Beer is one of the world’s most popular drinks. One of beer’s most important ingredients（成分）is water. Beer makers say you need up to five liters（升）of water to make one liter of beer. If water becomes limited, then, will people have to stop making beer? Beer makers have already thought of that possibility. So, in some cities, people are testing out beers made from collected and filtered rainwater.
They are also collecting rainwater and water from the beer-making process for use inside the beer factory. Sierra Nevada is a well-known beer factory in California. It uses rainwater for cleaning and washing toilets. Beer makers understand the importance of saving water. If there is no water, there is no beer.
That is why Stone Beer Company, near San Diego, California, worked with a local water treatment program to make beer. The program is called Pure Water San Diego. It wants to provide one-third of the city’s water by 2035.
Working with Pure Water, the beer factory used purified water that came from wastewater. Wastewater is water that has already been used for showers, washing dishes or toilets.
Stone is a large beer factory. It has customers across the U.S. and Europe. Some of their beers are among the best in the United States. So it was a big deal when Stone released a special beer called Full Circle Pale Ale in March. Many websites and newspapers wrote about the beer. They reported that it was made from “toilet water.” Local television stations recorded people's reactions as they tasted the beer.
Stone later wrote a blog post saying it was not happy with all of the news coverage-especially reports that centered on the idea of “toilet water.” But it was happy that the experiment was a success.
The beer was only made for a special event. Stone Beer is not permitted to sell in stores or at the restaurants.
1. Why do some beer makers use rainwater to make beer?| A．To try new sources of water. |
| B．To make special taste for beer. |
| C．To reduce the cost of production. |
| D．To give up pure water in production. |
| A．Help it to develop new kind of beer. |
| B．Supply the majority of water to the city. |
| C．Make waste water clean enough to make beer. |
| D．Deal with its waste water from the beer production process.. |
| A．It was welcomed by the public. |
| B．Few people dared to taste it. |
| C．It will be sold in large quantities. |
| D．It received great attention from the media. |
| A．They are satisfying. | B．They are disappointing. |
| C．They are surprising. | D．They are beneficial. |
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【推荐1】Scientists have created a scent(气味)-delivery system that releases a pleasant fragrance when you sweat. Apply it to your skin, and the more you sweat, the better you’ll smell. That’s because the perfume only gets released upon contact with moisture(湿气).
Chemists from Harvard University combined two compounds(化合物) to create their new system. One chemical is alcohol-based. This is the nice-smelling perfume. The other chemical is an ionic liquid(离子性液体), which is a type of salt that is liquid at room temperature. Ionic liquids are made of ions---molecules that have lost or gained one or more electrons. If the molecule loses electrons, it will have a positive charge. If it gains electrons, it gets a negative charge. Ionic liquids contain the same number of positive and negative ions, which makes them neutral(中性的), with no overall electric charge. In general, ionic liquids have no smell.
When the perfume and ionic liquid are mixed together, a chemical reaction occurs. This bonds the molecules to each other. The reaction also temporarily inactivates(使不活跃) the perfume’s molecules. So when applied to the skin, the new perfume has no scent in the beginning. But adding water or sweat breaks the bond between the molecules. That releases the scent into the air.
“The rate of the release of the fragrance depends on how much you sweat, in other words, how much water is available,” explains chemist Nimal Gunaratne from Harvard University, who led the research. “Sweat is like the command to let the fragrance go.”
Christian Quellet is a chemist who has worked in the perfume industry for a long time. He is now an independent consultant based in Switzerland. “Gunaratne’s perfume opens the door to new developments and applications of fragrance controlled-release systems,” he says. Controlled-release systems allow small quantities of some compounds that they hold to enter the environment slowly.
The system also traps some chemicals in sweat that are responsible for the bad sweat smell. These compounds are called thiols (硫醇). Just as water does, thiols break apart the bond that ties the perfume to the ionic liquid. When this happens, the thiols attach to the ionic liquid and their bad scent is inactivated as the perfume had been. This means the water in sweat and its thiols are both able to release the fragrance from the newly developed perfume.
1. Which of the following makes the scent delivery system special?| A．When it releases scent can be well controlled. |
| B．No perfume is required in the system. |
| C．The scent can last for a long time. |
| D．Sweat can help release the scent. |
| A．the perfume comes into contact with the skin |
| B．the perfume and ionic liquid contact each other |
| C．the perfume’s molecules are inactivated by water |
| D．sweat activates the molecules of the perfume in the mixture |
| A．the more you sweat, the better you will smell |
| B．the perfume can’t always cover the bad smell. |
| C．how much water is available doesn’t matter much |
| D．how you smell depends on how much perfume you use |
| A．Indifferent. | B．Favorable. | C．Doubtful. | D．Critical. |
【推荐2】Researchers at the University of Pennsylvania are working to create a special chewing gum that could help reduce the spread of COVID-19 by "trapping" the virus so a person can't transmit it to someone else.
Experts agree that vaccinations are the best way to fight against the COVID-19 pandemic, but its also known that vaccinated people can still transmit the virus. The University of Pennsylvania researchers are hoping that their chewing gum will give people a low-cost way to further prevent COVID-19 from spreading.
"This gum offers an opportunity to break down the virus in the saliva (唾液), giving us a simple way to possibly cut down on a source of disease transmission，"said Henry Daniell, a professor at the University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine and leader of the research.
The gum contains plant-grown ACE2 proteins, which showed in laboratory studies to break down the SARS-CoV-2 virus. When researchers exposed saliva samples from COVID-19 patients to the chewing gum, they found the levels of viral RNA were sharply reduced to the point that the virus was almost undetectable.
The research is still in its early stages, and the researchers are working on getting permission to conduct a clinical trial in humans to determine if the gum is safe and effective. Should the gum work, Penn Today reported it could be used in situations where people need to be close to each other-such as a dental cleaning, for example-to reduce the risk of passing the virus to others.
Before researchers can bring their chewing gum to market, they have to determine how much of it should be used per day, which will be based on how long it takes the virus to reproduce. However, if it does prove to be an effective tool at fighting coronavirus, Daniell told "hundreds of millions of chewing gum" could be produced within three months.
1. What does the text mainly talk about?| A．Saliva has effect on virus. | B．Producing chewing gums costs little. |
| C．A research about preventing Covid-19. | D．A product to stop the spread of Covid-19. |
| A．It produces ACE2 proteins. | B．It cures the disease of COVID-19. |
| C．It destroys the virus in the saliva. | D．It detects the SARS-CoV-2 virus. |
| A．The gum will see is bright future. | B．The gum can be massively produced. |
| C．The gum will enter the market soon. | D．People's health determines the use of the gum. |
| A．Hopeful. | B．Negative. | C．Doubtful. | D．Unclear. |
【推荐3】Many electronic parts are made of hard materials that break easily. That makes them tough to use in products that need to bend. Now, Sam Yoon and his team have developed a thin mesh (网状物) that can both bend and conduct electricity.
His team started out with something called acrylonitrile, a clear liquid often used to make thin plastic fibers. Yoon and his team mixed this material with another liquid, which acted as a solvent. A solvent is something that can make other substances into liquids. Then, they squeezed the mix through a very tiny pipe: As the mixture was sprayed through the air, the solvent evaporated(挥发)and the acrylonitrile molecules linked up to make long chains, creating a type of plastic known as PAN. The researchers continually squeezed the mixture through the pipe. A single long PAN fiber was created. The scientists moved the pipe back and forth as the PAN was squeezed out. It ended up creating a layer that looked something like a spider’s web.
PAN, like most plastics, doesn’t conduct electricity. So the team’s next step would normally be to add a coating of metal so that electricity could flow through it. But it could be tough sticking such coatings on PAN. So the researchers added an extra step. They sprayed a thin coating of an inert metal onto the PAN. Inert metals, like gold, typically don’t react with other materials. The researchers then added another layer of PAN fiber at the top of the first, web-like layer. They provide temporary support, helping the metal-sprayed base resist sinking during the next step.
The researchers connected the fiber-covered frame to a negatively changed electrode. Then they dipped the fiber-covered frame into a solution that included the liquid copper. The team turned on the electric current for about one minute to make it run through the solution. The copper in the solution was attached to all of the fibers. But it stuck only to those that wore a metal jacket. Besides adding a thin layer of copper that conducts electricity, this process helped bond the PAN strands together at places, where they touched each other, Yoon notes.
The researchers then attached all of the fibers to a thin, clear layer of plastic, which had sticky backing, like a Band-Aid. Finally, the team dipped all of these into a liquid that made any of the PAN fibers that lacked a copper jacket into liquids. Only those that can be used to conduct electricity were left. Because the fibers were very thin and widely separated, light waves easily travel through the mesh. The copper coating acted just like a wire, permitting electricity to flow freely across it.
1. The team used another liquid in the process to .| A．make acrylonitrile evaporate | B．turn acrylonitrile into plastic fibers |
| C．make acrylonitrile conduct electricity | D．conduct electricity instead of acrylonitrile |
| A．Make it easy to break. | B．Make it react with other materials. |
| C．Make it conduct electricity. | D．Find a way to make it into a liquid. |
| A．The thin plastics. | B．Just the copper coatings. |
| C．All the PAN fibers. | D．All the copper-coated fibers. |
【推荐1】Plastic fishing nets, the so-called ghost nets, abandoned yearly in the sea—about 1 million tons—are more than just rubbish; they’re a killer. Fish, sea birds, and turtles get caught in the netting and die, with more species at risk.
Much shocked at this, Pranveer Singh Rathore, a materials-science engineer and materials R&D manager at Samsung, and his team set themselves the task of giving new life to the deadly nets. Last month, Samsung revealed a new line of Galaxy products made in part from recycled plastic fishing nets for the first time. The company estimates this year alone it can recycle over 50 tons of ocean-bound plastic into the key components that will go into its smartphones, tablets, and computers, thus taking a bite out of the global ghost nets problem.
It’s no small task to give waste fishing nets a second act. The nets are typically made of a substance called nylon which tends to dramatically degrade (降解) the longer it sits in the ocean and is exposed to the sun. “This makes it nearly impossible to use abandoned fishing nets directly,” Rathore explains. Besides, high-performance smartphone, tablet, or PC has to be waterproof and can survive severe weather. The nylon in the fishing nets falls far short of that level of durability (耐用).
To deal with that problem, Samsung last summer teamed up with two partners: one to collect and transform the nets into tiny nylon pellets (颗粒) while the other to strengthen their toughness and durability. The end result: The partners hit upon an eco-friendly and high-performance plastic material that’s being used to build the component parts for its latest line of products. For example, two parts of the Galaxy S22 mobile phone—the key bracket and the inner cover—are made of these fishing-net plastic materials. Samsung aims to use even more upcycled materials in future product lines.
“That’s the hope for the globe and our mission,” Rathore smiles.
1. What does the underlined word “this” in paragraph 2 refer to?| A．Rubbish in the sea. | B．Recycling the deadly nets. |
| C．Ocean species’ extinction. | D．Ghost nets’ threat to sea life. |
| A．The low level of durability of nylon. | B．The second act of waste fishing nets. |
| C．The great difficulty in reusing ghost nets. | D．The positive comment on Samsung’s products. |
| A．They are made from tiny nylon pellets. | B．They put an end to the problem of fishing nets. |
| C．They can stand up to water and severe weather. | D．They contain materials recycled from ghost nets. |
| A．It makes plastic easier to break down. | B．It marks the shift of Samsung’s mission. |
| C．It protects the planet from choking on plastic. | D．It raises public awareness of ocean exploration. |
【推荐2】Great Barrier Reef Choking on Pollutants
Attempts to protect the Great Barrier Reef are failing. A report released Monday by the government in Australia says water quality in the Great Barrier Reef is far below what it should be. It showed that pollution have decreased, but not enough to reach environmental targets.
Sediment (沉淀物) and chemicals can weaken coral, hurting its ability to feed and grow. Coral are live animals that take root in the ocean floor, but they are not plants. Reefs are the hard skeletons (骨架) left at the bottom of the sea by small marine creatures called polyps (珊瑚虫). The polyps then form the larger structure of a reef. Corals also are some of the most diverse ecosystems on the entire planet. They can make a home for invertebrates, crustaceans, fish, and sea snakes.
Steve Miles is Queensland’s environment minister. He says the research shows the Reef needs more protection. “Over that five-year period, we did see some progress towards our targets. Sediment is down 12 percent and pesticides (杀虫剂) loads are down 30 percent. But what is most disturbing is that these results are far from our targets. Progress towards these targets flat-lined in the period 2013-2014. If one of my kids came home with a report card like this, I would be a bit disappointed. There is more bad news here than good news. ” said Steve Miles.
The report also found that fewer than one-third of Queensland’s sugar plantations used techniques to reduce the use of pesticides. Only 28 percent of land managers managed their land properly. They had reduced harmful water run off to protect the health of the Reef. The official target is a 90 percent reduction in pesticide use within three years.
Scientists at the University of Queensland and the Australian Institute of Marine Sciences published their findings Wednesday, July 18 in the journal Science Advances. It found between 1992 and 2010, the recovery rate dropped by an average of 84 percent. But there is hope. The study also found some corals can recover quickly if “acute and chronic stressors” are lessened.
Meanwhile, the Australian government released its updated reef protection plan Friday. It clearly states global temperatures must be stopped from rising in order to save the world’s largest living structure.
1. What does the underlined word “They” in Paragraph 2 refer to?| A．Diverse ecosystems. | B．Sediment and chemicals. |
| C．Reefs and corals. | D．Small sea creatures. |
| A．He is satisfied with the protection of the Reef. |
| B．He thinks that the Reef needs more protection. |
| C．He feels angry with what his children did. |
| D．He is very happy about the Reef progress protection. |
| A．Not increase significantly. | B．Disappear. |
| C．Speed up. | D．Miss the chance. |
| A．were tough to deal with | B．failed to manage their land properly |
| C．reduced the amount of harmful water | D．were eager to quit pesticide soon |
| A．A news report. | B．A science fiction. |
| C．A book review. | D．A guide book. |
【推荐3】It’s always been a rule in my family, spoken or unspoken, that you don’t waste food. With six children herself and having grown up in an even larger family through the Great Depression, my mother would never tolerate throwing out the amounts of food we see routinely these days in the dumpster. We were told simply to clean our plates, no matter whether we liked the taste or if we were not hungry or not. So this subject is deep in my genes and upbringing.
Estimates are that nearly one third of all food produced is wasted. USDA estimates 31% of food available at retail (零售)level is wasted. 12% of landfill material is food. 28% of agricultural land produces food which is wasted, says the FAO. 18% of vegetables, and 12% of the apple crop are lost at the farm level in the United States., say experts.
Luckily, there’s an “ugly food” movement picking up steam. “Ugly” foods are those that sellers and buyers often reject because of their appearance, like misshapen vegetables and bruised（擦伤的） fruits. Farmers dump them. Supermarkets and restaurants reject them. Now supermarkets and restaurants reject them. Consumers historically have avoided them. Now supermarkets feature the ugly. It’s fashionable. More artful terms are favored. A French supermarket chain is selling “inglorious” foods. The British chain ASDA uses “wonky（歪斜的）” (which to American ears might sound as bad as “ugly.”) Canada’s Loblaws uses “naturally imperfect.” Celebrity chef Jamie Oliver, who has cast himself as a promoter of the “good food movement,” has signed on with some British chains to support their efforts.
With the effort of Kretschmann Farm CSA’s we’ve taken the line that rather than throw away things which would be classified by others as ugly, inglorious, or imperfect, we would just give them to you and you could decide. Either we throw them away, or you can. Oftentimes this adds to the volume of the box, or makes it a little more urgent to consume (because sometimes those rejected foods are just very ripe!).
1. When the author was a kid, he .| A．often suffered from hunger |
| B．was not allowed to waste food |
| C．had to wash plates after a meal |
| D．didn’t like the taste of his food |
| A．Coming to an end. |
| B．Facing a challenge. |
| C．Making a selection. |
| D．Becoming more popular. |
| A．provides perfect food for customers |
| B．sells food mot of which is very ripe |
| C．tries to bring ugly food to customers |
| D．encourage the consumption of food |
