Since the 1970s, scientists have been searching for ways to connect the brain with computers. Brain-computer Interface (BCI) technology could help people with disabilities send commands to machines.
Recently, two scientists, Jose Millan and Michele Tavella from the Federal Polytehnic School in Lausanne, Switzerland, showed a small robotic wheelchair directed by a person’s thoughts. In the laboratory, Tavella operated the wheelchair just by thinking about moving his left or right hand. He could even talk as he watched the vehicle and guided it with his thoughts.
“Our brain has billions of body cells (细胞). These send signals through the spinal cord (脊髓) to the body part to give us the ability to move. But spinal cord injuries or other conditions can prevent these weak electrical signals from reaching the body part.” Tavella says. “Our system allows disabled people to communicate with outer world and also to control machines.”
The scientists designed a special cap for the user. This head cover picks up the signals from the scalp (头皮) and sends them to a computer. The computer finds meanings of the signals and commands the wheelchair with an engine. The wheelchair also has two cameras that tell objects in its path. They help the computer react to commands from the brain.
Prof. Millan, the team leader, says “Scientists keep improving the computer software that finds meanings of brain signals and turns them into simple commands. The practical possibilities that BCI technology offers to disabled people can be grouped in two kinds: communication, and controlling objects. One example is this wheelchair.”
He says his team has set two goals. One is testing with real patients, so as to prove that this is a technology they can get advantages from. And the other is to ensure that they can use the technology over a long period of time.
1. BCI is a technology that can _______.A.help to update computer systems | B.control a person’s thoughts |
C.help the disabled to recover | D.connect the human brain with computers |
A.By controlling his muscles. | B.By using his mind. |
C.By moving his hand. | D.By talking to the machine. |
A.scalp→cap→computer→wheelchair | B.computer→cap→scalp→wheelchair |
C.scalp→computer→cap→wheelchair | D.cap→computer→scalp→wheelchair |
A.make money from them | B.prove the technology useful to them |
C.make them live longer | D.learn about their physical condition |
A.Scientists have been looking for ways to link the brain with computers. |
B.The wheelchair designed by Millan and Tavella is directed by a person’s thoughts. |
C.Spinal cord injuries can prevent these weak electrical signals from reaching the body part. |
D.The wheelchair has been put in use and benefited real patients. |
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【推荐1】Oh, the places you’ll go!
When it comes to habitat, human beings are creatures of habit. It has been known for a long time that, whether his habitat is a village, a city or, for real globe-trotters (周游世界者), the planet itself, an individual person generally visits the same places regularly. The details, though, have been surprisingly obscure. Now, thanks to an analysis of data collected from 40,000 smartphone users around the world, a new property of humanity’s locomotive (移动的) habits has been revealed.
It turns out that someone’s “location capacity”, the number of places which he or she visits regularly, remains constant over periods of months and years. What constitutes a “place” depends on what distance between two places makes them separate. But analyzing movement patterns helps illuminate the distinction and the researchers found that the average location capacity was 25. If a new location does make its way into the set of places an individual tends to visit, an old one drops out in response. People do not, in other words, gather places like collector cards. Rather, they cycle through them. Their geographical behavior is limited and predictable, not fancy-free.
The study demonstrating this, just published in Nature Human Behavior, does not offer any explanation for the limited location capacity it measures. But a statistical analysis carried out by the authors shows that it cannot be explained solely by constraints on time. Some other factor is at work. One of the researchers draws an analogy. He suggests that people’s cognitive capacity limits the number of places they can visit routinely, just as it limits the number of other people an individual can routinely socialize with. That socialization figure, about 150 for most people, is known as the Dunbar number, after its discoverer, Robin Dunbar.
Lehmann says his group is now in search of similar data from other primates (灵长目动物), in an attempt to work out where human patterns of mobility have their roots. For those, though, they will have to rely on old-fashioned methods of zoological observation unless they can work out a way to get chimpanzees to carry smartphones.
1. The underlined word “obscure” in paragraph 1 can be replaced by .A.clear | B.little known |
C.accurate | D.long forgotten |
A.Observe the primates or let them carry smartphones. |
B.Work together with Robin Dunbar. |
C.Carry out statistical analysis. |
D.Publish essays in Nature Human Behavior. |
【推荐2】An online supermarket company—Ocado in the UK, has recently displayed a robotic hand that can pick fruits and vegetables!
When an embryo is in the womb (子宫), the very first sense it develops is touch. The sense of touch is also the one that lasts the longest—as we get older and our vision and hearing begins to weaken, touch still remains. Humans use their touch to protect themselves, to create emotional relationships with other people and to experience pleasure. Can you imagine life without it?
The sense of touch comes from a net work of nerve endings (神经末梢) and special touch receptors on the surface of the skin. While there are different kinds of touch receptors, they help us judge pressure, texture and vibrations (震动). They are located in our fingertips, palms, soles of our feet, face, lips and tongue.
When we touch something, the mechano-receptors feel the touch and through a network of nerves send signals to the brain. This informs the brain about the location of the touch, the amount of force used, and the speed at which it was used.
Several different techniques have been tried in the past few years to create such a robotic hand—using three fingers. But this latest design by Soma copies the human hand. The gripper (钳子) is made up of flexible materials which grasp the thing based on its size and shape. Then air pressure is used to control the movement of the robotic fingers to pick objects safely and without causing damage.
The next step would be for the robot to judge how ripe the fruits and vegetables are, and apply pressure accordingly. Members of the research team are currently working on adding computerized vision to the robots, so that they can see what they are grasping.
Does all this mean robots can replace people? According to Ocado, it helps improve productivity by removing some of the repetitive tasks done by humans.
1. What is focused on in the second paragraph?A.The origin of touch. |
B.The importance of touch. |
C.The development of touch. |
D.The process of transporting touch. |
A.The brain. | B.The touch. |
C.The nerve. | D.The signal. |
A.They can see what they're taking hold of. |
B.They can take the place of people in work places. |
C.They can tell whether the fruits and vegetables are ripe. |
D.They can hold things firmly according to their outer features. |
A.A Sense of Touch for Robots |
B.A Robotic Hand for Classifying Fruits |
C.A Robotic Hand with a Gentle Touch |
D.A Robot Made of Flexible Materials |
【推荐3】In “minority report”, a policeman played by Tom Cruise, gathers information from three psychics (通灵者) and arrests future criminals before they break the law. In the real world, prediction is more difficult. But it may no longer be science fiction, thanks to the growing predictive power of computers. That prospect scares some, but it could be a force for good-if it is done right.
Machine learning, a branch of artificial intelligence, can lead to remarkably accurate predictions. It works by chewing vast quantities of data in search of patterns. Take, for example, restaurant hygiene (卫生). The system learns which combinations of sometimes vague factors are most suggestive of a problem. Once trained, it can assess the risk that a restaurant is dirty. The Boston mayor’s office is testing just such an approach, using data from online reviews.This has led to a 25% rise in the number of spot inspections that uncover offences.
Governments are taking notice, A London district is developing an algorithm (运算法则) to predict who might become homeless. In India Microsoft is helping schools predict which students are at risk of dropping out. Machine-learning predictions can mean government services arrive earlier and are better targeted. Researchers behind an algorithm designed to help judges make bail (保释) decisions claim it can predict likelihood of committing crimes again so effectively that the same number of people could be bailed as are at present by judges, but with 20% less crime.To get a similar reduction in crime across America, they say, would require an extra 20,000 police officers at a cost of $2.6 billion.
But computer-based predictions are sometimes debatable. ProPublica, an investigative-journalism outfit, claims that a risk assessment in Bmoward County, Florida, wrongly labelled black people as future criminals nearly twice as often as it wrongly labelled whites. Citizens complain that decisions which affect them are taken on incomprehensible grounds.
These problems are real, but they should not spell the end for machine learning as a policy tool. Instead, the priority should be to establish some ground rules and to win public confidence.The first step is to focus machine learning on applications where people stand to gain extra help at school, say, rather than extra time in jail.
1. The example of restaurants is used in paragraph 2 in order to _________.A.illustrate how accurate the predictions are |
B.urge that the government should take action |
C.stress that vague factors can make a difference |
D.show how machine learning changes people’s lifestyle |
A.More money would be spent to uncover offences. |
B.More policemen would be required to reduce crime. |
C.Less crime has been reported since the algorithm was applied. |
D.Fewer people that are likely to commit crimes would be bailed. |
A.In which area machine learning is applied matters. |
B.Machine learning as a policy tool is coming to a dead end. |
C.Public confidence in computer-based predictions is increasing. |
D.The government should not rely on computer-based predictions. |
A.Clever computers | B.The power of learning |
C.The government that depends on AI | D.Decisions that contribute to better algorithm |
【推荐1】California has been facing droughts for many years, with certain areas even having to pump freshwater hundreds of miles to their distribution system. The problem is growing as the population of the state continues to expand. New research has found deep water reserves under the state which could help solve their drought crisis. Previous drilling of wells could only reach depths of 1,000 feet, but due to new pumping practices, water deeper than this can now be extracted (抽取). The team at Stanford investigated the aquifers (地下蓄水层) below this depth and found that reserves may be three times what was previously thought.
It is profitable to drill to depths more than 1,000 feet for oil and gas, but only recently in California has it become profitable to pump water from this depth. The aquifers range from 1,000 to 3,000 feet below the ground, which means that pumping will be expensive and there are other concerns. The biggest concern is the gradual setting down of the land surface. As the water is pumped out, the vacant space left is pressed by the weight of the earth above.
Even though pumping from these depths is expensive, it is still cheaper than desalinating (脱盐) the ocean water in the largely coastal state. Some desalination plants exist where possible, but they are costly to run and can need constant repairs. Wells are much more reliable sources of freshwater, and California is hoping that these deep wells may be the answer to their severe water shortage.
One problem with these sources is that the deep water also has a higher level of salt than shallower aquifers. This means that some water may even need to be desalinated after extraction, thus increasing the cost. Research from the study of groundwater has just been published. New estimates of the water reserves now go up to 2,700 billion cubic meters of freshwater.
1. According to the text, what causes the water crisis in California?A.Previous drilling of wells. | B.The messy distribution system. |
C.Constant droughts in the area. | D.The adoption of new pumping practices. |
A.expensive but practical | B.reliable and profitable |
C.cost-free but demanding | D.cheap and environment-friendly |
A.The damage to aquifers. | B.The sinking of land surface. |
C.The decrease in operation costs. | D.The negative effects on the climate. |
A.To encourage people to save water. |
B.To promote the seawater desalination. |
C.To introduce a new way of extracting freshwater. |
D.To draw people’s attention to the droughts in California. |
【推荐2】It seems no longer the privilege (特权) of young people to get access to new technologies. As a matter of fact, senior citizens have taken advantage of the Internet to enrich their life and have benefited greatly from it—including looking through news, using mobile payments, and even enjoying online car-hailing (约车) services.
Most of the information read by older netizens is focused on national politics and economy. They also like reading encouraging materials and jokes online. Anyway, what brings them the greatest convenience is that they turn to the web for health advice, especially online hospital appointments. Increasingly, old people’s needs can be satisfied by online services, which are more convenient than those in traditional ways.
On the other hand, the Internet is not always safe. There exists the risk of being cheated. Some older users easily misunderstand or are cheated by incorrect information on the Internet. Of those cheated online, 60.3 percent fall for offers to collect free “red packet” money. And some health-related information they read is misleading. So they should be careful to make out the information.
It is the responsibility for the government, families and companies to help the old netizens to be away from the danger on line. This way, they will be more willing to use the Interact and the experience on the Interact will be more satisfying.
1. What does the first paragraph tell us?A.The Internet is only preferred by young people. |
B.Online news readers are mainly senior citizens. |
C.Old people make better use of the Internet than the young. |
D.Using mobile phones has become common in old people’s life. |
A.Positive materials. | B.Health guide. |
C.Mobile payments. | D.Traffic service. |
A.Warning them not to open red packets. |
B.Telling them not to read too much information. |
C.Reminding them to be careful about the risks online. |
D.Advising them to keep away from the smart phones. |
【推荐3】Just how bad of a mother am I, I silently wondered, as I watched my 13-year-old son deep in conversation with Siri. Gus has autism (自闭症), and Siri, Apple's “intelligent personal assistant” on the iPhone, is currently his BFF(Best Friend Forever). Obsessed with weather formations, Gus had spent the past hour exploring the difference between isolated and scaltered thunderstorms—an hour during which, thank God, I didn't have to discuss with him myself. After a while I heard this:
Gus:“You're a really nice computer.”
Siri:“It's nice to be appreciated.”
Gus:“You're always asking if you can help me.Is there anything you want?” Siri: “Thank you, but I have very few wants.”
Gus: “OK. Well, good night!”
Siri: “See you later!”
That is Siri. She does not let my communicatively impaired son get away with anything. When Gus discovered there was someone who would not only find information for him related to his various obsessions but would also be willing to tirelessly discuss these subjects, he was hooked.
She is also wonderful for someone who does not pick up on social cues: Siri's responses are not entirely predictable, but they are predictably kind—even when Gus is rude. I heard him talking to Siri about music, and Siri offered some suggestions. “I don't like that kind of music.” Gus snapped(厉声说). Siri replied, “You're certainly entitled to your opinion.” Siri's politeness reminded Gus what he owed Siri. “Thank you for that music, though.” Gus said.
My son's practice conversations with Siri are starting to translate into increased facility with actual humans. Yesterday I had the longest ever conversation with him. Admittedly, it was about different species of turtles which might not have been my choice of topic, but it was back and forth, and followed a logic. For most of my son's 13 years of existence, this has not been the case.
Indeed, many of us wanted an imaginary friend when we were young, and now we can all have one not entirely imaginary anytime we wish to. In a world where the commonly held wisdom is that technology isolates us, it's worth considering another side of the story.
The developers of intelligent assistants recognize their potential usefulness for those with speech and communication problems, and some are currently pondering new ways in which the assistants can help. “For example, the assistant would be able to track eye movements and help the autistic learn to look you in the eye while talking." said William Mark, vice president of the company from whom Apple purchased the technology behind Siri. “See, that's the wonderful thing about technology. Getting results requires a lot of repetition. Machines are very, very patient."
1. What did the author feel when she watched her son having a deep conversation with Siri about thunderstorms?A.Concerned but helpless. | B.Excited and overjoyed. |
C.Guilty but relieved | D.Hopeless and surprised. |
A.He had always dreamed of having an imaginary friend. |
B.He shows no interest in anything that is not related to weather. |
C.He has trouble communicating with others because of his illness. |
D.He has been friends with Siri since he was diagnosed with autism. |
A.setting a fixed bedtime routine |
B.exploring his special interests |
C.shaping his logic while talking |
D.improving his interaction with people |
A.Siri makes people feel much lonely in modern society. |
B.Siri sometimes provides better assistance than people. |
C.Siri has a better academic performance than the author. |
D.Siri is likely to be an effective cure for her son's autism. |
A.Intelligent assistants will be more widely employed in the future. |
B.The use of intelligent assistants will likely be limited to autistic people. |
C.Machines are more skilled and patient at communication than humans. |
D.William Mark was critical of the future development of intelligent assistants. |
【推荐1】There is certainly evidence that actors experience a combination of their real self with their assumed characters. For example, Benedict Cumberbatch said, “My mum says I’m much more impatient with her when I’m filming Sherlock.”
Mark Seton, a researcher at the University of Sydney, has even invented the term “post-dramatic stress disorder” to describe the lasting effects experienced by actors who lose themselves in a role. “Actors may often prolong (延长) habits of the characters they have role-played.” he writes
A recent finding doesn’t involve acting, and it shows that just spending some time thinking about another person seemed to rub off on the volunteers’ sense of self led by Meghan Meyer at Princeton University. Across several studies, these researchers asked volunteers to first rate their own personalities, memories or physical features, and then to perform the same task from the perspective (视角) of another person. For example, they might score the emotionality (情绪性) of various personal memories, and then rate how a friend or relative would have experienced those same events.
After taking the perspective of another, the volunteers scored themselves once again: the finding was that their self-knowledge was now changed —their self-scores had changed to become more similar to those they’d given for someone else. For example, if at first they had said the term “confident” was only loosely related to themselves and then rated the term as being strongly related to a friend’s personality, when they came to rescore themselves, they now tended to see themselves as more confident.
“By simply thinking about another person, we may adapt our self to take the shape of that person” said Meyer and her colleagues. That our sense of self should have this quality might be a little discouraging, especially for anyone who has struggled to establish a firm sense of identity. Yet there is an optimistic message here, too. The challenge of improving ourselves— or at least seeing ourselves in a more positive light— might be a little easier than we thought. By role-playing or acting out the kind of person we would like to become, or just by thinking about and spending time with people who have the kind of features we would like to see in ourselves, we can find that our sense of self changes in desirable ways.
“As each of us chooses who to befriend, who to model, and who to ignore,” write Meyer and her colleagues, “we must make these decisions aware of how they shape not only the structure of our social networks, but even our sense of who we are.”
1. The first two paragraphs mainly ______.A.state that acting requires skills |
B.show that a role leaves a mark on the actor |
C.explain the stress that an actor faces |
D.stress the importance of devoting oneself to a role |
A.Confuse. | B.Strengthen. | C.Influence. | D.Determine. |
A.brings changes to one’s self-knowledge |
B.makes one better understand himself |
C.helps people deal with their identity problems |
D.produces short-term effects on one’s character |
A.It offers instructions on making friends. |
B.It presents a way to deal with stress disorder. |
C.It gives advice on adjusting one’s emotions. |
D.It suggests a means to improve ourselves. |
【推荐2】Search “toxic parents”, and you’ll find more than 38, 000 posts, largely urging young adults to cut ties with their families. The idea is to safeguard one’s mental health from offensive parents. However, as a psychoanalyst (精神分析学家), I’ve seen that trend in recent years become a way to manage conflicts in the family, and I have seen the severe impacts estrangement (疏远) has on both sides of the divide. This is a self-help trend that creates much harm.
“Canceling” your parent can be seen as an extension of a cultural trend aimed at correcting imbalances in power and systemic inequality. Today’s social justice values respond to this reality, calling on us to criticize oppressive and harmful figures and to gain power for those who have been powerless. But when adult children use the most effective tool they have—themselves—to gain a sense of security and ban their parents from their lives, the roles are simply switched, and the pain only deepens.
Often, what I see in my practice are cases of family conflict mismanaged, power dynamics turned upside down rather than negotiated. I see the terrible effect of that trend: situations with no winners, only isolated humans who long to be known and feel safe in the presence of the other.
The catch is that after estrangement, adult children are not suddenly less dependent. In fact, they feel abandoned and betrayed, because in the unconscious, it doesn’t matter who is doing the leaving; the feeling that remains is “being left”. They carry the ghosts of their childhood, tackling the emotional reality that those who raised us can never truly be left behind, no matter how hard we try.
What I have found is that most of these families need repair, not permanent break-up. How can one learn how to negotiate needs, to create boundaries and to trust? How can we love others, and ourselves, if not through accepting the limitations that come with being human? Good relationships are not the result of a perfect level of harmony but rather of successful adjustments.
To pursue dialogue instead of estrangement will be hard and painful work. It can’t be a single project of “self-help”, because at the end of the day, real intimacy (亲密关系) is achieved by working through the injuries of the past together. In most cases of family conflict, repair is possible and preferable to estrangement—and it’s worth the work.
1. Why do young people cut ties with the family?A.To gain an independent life. | B.To follow a tendency towards social justice. |
C.To restore harmony in the family. | D.To protect their psychological well-being. |
A.Response. | B.Problem. | C.Bond. | D.Division. |
A.Break down boundaries. | B.Accept imperfection of family members. |
C.Live up to their parents’ expectations. | D.Repair a family item that has broken up. |
A.To advocate a self-help trend. | B.To justify a common social value. |
C.To argue against a current practice. | D.To discuss a means of communication. |
【推荐3】“From one day to the next, our profession was wiped out. We woke up and discovered our skills were unnecessary.” This is what two successful graphic designers told me about the impact of AI. The old promise—creative workers would be better protected than others from mechanization (机械化) —ruined overnight. If visual artists can be replaced by machines, who is safe?
While there’s plenty of talk about how education might change, little has been done to equip students for a world whose conditions shift so fast. It’s not just at work that young people will confront sudden changes of state. They are also likely to witness more environmental breakdown and the collapse of certain human-made systems.
Why are we so unprepared? Why do we manage our lives so badly? Why are we so expert at material innovation, but so unskilled at creating a society in which everyone can succeed? Why do obvious lies spread like wildfire? What is lacking in our education that leaves such gap s in our lives?
The word education partly comes from Latin, meaning “to lead out”. Too often it leads us in: into old ways of thinking, into dying professions. Too seldom does it lead us out of our cognitive and emotional circles, out of a political and economic system that’s killing us.
I don’t claim to have definitive answers. But I believe the extreme demands, throughout our schooling, of tests and exams reduce the range of our thinking. The exam system creates artificial borders. The intense combined demands of the testing system leave almost no time to respond to opportunities and events, or for children to develop their own interests.
Education should be joyful and delightful, not only because joy and delight are essential to our health and happiness, but also because we are more likely to survive major changes. Schooling alone will not be enough to lead us out of the many crises and disasters we now face. But it should at least lend us a torch.
1. Why does the author quote the two graphic designers?A.To stress the issue of unemployment. | B.To show the wide application of AI. |
C.To indicate the creativity of artists. | D.To set the tone for further discussion. |
A.Object to. | B.Bring about. | C.Meet with. | D.Call for. |
A.The numerous social problems to solve. |
B.The complex features of current society. |
C.The disadvantages of the current education system. |
D.The success of everyone in material matters. |
A.Critical. | B.Tolerant. | C.Approving. | D.Ambiguous. |