Small numbers of people per household on average use more energy and goods per person. Greater numbers of households require more natural resources for construction. The possible result of this problem may be insufficient natural resources to meet consumer demand without endangering habitats important to biodiversity.
Personal freedom and social choice may come at huge environmental cost. Direct costs include visible damage to animal habitats and plant life. Indirect costs include the release of more greenhouse gases.
The effects of such “personal freedom and social choice” have already surfaced in south-west China’s Wolong Nature Reserve. In Wolong, they found that a reduced average household size was directly tied to an increase in homes, and thus an increase in the amount of firewood consumed for cooking and heating. The rise in wood fuel use has contributed to disappearance of forests and to the loss of habitats for giant pandas.
Curious about whether other parts of the world were experiencing similar phenomena, they got the support of a team of researchers including Stanford’s Paul Ehrlich, well-known for his population studies, to find out the household dynamics in 141 countries between 1985 and 2000. Their study proved that the difficult choice of Wolong is part of a global trend.
In the 76 countries considered biodiversity “hotspots”, such as the United States, Brazil, Australia, and Kenya, the number of households grew by 3.1% every year, while the population increased just 1.8%. Meanwhile, the number of people per home dropped from 4.7 to 4.0. The decline in household size has resulted in 155 million additional households in hotspot countries, almost always limiting biodiversity.
In the 10 non-hotspot countries — those without high-density areas of animal and plant species — similar results were found, though on a lesser scale. Even in countries experiencing population decline, such as New Zealand, the number of households still increased because of a reduction in household size.
1. What does the underlined word “insufficient” mean?A.Plenty of. | B.Not enough. | C.Abundant. | D.Little. |
A.is facing the same threat as many other parts of the world |
B.sets a good example in protecting animals |
C.is a place where giant pandas and their habitats are not affected |
D.is a place where animals and their habitats are seriously damaged |
A.Biodiversity is better kept in countries with smaller populations. |
B.Biodiversity is better kept in hotspot countries. |
C.The threat to nature from reduction in household size is a worldwide problem. |
D.Both hotspot countries and non-hotspot countries face the threat of the same scale. |
A.Reduced household size leads to an increase in household number. |
B.Modern homes consume more natural resources. |
C.How to meet consumer demand without endangering animals and their habitats. |
D.Reduction in household size as well as increase in household number threatens nature. |
相似题推荐
【推荐1】A new report warns that Australia’s native wildlife could see extremely unfortunate effects from nonnative plants and animals.
Experts at the national science agency, the CSIRO, are predicting much of the country’s native plants and animals are in danger. They believe they could disappear by 2050 unless immediate action is taken.
Nonnative species have invaded(侵略)Australia and threaten to overrun(侵占)native plants and animals. Introduced species are endangering more than 80 percent of Australia’s threatened species.
Andy Sheppard, the CSIRO’s research director, said Australia’s colonization(殖民)by the British more than 200 years ago has left harmful environmental effects. He added that there were groups set up to introduce plants and animals by design so the Europeans felt more at home. Australia just like New Zealand has suffered as a result. “Australia unfortunately has the worst record internationally for mammalian(哺乳动物)disappearance,” he said and noted that this has much to do with the activities of introduced cats and foxes.
The report estimated(估计)the cost of the damage caused by invasive species in Australia at about $18 billion each year and growing. The study said that immediate action was needed to stop the spread of invasive species and protect Australia’s “irreplaceable native animals and plants”.
Traditionally, chemical and biological controls have been used to manage wild pest populations.
There are debates about these methods and some supporters of animals are against them as inhumane.
Scientists in Australia are working on genetic pest control methods. Testing is under way on small laboratory animals, but a so-called “working system” could be up to five years away. One possible biocontrol(生物防治)includes limiting their ability to reproduce.
1. What are threatened in Australia because of the introduced species now?A.Local people. | B.Animals’ habitats. |
C.Native animals and plants. | D.Unique mammalian. |
A.Because Europeans brought them to Australia. | B.Because Australians love European wildlife. |
C.Because of the activities of cats and foxes. | D.Because of the disappearance of mammalian. |
A.Scientists have limited the populations of invasive species successfully. |
B.Those traditional measures have no effect on introduced species at all. |
C.Some people don’t consider the ways to deal with invasive species right. |
D.Genetic methods have proven perfect in controlling invasive species. |
A.Danger from Nonnative Wildlife in Australia | B.Australian Native Wildlife in Great Danger |
C.New Ways to Control Nonnative Wildlife | D.The New finding by Scientists in Australia |
【推荐2】Modern agriculture and its ability to feed billions of people may be one of humanity’s greatest achievements. However, it comes with hidden costs. For example, have you ever considered how much water is needed to provide you with a steak or a salad? It may surprise you.
In a recent study published in the journal Nutrients, scientists from the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO), took a close look at the diets of 9,341 adult Australians – specifically, their “water-scarcity (缺少) footprints”.
The water-scarcity footprint is a widely recognized measurement of water consumption(消耗). First, it counts the liters of water you used. Then, it looks at the place where the water was used. Using a liter of water in the desert is not the same as using a liter of water in a tropical (热带的) rainforest. The more scarce water is in your area, the larger your water-scarcity footprint.
The scientists found that the average Australian’s diet had a water-scarcity footprint of 362 liters per day. Snacks and beverages – cookies, cakes, sodas and alcohol – accounted for 25 percent of the water-scarcity footprint. The research also included a glass of wine (41 liters), a single serving of potato chips (23 liters), and a small bar of milk chocolate (21 liters). Not surprisingly, cutting out snacks would be the NO.1 priority if you wanted to lower your own water-scarcity footprint.
Climate change is causing droughts and extreme weather. In 2018, Cape Town, South Africa, nearly ran out of water due to a drought. Its freshwater reservoir(水库) stayed at just above 13.5 percent of full capacity. By 2030, a world of about 8.6 billion people will need 35 percent more water, and 50 percent more food, according to the United States National Intelligence Council.
So, we need to watch what we eat, not just for our personal health but for the health of our societies.
1. What do we know about water-scarcity footprints?A.They are not related to places where we live. |
B.They measure how much water one consumes. |
C.They count the amount of water a family wastes. |
D.They are used to measure water scarcity in the desert. |
A.Stop eating snacks. | B.Go on a diet. |
C.Drink less sodas and alcohol. | D.Eat more cookies or cakes. |
A.To praise the efforts made by Cape Town. |
B.To explain the reasons for water shortages. |
C.To stress the serious situation in Cape Town. |
D.To show the harmful effects of climate change. |
A.It’s easy to feed all the people in the future. |
B.We are facing a greater shortage of water than of food. |
C.Water shortages may bring about many social problems. |
D.Our eating habits could make a difference to water shortages. |
【推荐3】
Despite being located in a bustling urban part of Huanggang in Hubei, Xiao Yaqin’s apartment block stands out because of its green appearance resulting from being wrapped in green plants. “ It makes me feel very comfortable. When you open the window, fresh air keeps rolling in, ” the 65-year-old said excitedly.
He was one of the first group of residents that recently moved into China’s first “ vertical (垂直的) forest ” residential project, consisting of two 80-meter-tall, 25-story buildings.
The project is the result of cooperation between Easyhome and Italian architect Stefano Boering, often called “ the father of the vertical forest ” . There are 404 trees and 4,620 shrubs (灌木丛) in the vertical forest, which is classified as the “ fourth generation ” of housing. Grasses, flowers and climbing plants cover 2,408m2 of the floor area. The plants are estimated to be capable of absorbing 22 metric tons of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere per year, while generating 11 tons of oxygen.
However, its development hasn’t been met without doubt. For example, mosquito infestations (感染) are one of the reasons why people are reluctant to move in. The irrigation system required to ensure the survival of the plants in the vertical forest and the need to have gardeners cut the branches mean much higher maintenance costs than in regular buildings.
It is not yet known what the future of fourth-generation housing will be in China, but it has at least brought urban residents a new life experience. Xiao, the retiree, said his new apartment has met his expectations for better quality of life. “ You feel you are close to nature, even if you don’t open the window, ” he said.
1. How does the author introduce the topic?A.By presenting Xiao Yaqin’s example. | B.By describing features of the apartment. |
C.By imagining Xiao Yaqin’s life. | D.By showing the apartment’s popularity. |
A.Easyhome designed and built the project. |
B.Its plants produce 22 metric tons of oxygen. |
C.It faces problems of mosquitoes and high costs. |
D.The residents have to look after the plants. |
A.Critical. | B.Concerned. | C.Supportive. | D.Unclear. |
A.To predict the future way of living. | B.To introduce a new type of housing. |
C.To discuss problems facing residents. | D.To advertise the vertical forest project. |
【推荐1】Building a five-star hotel in the middle of a valuable wilderness(荒野) without damaging(破坏) the environment might not be easy, but it is far from impossible. The King Pacific Lodge in British Columbia's Great Bear Rainforest shows that if enough care and attention is taken, the task is possible.
Unlike many other hotel building plans, no trees were cut down and no land was wasted to build it. The Lodge does not have the same location(位置) but sits on a floating boat pulled into the sea bay in May, till September. Those wishing to stay in one of its seventeen rooms must access it by boat or seaplane. Each guest staying at the Lodge is charged 3% tax(税) on the protection of the natural resources, but is given the chance to see whales and bears. And since these are the main attractions of the area and of the Lodge, the management knows well that in order to stay in business they must make the area untouched.
In 2000, the Lodge management signed an agreement with the native(本土的) Gitga'at people. Together they work for the benefit of the area. The Lodge knows that the native tribe (部落)is the owners of the land, so it pays the tribe for the use of their land and even supports the native youth and employs the tribe's people. They, in turn, teach the newcomers about the local culture.
The King Pacific Lodge is one of a growing number of tourism companies that manage to minimize their environmental damage to win the approval(批准)of the local government where they set up their business. These companies pay more attention to environmental protection and are careful to use natural resources and protect endangered animals. Realizing how destructive tourism can be, they want to avoid the love-it-to-death effect of tourism.
1. From the passage, we know that the King Pacific Lodge______________.A.follows other hotels’ building plans. |
B.is less popular among tourists. |
C.is far away from an important wilderness. |
D.has been created after careful consideration. |
A.The King Pacific Lodge is in an area without any trees. |
B.The King Pacific Lodge can be moved from place to place. |
C.Guests in the King Pacific Lodge can take part in programs about the protection of nature. |
D.Guests in the King Pacific Lodge have to pay extra money for the boat to get there. |
A.want to learn the newcomers' culture. |
B.are not willing to sell their land. |
C.are employed by local government to work for the Lodge. |
D.may have the chance to work at the Lodge. |
A.will always do harm to the environment. |
B.cares little about the importance of environmentally friendly tourism. |
C.can do less damage to the environment. |
D.always has a disagreement with the local government. |
【推荐2】It’s a historic moment for artificial intelligence (AI). Everyone is starting to see the business value of AI. It is being added to more and more things every year, and it is getting smarter and smarter—accelerating human innovation. Moreover, it also has the capability to save our planet from pollution and global warming.
AI in the future can be applied to thousands of issues affecting the environment. For example, using AI and data, researchers are able to identify patterns and monitor changes of land surfaces, such as decreasing sea area and ice caps, which can be used to determine future risks. AI can also be used to monitor pollution and other contributions to climate change.
AI is improving agriculture by collecting data and images alongside knowledge of crop diseases. Farmers hope to increase crop yields(产量) and reduce water requirements and pesticide usage.
AI can be used to protect oceans from illegal overfishing. Satellite data and data of ship movement are used in a machine learning algorithm (算法) called Global Fishing Watch which can be used to identify boats that are fishing illegally. This is protecting marine life and protecting over fished areas.
In the future, AI methods may create a digital dashboard (仪表板) for the planet, allowing us to monitor, model, foresee and manage environmental systems at a global scale. AI can be involved in everything from monitoring deforestation (毁林), CO2 levels, sea levels, wildlife movement, illegal activity, pollution, to predicting natural disasters better.
This approach needs to start now, because time is too short and resources are becoming too thin on a global scale. To achieve environmental gains AI and data are necessary. To achieve this, a global cooperation among research institutes, companies, industries, governments and charities must start for the best interest of our planet and future quality of life.
The possibilities are endless, Data, AI and humans can work together to create informative networks to protect the planet and bring it back from the edge of global warming.
1. What does the author try to do in paragraph 1?A.Expect the future development of AI. |
B.Lead in the topic to discuss in the text. |
C.Point out the great business value of AI. |
D.Inspire the readers’ interest in AI. |
A.To predict the possible risks in the future. |
B.To collect more data about the changing earth. |
C.To monitor the levels of the land pollution. |
D.To look for the main reason for climate change. |
A.It can control people’s requirements for seawater. |
B.It can identify where the large quantities of fish are. |
C.It can discover the ships that are fishing illegally. |
D.It can decrease the speed of rising ocean level. |
A.Share the endless data with each other. |
B.Try to make contributions to charities. |
C.Take action to protect the earth with AI. |
D.Cooperate to improve the quality of life. |
【推荐3】Global fast-food giant McDonald's announced it would be phasing out(逐步淘汰)plastic straws(吸管)in China. The move is expected to reduce plastic waste by about 400 tons a year. According to the announcement, from June 30, nearly 1,000 stores in Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, and Shenzhen began to phase out plastic straws for both dine-in and take-out, expanding to all stores in China by the end of 2020. Diners would drink cold beverages directly through the new cup cover.
Zhang Jiayin, CEO of McDonald's China, expressed that McDonald's is devoted to building up an environmentally friendly "beautiful China". "We believe that taking advantage of McDonald's influence worldwide, reducing straws can be a huge step for sustainable development. In the past decade or so, we have continued to carry out the green packaging action." Zhang said, "This movement is playing a positive role in the protection of the ecological environment."
The move is in keeping with China's national plan to phase out single-use plastics which came into effect in January of this year, in an effort to combat its growing trash problem.
Among other things, the government carries out a nationwide ban on plastic straws, disposable cutlery(一次性餐具), as well as plastic bags in major cities by the end of 2020, and nationwide by 2022.
Plastic has increasingly played a role in global solid waste, and has choked oceans and rivers as well as landfills. Both companies and volunteers in the past few years have taken it upon themselves to respond to this plastic problem in their own ways.
1. What happened to McDonald's in 2020?A.It banned using plastic package in all stores. |
B.It successfully dealt with China's trash problem. |
C.It started to get rid of using plastic straws in China. |
D.It became the first company to ban plastic straws in China. |
A.Entertainment | B.Science | C.Education | D.Environment |
A.It is a kind of poisonous material. | B.It should be banned in all fields. |
C.It has been solved completely so far. | D.It results in a growing waste problem |
A.Growing Trash Problems in China | B.Importance of Eco-friendly Straws |
C.Devotion to Building a Green China | D.How to Reduce Environmental Pollution |
【推荐1】On account of the government shutdown, many of the city’s best attractions, such as the national museums, are closed. It may affect your social plans. That’s especially true if you have out-of-town visitors coming to the District. Don’t worry! For every closed museum, we’ve offered up a suitable substitute that is privately run, thus not subject to the shutdown. Here’s where you can go instead.
Anacostia Community Museum and the National Museum of African American History and Culture
Alternatives: Banneker-Douglass Museum or Alexandria Black History Museum
The National Museum of African American History and Culture is one of the hottest draws on the National Mall, with free tickets taken weeks in advance. Its sister museum, the Anacostia Community (社区) Museum, takes a community-focused look at African American history. So does the Banneker- Douglass Museum in Annapolis, which traces (追溯) the African American experience in Maryland, and the Alexandria Black History Museum, where exhibitions honor local activists and explore the influence of slavery in the area. And unlike the African American Museum, neither requires you to plan ahead.
Hirschhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden
Alternative: Glenstone
Wandering through the galleries at Glenstone, you’ll come across some of the biggest names in 20th century art — Jackson Pollock, Jean-Michel Basquiat and Robert Rauschenberg. Glenstone sits on a 230-acre estate (土地) that doubles as an outdoor sculpture garden. Free tickets for Glenstone are often reserved weeks in advance, but 72 free tickets are available every day for anyone who takes a Montgomery County Ride-On Bus from Rockville Metro Station to the museum.
National Museum of African Art
Alternative: The African Art Museum of Maryland
Masks, musical instruments and jewelry can be found in Fulton, where the African Art Museum of Maryland houses a collection of traditional and contemporary African artworks and objects. And the best part, for visitors on a budget? Admission is free.
1. Where can visitors go to explore the history of African Americans during the shutdown?A.National Museum of African Art. |
B.Hirschhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden. |
C.The African American Museum. |
D.Banneker-Douglass Museum. |
A.Make sculptures in the outdoor garden. |
B.Get access to works of famous artists. |
C.Take a Montgomery County Ride-On Bus. |
D.Enjoy a collection of contemporary African artworks. |
A.To introduce different kinds of art exhibitions. |
B.To advertise some private museums in the area. |
C.To compare public museums with private ones. |
D.To provide a guide to museums during the shutdown. |
【推荐2】We can make mistakes at any age. Some mistakes we make are about money. But most mistakes are about people. “Did Jerry really care when I broke up with Helen?” “When I got that great job, did Jim, as a friend, really feel good about it?” “And was Paul friendly just because I had a car?” When we look back, doubts like these can make us feel bad. But when we look back, it’s too late.
Why do we go wrong about our friends or our enemies? Sometimes what people say hides their real meaning. And if we don’t really listen we miss the feeling behind the words. Suppose someone tells you, “You’re a lucky dog.” That’s being friendly. But “lucky dog”? There’s a bit of envy in those words. Maybe he doesn’t see it himself. But bringing in the “dog” bit puts you down a little. What he may be saying is that he doesn’t think you deserve your luck.
“Just think of all the things you have to be thankful for” is another noise that says one thing and means another. It could mean that the speaker is trying to get you to see your problem as part of your life as a whole. But is he? Wrapped up in this phrase is the thought that your problem isn’t important. It’s telling you to think of all the starving people in the world when you haven’t got a date for Saturday night.
How can you tell the real meaning behind someone’s words? One way is to take a good look at the person talking. Do his words fit the way he looks? Does what he says agree with the tone of voice? His posture(姿态)? The look in his eyes? Stop and think. The minute you spend thinking about the real meaning of what people say to you may save another mistake.
1. This passage is mainly about ________.A.how to understand what people say |
B.how to avoid mistakes when you communicate with people |
C.what to do when you listen to others talking |
D.Why we go wrong with friends sometimes |
A.we fail to listen carefully when they talk |
B.people tend to be annoyed when we check what they say |
C.we are always doubting what our friends say |
D.people usually state one thing but means another |
A.a bit of envy | B.lucky dog |
C.being friendly | D.your luck |
A.notice the way the person is talking |
B.take a good look at the person talking |
C.mind his tone, his posture and the look in his eyes |
D.examine the real meaning of what he says based on his manner, his tone and his posture |
【推荐3】Some Asian children are becoming increasingly fat, a new report says. The United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) and the World Health Organization (WHO) joint report was released on Monday. The two agencies call for better regulation of junk food and a limit on sugary drinks for children. They also call for action against malnutrition (营养不良), because a lack of food has prevented children who live in poverty growing normally and healthily-or rather, hurts their development.
Dorothy Foote is a UNICEF regional nutritional specialist. She says the lack of food affects children’s height and development inside their bodies. But at the same time, the area is facing high levels of overweight children.
The main reason for the food problems, the report says, is that there is more junk food available, which does not provide nutrition. Another problem is drinks with high sugar or high trans-fat, but low nutritional value. Lack of physical activity is also part of the problem, the report adds.
Foote says this is seen in nutrition across the area. She says people lack knowledge about what is needed and normal for healthy children’s development.
The economic growth in the area has brought unhealthy products to rural areas. Poor and middle-class families buy them and do not make the right choices to use healthier foods instead. Poor feeding practices, especially for children younger than two, mean ongoing high levels of malnutrition.
The report says governments need to regulate the marketing of junk food and sugary drinks to children. It also calls for better feeding practices for infants and young children, and treatment for severely malnourished children. And it says the countries should work to reduce poverty and make sure that children stay in school.
1. What does the report focus on?A.The economic growth in Asia. |
B.Asian countries’ development. |
C.The education in Asian rural areas. |
D.Some Asian children’s health problems. |
A.The right choices. | B.The high levels. |
C.The unhealthy products. | D.The healthier foods. |
A.The children’s situations. | B.The report’s suggestions. |
C.The governments’ efforts. | D.The problem’s causes. |
A.The reasons for children’s being hungry |
B.How to stop children from being overweight? |
C.Why children in Asia become overweight? |
D.Asian children face malnutrition or fatness |