Robot are about to enter our lives. From doing housework, entertaining and educating our children, to looking after the elderly, scientists say we will soon be welcoming robots into our homes and workplaces.
Researchers believe we are on the cusp (过渡点) of a robot revolution that will mirror the quick growth of the computer revolution. They are developing new laws for robot behavior, and designing new ways for humans and robots to communicate.
“I think robots will change who we are, just as eyeglasses and fire changed who we were before, says Rodney Brooks, a director of the MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory.
Some ideas and technologies may sound like science fiction, but they are fast becoming science fact. Robots scientists invented are already beginning to perform everyday tasks like cleaning our floors. The latest types from Japan are able to help the elderly to get out of bed or get up after a fall. They can also remind them when to take medication (药物), or even help wash their hair.
“Robot now are not human-like. For example they are things like automatic (自动的) beds and wheelchairs,” says Prof Hiroshi Ishiguro at Osaka University, Japan. He believes the time is coming when robots start looking less like machines, and more like us. “In the near future we are going to use more human-like robots. I really think so, says Prof Ishiguro.
Prof Maja Mataric at the University of Southern California agrees. “I’m very excited about the fact that today we are trying to make robots that look like human beings,” she says.
“I believe we love robots because they’re reflections (反映) of ourselves,” says Ken Goldberg, director of the Berkeley Center for New Media at the University of California at Berkeley.
“Robots could be used in education, learning, and healthcare, where social support is important,” says Dr. Cynthia Breazeal, director of the Personal Robots Group at MIT.
1. Who believes that robots will bring great changes to our lives?A.Rodney Brooks. | B.Hiroshi Ishiguro. |
C.Maja Mataric. | D.Ken Goldberg. |
A.Great hopes make great men. | B.If we can dream it, we can do it. |
C.Where there is life, there is hope. | D.Where there is a will, there is a way. |
A.become smaller | B.cheaper |
C.be more like machines | D.be more like humans |
A.Ready for the Robot Revolution? |
B.The Uses of Future Robots |
C.The Changes for the Future World |
D.Happy About Scientific Development? |
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【推荐1】Every new parent knows that rocking can calm that uneasy baby when it's time to take a nap. But the benefits of gentle movement may go beyond the baby stage. Because two new studies show that rocking also helps grown-ups, both human and mouse, get a good night's sleep.
What should be no surprise is that movement can calm someone. Think of how many times you've fallen asleep on a train. But can motion really cause a nap, and make for a deeper sleep?
To find out, researchers invited 18 healthy volunteers for a sleepover. “So they came to the lab and slept one time on the motionless, normal bed. And one night where they got rocked.” said Aurore Perrault, a sleep researcher at the University of Geneva in Switzerland. “And what we find is that when compared to a motionless night, a whole night of rocking sleep has a beneficial effect not only on sleep beginning but also on sleep continuity.” Subjects who were rocked also did better on a memory test the next morning than the stiller sleepers.
In the second study, Kompotis, a student at the University of Lausanne, rocked a rack of mice. Whether rocking affects sleep in other species was never before discussed. So the main questions for our study were whether rocking affects sleep in mice and what is the possible system?"
Kompotis placed the mouse cages on a platform that moved from side to side. Though mice were rocked four times faster than their human counterparts-a frequency of one back-and-forth per second, or 1 Hertz, worked best-the results were strikingly similar. During rocking at 1 Hertz, time spent asleep increased, and mice fell asleep twice as fast as at still condition. However, additional studies could allow the researchers to identify a new aim for treating sleep disorders, including insomnia(失眠).
Until then, you might think about adding a little swing to your nighttime routine.
1. What’s the purpose of the second study in the passage?A.To do research on the sleep system of other species. |
B.To discuss in which case rocking affects baby’s sleep. |
C.To see whether rocking affects sleep of other species. |
D.To study the influence of rocking on sleep disorders . |
A.Their sleeping time increased when rocked at 1 Hertz. |
B.Their sleep disorder including insomnia was treated. |
C.When rocked, they fell asleep twice faster than at still condition. |
D.When rocked, they worked faster than their human counterparts. |
A.By conducting a survey | B.By asking questions |
C.By filling out questionnaires | D.By making comparisons |
A.Rocking Helps Grown-ups Sleep Too. | B.Deep Sleep Needs the Constant Swing. |
C.Rocking Greatly Affects Deep Sleep. | D.Rocking Can Treat Sleep Disorders. |
【推荐2】Anyone can be late a handful of times, but to be the person who is always late ―that’s an art, a frustrating art. Or, a side effect of your personality traits, scientists have found.
So what is it that causes some people to constantly miss trains, make it to the wedding just after the bride’s shown up and regularly annoy their friends? And why is it so hard for us to fix it? “There are all sorts of punishments for being late, and the paradox is that we are late even when those punishments and consequences exist.” said Justin Kruger, a social psychologist at New York University.
One of the commonest reasons why people are frequently late is that they fail to accurately judge how long a task will take―something known as the planning fallacy(谬误). Research has shown that people on average underestimate the time to complete a task by a significant 40 percent.
Another trait is that forever-late-comers are more likely to be multitaskers. In a 2003 study run by Jeff Conte from San Diego State University found that out of 181 subway operators in New York City, those who preferred multitasking were more often late for their job. This is because multitasking makes it harder to have the awareness of what you’re doing. Conte also discovered there is a personality type that’s more likely to be late. While highly strung(紧张不安), achievement-oriented Type A individuals are more possible to be punctual. Type B individuals, however, who are more laid-back(漫不经心), have a higher chance to be late.
Admittedly, knowing all of this doesn’t necessarily help fix the problem. But scientists are starting to work on strategies that can slowly improve our punctuality. For people who constantly underestimate tasks, breaking down an activity into detailed steps can help people estimate how long something will take more accurately. As for your personality type, unfortunately, there isn’t much you can do to change that. But accepting that you need to struggle for it may just help. Acceptance, after all, is the first step to change.
1. What does the underlined word “paradox” mean in paragraph 2?A.Strategy. | B.Argument. | C.Solution. | D.Puzzle. |
A.They plan to spend more time on a task. |
B.They tackle more than one task at a time. |
C.They suffer from concentration difficulties. |
D.They have high expectations for achievements. |
A.Learn to accept who you are. | B.Change your personality type. |
C.Divide a task into smaller ones. | D.Keep to the timetable accurately. |
A.Time management contributes to success. |
B.Late comers should be severely punished. |
C.One’s always being late is linked to personality. |
D.Changing personality helps improve punctuality. |
【推荐3】Rats and other animals need to be highly tuned to social signals from others so that can identify friends to cooperate with and enemies to avoid. To find out if this extends to non-living beings, Loleh Quinn at the University of California, San Diego, and her colleagues tested whether rats can detect social signals form robotic rats.
They housed eight adult rats with two types of robotic rat—one social and one asocial (不爱社交的)—for 5 our days. The robotic rats resembled a bigger version of a computer mouse with wheels to move around and colorful markings.
During the experiment, the social robot rat followed the living rats around, played with the same toys, and opened caged doors to let trapped rats escape. Meanwhile, the asocial robot simply moved forwards and backwards and side to side.
Next, the researchers trapped the robots in cages and gave the rats the opportunity to release them by pressing a button. Across 18 trials each, the living rats were 52 percent more likely on average to set the social robot free than the asocial one. This suggests that the rats perceived the social robot as a genuine social being. They may have bonded more with the social robot, because it displayed behaviours like communal (共同的) exploring and playing. “This could lead to the rats better remembering having freed it earlier, and wanting the robot to return the favour when they get trapped,” says Quinn.
The readiness of the rats to befriend the social robot was surprising given its plain design. The finding shows how sensitive rats are to social signals, even when they come from basic robots. Similarly, children tend to treat robots as if they are fellow beings, even when they display simple social signals. “We humans seem to be fascinated by robots, and it turns out other animals are too,” says Wiles.
1. Quin and her colleagues conducted a test to see if rats can ________.A.pick up social signals from non-living rats |
B.distinguish friends from enemies |
C.learn sociable skills through training |
D.send out warning messages to their fellows |
A.It followed the asocial robot. | B.It made friends with toys. |
C.It set the trapped rats free. | D.It moved around alone. |
A.They tried to practice a means of escape. |
B.They expected it to do the same in return. |
C.They wanted to display their intelligence |
D.They considered it an interesting game. |
A.Rats are highly adaptable to new surroundings. |
B.Rats are more socially active than other animals. |
C.Rats behave differently from children in socializing. |
D.Rats are more sensitive to social signals than expected. |
【推荐1】We don’t know how different our life will be in the future. We can only try to imagine it. At first we think about human relationships. In the year 2050, we will use computers almost every day. We will be making new friends through the Internet even our husbands or wives will be met in this way. It will be much faster and easier for us. On the other hand, our relationships with people won’t be as important as they are today—we will feel a little lonely.
Computers will also help us in many other activities in 2050. For example, they will be used by the children at school to make their learning easier. In addition, there will be much more other machines which will play a similar role as computers, like robots which will do the housework for us.
Spending holidays will also be completely different. Travelling to other planets or to the moon will be available for everyone. Means of transport will, of course, change, too. We will be using solar-powered cars, which will be much more environmentally friendly.
We could expect that the faster technological progress would lead to a more polluted environment. But it isn’t true. We will pay more attention to the environment protection. Scientists will probably find cures for many dangerous diseases, like cancer or AIDS. Therefore, our surroundings as well as our health will be in better condition.
Although we can’t predict the exact changes which will be made in the world, we often think about them. We worry about our and our children’s future; we have expectations, hopes as well as fears. But I think we should be rather sanguine about our future. We should be happy and believe good things will happen.
1. What can we know about our life in 2050 from the first three paragraphs?A.The number of people will become much smaller. |
B.Computers will play a much more important role in human life. |
C.Robots will replace people to work. |
D.Computers will do all the things for human beings. |
A.Faster technological progress will pollute our environment seriously. |
B.Our environmental condition won’t change any more. |
C.We will still suffer from cancer and AIDS. |
D.Our living condition will be improved in the future. |
A.Disappointed. | B.Surprised. |
C.Positive. | D.Curious. |
A.How people will communicate in the year 2050. |
B.What our life will be like in the year 2050. |
C.How people will travel and spend their holidays in the year 2050. |
D.What high technology will appear in the year 2050. |
【推荐2】What will man be like in the future—in 5,000 or even 50,000 years from now?We can only make guesses,of course,but we can be sure that he will be different from what he is today. For man is slowly changing all the time.
Let us take an obvious example. Man,even five hundred years ago,was shorter than he is today. Now,on average,men are about three inches taller. Five hundred years is a relatively short period of time,so we may assume that man will continue to grow taller. Again,in the modern world we use our brains a great deal. Even so,we still make use of only about 20% of the brain's capacity. As time goes on,however,we shall have to use our brains more and more,and eventually we shall need larger ones!This is likely to bring about a physical change to the head,in particular the forehead,will grow larger.
Nowadays our eyes are in constant use. In fact,we use them so much that very often they become weaker and we have to wear glasses. But over a very long period of time it is likely that man's eyes will grow stronger.
On the other hand,we tend to make less use of our arms and legs. These,as a result,are likely to grow weaker. At the same time,however,our fingers will grow more sensitive because they are used a great deal in modern life.
But what about hair?This will probably disappear from the body altogether in course of time because it does not serve a useful purpose any longer. In the future,then,both sexes are likely to be bald.
Perhaps all this gives the impression that future man will not be a very attractive creature to look at!This may well be true. All the same,in spite of all these changes,future man will still have a lot in common with use. He will still be a human being,with thoughts and emotions similar to our own.
1. The passage mainly tells us that______.A.man's life will be different in the future |
B.future man will look quite different from us |
C.man is growing taller and uglier as time passes |
D.man's organs' functions will be on the wane |
A.Man has got stronger eyes now than he ever had. |
B.Man's hair is getting thinner and thinner. |
C.Man's arms and legs have become lighter and weaker. |
D.Man has been growing taller over the past 500 years. |
A.he makes use only 20% of the brain's capacity |
B.his brain has grown larger over the past centuries |
C.the other 80% of his brain will grow in due time |
D.he will use his brain more and more as time goes on |
【推荐3】The Haleakalā Movement, which has affected the Hawaiian people, involved many Hawaiian activists peacefully protesting(抗议) against the construction of the Daniel K. Solar Telescope atop Haleakalā. The top of Haleakalā is a very sacred piece of land to Hawaiians. The problem is the leveling out of Haleakalā to structurally support the base of the telescope. Hawaiians could not watch their sacred land atop their mountain destroyed.
The goal of the protesters was to stop the movement of the trucks hauling(拖拽)telescope parts to the top of Haleakalā. At each event, protesters would march on the crosswalk in front of the base yard entrance holding signs that read “Aloha „Āina” and “Kūʻē,” meaning Love the Land and Resist respectively. When the trucks started their engines, several protesters lay down in the driveway, with their arms linked together with PVC pipes. Twenty of them were arrested.
I, as a youth of this generation, am a part of those Hawaiians who stood against the construction of the telescope and the destruction of our sacred mountain. I experienced first-hand and through social media what happened at each protest. Each of the protests that I attended took place at the Maui Base yard, however, there were others that took place atop Haleakalā. Most of the protesters marching were of Maui roots, but there were other protesters that came from different islands to show their support for the natives‟ stand against the destruction of our sacred mountain.
Following all that I had experienced these days, I left with the understanding that the youth of our generation have a very important role. Our role is to learn from the mistakes of the present and guide the world down the right path allowing it to grow and prosper. We, as the seeds of the present, must grow to protect the history of the human race, but at the same time prevent ourselves from repeating the actions and decisions that may have once destroyed us in the past. We, the youth, are the key to the prosperity of the future.
1. What caused the Haleakalā Movement?A.That the sacred top of the mountain would be leveled out. |
B.That local Hawaiians stopped the trucks from going uphill. |
C.That twenty local Hawaiians protesters were arrested by the police. |
D.That the rainforests on Mt. Haleakalā were seriously destroyed. |
A.all Hawaiian young people should participate in the movement |
B.it is important to protect the environment in Hawaii rainforest |
C.local Hawaiian culture is more important than the advanced technology |
D.young people are an important factor for tomorrow‟s prosperity |
A.a teenage student | B.a school teacher |
C.a government official | D.a policeman |