Tyrian purple; not to mention lots of work went into producing the dye, which made purple dye so expensive even for some royal families. Third century Roman Emperor Aurelio wouldn’t allow his wife to buy scarves made from purple silk because it cost three times its weight in gold. A single pound of dye cost three pounds of gold, which equals 56,000 dollars today. Therefore, even the richest countries couldn’t spend that much having purple on their flags.
In 1856, 18-year-old English chemist William Henry Perkin accidentally created a man-made purple dye while attempting to produce an anti-malaria drug. He noticed that it could be used to dye cloth. He patented (获得专利) the dye and mass-produced it. Therefore, everybody could afford it.
Till now, a handful of new national flags have been designed and a few of them have chosen to use purple.
1. Why was the color purple expensive in the past?| A．Because only royal families were allowed to wear purple. |
| B．Because it took a long time to get purple dye from snails. |
| C．Because purple dye was worth as much as gold. |
| D．Because purple dye used to be uncommon and hard to produce. |
| A．By giving numbers. | B．By analyzing the effect. |
| C．By making comparisons. | D．By listing examples. |
| A．A single pound of dye cost three pounds of gold. |
| B．Royal families stopped using purple due to its high price. |
| C．William Henry Perkin contributes to the popularity of purple. |
| D．A few new national flags have chosen to use purple. |
| A．No Purple Flags? | B．Purple vs. Gold |
| C．How to Produce Purple Dye? | D．The Birth of the Color Purple |
【推荐2】To put displays in front of your eyes to experience a big private screen, TCL’s NXTWEAR G Glasses have some serious science fiction potential. But will they kick—start a new kind of wearable TVs, or be classified into a forgettable gimmick (噱头)?
Unlike the smart glasses that were once fashionable a few years ago, which were abandoned because they required a willingness to give away privacy, the NXTWEAR G has a screen that you wear as glasses, which can display content from your attached smart phone, tablet or laptop, through a 140—inch (357 cm)TV.
I must admit that when I first heard about them, I didn’t believe in them. But the advantage is huge. With the glasses, you can see most of the world around you, particularly below the glasses. Having the image stay where it is in the glasses means you can get comfortable at whatever special angle you want and have the screen stay in the perfect spot. That would be fantastic for someone who has trouble keeping their head still (like with Parkinson’s or a similar disease), or someone recovering from surgery.
Of course, they’re not perfect. They’re much heavier than they perhaps should be. A 140—inch screen sounds much bigger, heavier and means having to rely on the controls of whatever device you’re using. It’s also not great if you need to wear regular glasses to see. That seems for first—generation glasses, they are very good, but still far from perfection.
Although there is still something imperfect, the longer I spend with the NXTWEAR G, the brighter a future I can see for wearable screens. There is huge potential in wearable screens for a lot of applications, when they’re made lighter, more comfortable, and easier to use.
1. Which can best replace the underlined word “kick-start” in paragraph 1?| A．Give up. | B．Pick. | C．Begin. | D．Take away. |
| A．They are of fashionable design. |
| B．They have a screen linked with your smart devices. |
| C．They need to collect more users’ privacy. |
| D．They are equipped with better cameras. |
| A．They weigh more than the users’ expectation. |
| B．They shut you off from the rest of the world |
| C．They keep your head still all the time. |
| D．They are like the regular glasses you are wearing. |
| A．Concerned. | B．Optimistic. | C．Negative. | D．Doubtful. |
【推荐3】Starch (淀粉) is the main component of flour, rice and corn among others, while carbon dioxide makes up the vast majority of greenhouse gases. One day, humans may be able to “eat” carbon dioxide, and global warming could be “eaten away” by carbon lovers. Although it sounds wild, the day is coming.
Chinese scientists have created starch using carbon dioxide, hydrogen and electricity, according to a study published in Science in September, 2021.
“Plants create starch through photosynthesis (光合作用), which is a complex and inefficient (效率低得) process,” Ma Yanhe, the director of the Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, told China Daily. He added that it would take a plant about 60 steps to turn carbon dioxide, water and sunlight into starch.
“Our breakthrough shows that making starch is achievable in a lab. This method makes it possible to produce food in factories and there are many industries that can benefit from this technology,” Ma told China Daily.
The team has been working on the process for 6 years. “The first step of the method is to convert carbon dioxide and hydrogen into methanol (甲醇), which is a molecule (分子) that contains a single carbon atom,” Cai Tao, one of the first authors of the study, told China Daily.
Scientists then piece these single-carbon molecules into bigger and more complex molecules. With the help of super computing, Chinese scientists have simplified the natural starch-making process from about 60 steps into 11.
“The new process has made it possible to turn starch production from traditional agricultural farming to industrial production. And it may be possible to satisfy our needs without farming in the future. This will not only help save water, fertilizer and land but also help recycle carbon dioxide to deal with climate change,” a research fellow with the Chinese Academy of Sciences told the Global Times.
The study can also benefit space exploration in the future. The starch may provide a secure food source for astronauts as they travel long distances in space by simply turning the carbon dioxide they breathe out into food.
1. What does Ma Yanhe think of the new method of creating starch?| A．It’s extremely complex and inefficient. | B．It’s more efficient than the natural method. |
| C．It’s a way of dealing with global warming. | D．It’s achievable through photosynthesis. |
| A．translate | B．mix | C．divide | D．transform |
| A．It can change the way of starch production. |
| B．It will be beneficial to people’s health. |
| C．It can provide astronauts with delicious food. |
| D．It helps farmers rid traditional agricultural farming. |
| A．Hungry for starch | B．Smart with starch |
| C．Secure about starch | D．Beneficial to many industries |
