According to a study published last week in the journal Science, scientists have found a way to change a plant’s genes (基因) in order to make it use sunlight more quickly. Someday, the results could increase the amount of food produced around the world.
By changing a plant’s genes, the scientists were able to increase leaf growth on plants by 14-20 percent. Specifically, scientists changed the plant’s protective (保护的) system. “Normally, this system is activated when a plant gets too much sunlight,” said scientist Krishna Niyogi, co-author of the study. “When the plant senses the light, it gets rid of extra energy and creates more leaves. When the plant is in the shade, the protective system is turned off. But the process is slow.”
Stephen Long is the lead author of the study. He compared a plant’s protective system to light-adjusting glasses. “When a person wears the glasses outside during the day, the lenses (镜片) darken and lighten depending on how sunny it is. Plants do the same thing,” he said. “But in plants the adjustment can take anywhere from 10 minutes to an hour. This makes it hard for plants to get the right amount of sunlight needed to create food.”
The new study sped up the process. By changing the plant’s genes, it’s more quickly than normal to turn on and turn off the protective system. As a result, leaf growth on the plants scientists used in the study increased. Leaf growth on two plants increased by 20 percent, while leaf growth on a third plant increased by 14 percent. Scientists conducted the study on tobacco plants. But they thought the genetic modification would produce the same results in corn or rice.
1. What does the plant’s protective system need to keep activated?A.Mild shade. | B.Leaf growth. |
C.Genetic changes- | D.Enough sunlight. |
A.Because it isn’t always sunny. |
B.Because leaf growth increases too slowly. |
C.Because the light-adjustment process is a bit long. |
D.Because the protective system is turned on and off more quickly. |
A.Development. | B.Decoration. |
C.Change. | D.Copying. |
A.Changing how a plant uses sunlight could mean more food in the future . |
B.When the plant is in the shade, its protective system is turned off slowly. |
C.Too much sunlight will damage plants’ protective system. |
D.It is hard for plants to create food without enough sunlight. |
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【推荐1】Spider monkeys have long, thin arms with hook-like hands that allow them to swing through the trees. They do not have opposable thumbs (对生拇指).
The brown-headed spider monkey has a prehensile (缠绕性的) tail, which means it can grasp and can be used like a fifth leg to grab trees. During the day, the spider monkey searches for fruits, which make up the main part of its diet. They will also eat flowers, seeds,leaves, and small insects during the dry season when fruits aren’t available. They spend most of the daylight hours climbing and swinging through the high branches of trees.
The brown-headed spider monkey lives in a large community of about 20 to 100 male and female monkeys. They split into smaller groups for feeding. Females usually give birth to only a single baby each year or two. Young monkeys are carried on their mothers’ stomachs until about 16 weeks old. Then they are strong enough to ride on their mothers, backs. All brown-headed spider monkey babies are born with pink faces and ears.
Spider monkeys hug each other and wrap their tails around each other. They are very intelligent and have strong memories. They were named spider monkeys because they look like spiders as they hang upside down from their tails with their arms and legs swinging. Their genus (属) name is Ateles, which means “imperfect”. This refers to the fact that they don’t have thumbs.
Hunting the brown-headed spider monkey is now barred in Ecuador, a country in northwestern South America, but humans have killed them for their meat for hundreds of years.
1. Spider monkeys live mostly on .A.insects | B.fruits |
C.flowers | D.leaves |
A.They have five legs. |
B.They live in small groups. |
C.Their tails can take their weight. |
D.Their genus is the same as spiders. |
A.Permitted. | B.Forbidden. |
C.Encouraged. | D.Ignored. |
A.In a large community. |
B.In trees with high branches. |
C.On their mothers’ backs. |
D.On their mothers’ stomachs. |
【推荐2】I fell in love with rhinos when I worked in a zoo in the 80s, and spent much of the next 20 years as the keeper of the largest captive (圈养的) group of rare black rhinos.
There’s a popular misconception that rhinos are aggressive and stupid, but I found them sensitive and affectionate animals. Weighing over a ton, black rhinos are unexpectedly agile (敏捷的) and have an unpredictable nature — but, given reassurance, they tend to believe people. In the past few decades, their numbers have dropped dramatically. In recent years, I’ve helped look after rhinos being moved to the reserve so they can form new populations in countries that have few left. Last year, I helped on a project to fly five black rhinos from a private reserve in South Africa to the Serengeti National Park. Once there, the animals had to be kept captive for a few weeks to adapt to the new environment, in which time they lived in “bomas” — wooden enclosures with “bedrooms”, designed to create a calm space.
A couple of weeks before their planned release, the sky filled with smoke. Watching the flames rushing through the bush toward the bomas, I froze. Terrified that it would catch fire, my instinct was to release the rhinos, but they hadn’t yet been fitted with transmitters (发信器). If I let them out into a bushfire and they were injured, we’d have great difficulty tracking them down. So I dashed back to the bomas and called the rhinos to the bedrooms. Sensing the fear in my voices, they moved without hesitation and remained astonishingly calm. It was crucial the rhinos didn’t panic — they can easily hurt each other if they do.
That we and the rhinos had escaped safe and sound was a miracle. The teamwork of everybody there played a large part, and the rhinos were very much a part of that team. The relationships we’d built with them had proved crucial — had they or we panicked, all our work would have been in vain.
1. What does the author think of the rhinos?A.They are trusting animals. | B.They are highly organized. |
C.Their habitats are under threat. | D.Their adaptability needs improving. |
A.To assist rhinos to settle in. | B.To boost tourism in the reserve. |
C.To avoid rhinos’ aggressive behavior. | D.To stop rhinos from fleeing. |
A.By setting them free. | B.By tracking them down. |
C.By driving them into bomas. | D.By fitting them with the transmitters. |
A.The keepers’ timely alarm. | B.The inborn nature of rhinos. |
C.The faith in the keepers’ heart. | D.The teamwork between the keepers and the rhinos. |
【推荐3】One of the great concerns that ornithologists have is that climate change will throw the nesting activities of birds out of sync (同步) with the availability of food for the raising of chicks. For one species, the pied flycatcher, a new study shows that some of its clan are proving to be remarkably adaptable.
Upon returning to Europe from their African wintering grounds, the flycatchers time their egg-laying to the short period when juicy caterpillars (毛毛虫) are most abundant. During the past three decades this caterpillar peak has advanced by three weeks. Pied flycatchers initially had difficulty adjusting, but over time have started laying their eggs earlier to grab the caterpillars. Some, though, are doing a lot more to improve their reproductive chances of success, according to a study in the Journal of Avian Biology led by Christian Both of the University of Groningen, in the Netherlands.
Like most bird species, pied flycatchers have long been thought to lay a single clutch of eggs during the breeding (繁殖) season. This was widely considered to be a trait that wouldn’t change. Then, in 2007, a Swiss team led by Dr Ravussin began to suspect that clutch numbers were flexible. They discovered a female pied flycatcher that immediately produced a second brood with a new male after raising an early set of chicks. Aware of Dr Ravussin’s findings, Dr Both wondered whether this was just a single, odd instance or if second broods might be happening on a larger scale driven by the arrival of earlier springs. So, they cooperate to delve into the data to find out.
The team studied pied-flycatcher populations in the Netherlands and Switzerland that were known to be among the earliest nesting members of the species. In total, they tracked the egg-laying times and hatchling-rearing success of 8,848 breeding pairs in the Netherlands and1,372 in Switzerland between1980 and 2018. They found that since 2006, 11 cases of second broods were observed, all of them among the earliest breeders in both populations.
Further studies ruled out that the birds were making up for a failed first attempt at raising chicks or that the second group of nestlings suffered.
With no obvious downside to laying a double clutch, Drs Both and Ravussin conclude that the birds are attempting to double their annual reproductive output. While this behavior is still rare, they argue that if the tendency is driven by heritable genes (which it may well be) , then a succession of early springs could make the strategy much more common.
1. As to flycatchers, we can learn that __________.A.the population of caterpillars has no effect on their egg-laying time |
B.climate change is the main cause of their advancing egg-laying time |
C.they can only lay a single clutch of eggs during the breeding season |
D.they’re born with the ability of raising more than one group of chicks |
A.flycatchers like to winter and lay eggs in the Netherlands and Switzerland |
B.flycatchers know how to make up for a failed first attempt at raising chicks |
C.flycatchers are making adaptations to double their annual reproductive output |
D.flycatchers, driven by heritable genes, return early from their wintering grounds |
A.More nests, more eggs | B.Earlier spring, earlier breeding |
C.More caterpillars, less chances | D.Later arrival, less output |
broccoli
When served cauliflower or broccoli, some kids turn away in annoyance. Don’t blame them—a new study suggests specific enzymes (酶) in saliva (唾液) might make these vegetables taste terrible to some children.
These enzymes, called cysteine lyases, are produced by bacteria in the mouth.
The same enzymes are also locked away in the cells of Brassica vegetables like broccoli and cauliflower. When we chew broccoli, these enzymes spill out of their storage containers while those in our mouth start to work.
These enzymes break down a compound (化合物) called S-methyl-L-cysteine sulfoxide (SMCSO) in these vegetables, and this breakdown process transforms the compound into sharp smell molecules (分子). Previous studies of adults suggest the level of cysteine lyase activity in a person’s saliva determines how much the SMCSO breaks down. This, in turn, influences how these vegetables taste to adults.
According to these past studies, when different adults consume broccoli, there can be a huge difference in how many unpleasant smells the food lets off as their saliva-borne enzymes break it to bits. But the authors wondered whether the same difference can be seen in kids, who are usually more sensitive to bitter and sour tastes. They suspected that kids whose saliva produced the most smelly, SMCSO-sourced compounds would show the strongest dislike for broccoli.
And the team’s new study proved their assumption. While both adults’ and kids’ saliva produced smelly compounds when exposed to cauliflower, these smells did not influence whether adults liked the vegetable. On the other hand, kids whose saliva produced high concentrations of these smells reported hating cauliflower the most.
The new study included 98 pairs of parents and children aged 6 to 8. After taking samples of each participant’s saliva, the scientists mixed it into raw cauliflower powder. They measured the SMCSO-sourced smell compounds let off and found each participant’s saliva generated a different quantity of smells.
Interestingly, the degree of sickly smell production was similar between parents’ saliva and their children’s. This indicates that parents and kids likely carry similar bacteria in their mouths, which would cause them to produce similar levels of cysteine lyases.
Our senses of taste and smell are strongest in youth, which may make kids even more sensitive to these differences in flavor. The same preference pattern is not seen in adults, who also produce plenty of bad smells. This suggests that the adults came to tolerate the taste of Brassica vegetables. The findings agree with past studies of how our tastes change over time: we can learn to overcome our distaste for certain food by eating it more.
1. What are the first two paragraphs mainly about?A.The function of mouth bacteria. |
B.The cause of an unpleasant flavor. |
C.The feature of Brassica vegetables. |
D.The form of enzymes in our mouth. |
A.SMCSO-breakdown depends on various enzymes. |
B.Enzymes determine the taste of Brassica vegetables. |
C.Individuals release varying amounts of smell molecules. |
D.Kids producing the most smells hate broccoli particularly. |
A.We might accept some foods through repeated exposure. |
B.The level of smells may affect an adult’s taste preference. |
C.Parents’ and their kids’ saliva-borne enzymes don’t match. |
D.Kids’ saliva could produce higher concentrations of smells. |
A.To explain a food preference. |
B.To introduce a research method. |
C.To illustrate a biological process. |
D.To show the discovery of an enzyme. |
【推荐2】Since we are vulnerable when we sleep, sleep must play a critical role, or evolution wouldn’t have selected for it. Early humans had to hunt, gather food and protect themselves. Those activities consumed much time, so unless sleep served very important purposes, those who slept less would have an advantage. Yet sleeping for long hours of the night was kept for years, but scientists had only general ideas about what happened during sleep. Recently, Dr. Chiara Chiarelli, a neuroscientist, shared what sleep neuroscience research has discovered.
Neural (神经的) networks in the brain are connected through synapses (神经突触) which allow signals to flow throughout the brain and onto cells. During waking hours, new learning can strengthen the connections. You can think of knowledge acquired over a long time as a group of well-connected neural paths. When you learn something new, new paths are connected to the old. During the waking hours, your brain processes massive amounts of new insignificant information, say remembering where you parked your car. But that memory has to be preserved at least until you reach the car. It establishes a new connection to your memory of what your car looks like, a well-established “old” memory. The brain creates so many connections daily that particular circuits can be heavily burdened.
Dr. Cirelli explained that during sleep, a great many synaptic connections are weakened so that connections are more available for new learning the next day. Continuing with the parked car example, the exact location of the parked car is not needed again, so the connections are weakened. In fact, if it were not, you might memorize hundreds of places where you have parked, leading to considerable confusion!
You don’t have to be a scientist to understand that not sleeping well affects next day functioning — this is common cultural wisdom. Dr. Cirelli’s research is an example of science showing the “why” and “how” mechanisms that underlie that wisdom.
1. What does the example of early humans show?A.Sleep wasn’t as important as it is today. |
B.Our ancestors had a hard time surviving. |
C.Sleep is significant in the history of humans. |
D.Whoever sleeps less enjoys more advantages. |
A.Our memory can be kept over a long period of time. |
B.Our brain can be overloaded with synaptic connections. |
C.Our brain’s neural network is connected through synapses. |
D.Our new learning is based on well-established old memories. |
A.Sleep broadens neural paths. | B.Sleep carries cultural wisdom. |
C.Sleep relieves synaptic burden. | D.Sleep stimulates brain development. |
A.Approving. | B.Unclear. | C.Indifferent. | D.Doubtful. |
【推荐3】Cancer is a great threat to the health and life of mankind. The cells forming cancer spread through the body to parts which may be far from the spot where the cancer begins. Unless it is removed or destroyed, the cancer can lead to the death of the person.
Cells in the body are growing all the time. As they wear out and disappear, their places are taken by new cells of exactly the same kind. But cancer cells look and act differently from normal body cells. They look like the young cells of the part of the body where they start — but different enough to be recognized as cancer when seen through a microscope. When these cancer cells divide and increase in number, they don’t change into the fully-grown form and then stop reproducing. Instead, they remain young cells and continue to increase in number until they are harmful.
As cancer cells grow, they do not remain in one spot but separate and move in among the normal cells. They may become so numerous that the normal cells in this part of the body cannot continue to work or even remain alive. When the cancer gets into the blood, it is carried to distant parts of the body. There it may grow to form large masses which disturb the activities of the normal cells. Unless the growth and spread of the cancer is stopped, the patient will die. That is why it is important to have periodic examinations to detect and treat cancer before it has spread too far.
Cancers are not spread from man to man by contact. No drug has been found that cures completely and is useful for all kinds of cancer. One of medicine’s greatest goals is to understand fully the nature and cause of cancer, and to find a way to prevent and cure it.
1. In which aspect are cancer cells different from normal ones?A.They always stay where they start. |
B.They keep increasing and spreading. |
C.They are less in number but larger in size. |
D.They quickly grow into fully grown form. |
A.In the blood. | B.With the food we eat. |
C.By contact. | D.In normal cells. |
A.urgent | B.early | C.timely | D.regular |
A.Drug treatment is available. | B.All kinds of cancer are deadly. |
C.Nothing can stop the growth of cancer. | D.We’re still a long way off finding a cure. |