Antarctica(南极洲)’s melting ice, which has caused global sea levels to rise by at least 13.8 millimeters over the past 40 years, was thought to primarily come from the unstable West Antarctic Ice Sheet(WAIS). Now, scientists have found that the East Antarctic Ice Sheet (EAIS)—considered largely unaffected by climate change—may also be melting at an unexpectedly rapid speed.
The WAIS, whose base is below sea level, has long been considered the most likely to break down. Besides gravity, a deep current of warm water slips beneath the sheet, melting it from below until it becomes a floating shelf at risk of breaking away. In contrast, extreme cold and a base mostly above sea level are thought to keep the EAIS relatively safe from warm waters.
But as greenhouse gases warm much of the planet, driving stronger polar winds, some scientists think warm water carried by a circular current will start to invade East Antarctica’s once unassailable ice. A cooperation of more than 60 scientists last year, published in Nature, estimated that the EAIS actually added about 5 billion tons of ice each year from 1992 to 2017.
Eric Rignot of the University of California, Irvine, and colleagues combined 40 years of satellite imagery and climate modeling and found that overall Antarctica now sends six times more ice into the sea each year than it did in 1979, with the majority coming from West Antarctica. But East Antarctica was responsible for more than 30% of Antarctica’s contribution to the 13.8-millimeter sea level rise over the past 40 years. “The more we look at this system the more we realize this is fragile,” Rignot says. “Once these glaciers become unstable there is no red button to press to stop it.”
Rignot hopes the study brings greater attention to a part of Antarctica that has traditionally been understudied. Helen Fricker, a glaciologist (冰川学家) in California, agrees. “We need to monitor the entire Antarctica and we just can’t do that without international cooperation.”
1. What is the new finding of scientists?A.The east Antarctica is losing ice at an increasing rate. |
B.The west Antarctica is melting six times faster than in 1979. |
C.5 billion tons of ice is added to Antarctica each year. |
D.The sea level has risen by 13.8 mm over the past 40 years. |
A.A base mostly over sea level. | B.The force of gravity. |
C.The invasion of a warm current. | D.Extremely low temperature. |
A.Fragile. | B.Unattackable. |
C.Mild. | D.Unstable. |
A.Satellite imagery. | B.Global monitoring. |
C.Worldwide climate modeling. | D.Worldwide combined efforts. |
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【推荐1】Wild animals are equipped with a variety of techniques to avoid becoming lunch for a bigger animal, also known as a predator (捕食者) in nature. The most well-known methods include the classic fight and flight as well as freeze.
A team of researchers wondered whether closeness to people might impact those survival strategies. “We often see that animals are more tolerant around us in urban areas, but we don’t really know why.” says evolutionary biologist Dan Blumstein. “Is it individual plasticity, meaning individuals change their fear of us and that leads to tolerance? Or can there be an evolutionary factor involved?”
To find out, Blumstein and his colleagues combined information from 173 studies of over 100 species, including mammals, birds, fish and even mollusks. It turns out that regardless of evolutionary ancestry, the animals react in a similar way to life among humans: they lose their anti-predator characteristics. That pattern is especially pronounced for plant-eating animals and for social species. This behavioral change is perhaps unsurprising when it’s intentional, the result of domestication or controlled breeding. But it turns out that urbanization alone results in a similar change, though around three times more slowly.
The main point is: we’re essentially domesticating animals by urbanization. We’re selecting for the same sorts of characteristics that we would if we were actually trying to domesticate them. If the urbanization process helps animals better co-exist with people, it could be to their benefit. But if it makes them more defenseless to their nonhuman predators, it could be a real problem. Either way, these results mean that city living has enough of an influence on wild animals that evolutionary processes kick in. Those reductions in anti-predator characteristics become encoded in their genes. We’re changing the population genetics one way or another.
What the researchers now wonder is whether the mere presence of tourists in less urbanized areas can cause similar changes in wild animals. If so, serious questions exist for the idea of ethical, welfare-oriented eco-tourism. If we wish to help animals keep their anti-predator defenses, the researchers say, we might have to intentionally expose animals to predators. It’s just yet one other way that we’re changing the world around us.
1. The research led by Blumstein is aimed at ________.A.determining how animals’ survival is impacted by individual plasticity |
B.studying how living among humans affects animals’ survival strategies |
C.comparing the effectiveness of different survival techniques |
D.finding out which evolutionary factor impacts animals’ survival methods |
A.Controlled breeding of animals. | B.Banning the operation of eco-tourism. |
C.Planned selection of favorable genes. | D.Eliminating domestication. |
A.Urbanization has made wild animals more alert. |
B.Urbanization has brought concrete benefits to animals. |
C.City living has led to animals’ genetic variations. |
D.City living has helped to preserve animal species. |
A.expose the fox to the urban environment repeatedly |
B.train the fox to co-exist with the less aggressive predators |
C.intentionally get the fox accustomed to the presence of humans |
D.purposefully adapt the fox to predator related environment |
【推荐2】We human beings need to stay in touch with nature-many studies show how much better people feel when in sight of trees. Yet even more importantly,nature itself needs us to stay in touch. Many politicians and scientists have told us that we can "conquer" nature,but in reality nature will always be beyond our control---we do have the power to destroy it. The fate of all the animals and their habitats depends largely on our attitude towards them. Whether or not we ourselves survive depends on how well we look after the rest. For our sake as well as theirs,we need to consider it seriously.
But how can we care at all if we spend our lives indoors?Born in South London at the end of the Second World War,at least I knew what a sparrow was(they're rare now)and you couldn't put a spade into our tiny garden without cutting a worm in half. We knew,too,that milk comes from cows and that old men can grow amazing carrots on poor land. Ultra-urban(极度城市化)as we may have been,at least we were in touch.
"Now we have a generation who frankly are not in touch. So how can they care if the countryside is sold off to the highest bidders,and used to park helicopters,and our crops come free from Monsanto and our livestock live in factories?They will know no other way.
But if we settle for the ultra-urban life,if we allow all wilderness to be compromised and hand our farming over to industrial chemists then,quite simply,the world will fall apart--as it has been doing already. We have to rethink what agriculture is really for,and why conservation matters to us,as well as to other creatures. Changes of strategies begin with attitude and attitude begins with awareness.
1. Which of the following opinions will the author be for?A.Technology will help humans control nature completely. |
B.Conquering nature is the policy of human society. |
C.Humans have to find a way to live in harmony with nature. |
D.We will lose control of nature with the development of society. |
A.were in close touch with nature |
B.managed to survive in the war |
C.killed the worms in the earth cruelly |
D.had a healthier diet than us |
A.modern agriculture doesn't need hard work |
B.high profits can be made by selling city land |
C.they are cut off from nature |
D.livestock living in factories are tastier |
A.a chemical fertilizer plant |
B.a scientist good at farming |
C.a construction corporation |
D.a big agricultural company |
A.move to the countryside |
B.reflect on our past behaviors |
C.leave space for wild animals |
D.turn farms into big factories |
【推荐3】As the world seeks to slow the pace of climate change and preserve wildlife, trees undoubtedly hold a major part of the answer. Yet the mass destruction of trees--deforestation-continues, sacrificing (牺牲)the long-term benefits of standing trees for short-term gain.
So, what are the factors leading to deforestation? Farming, animal raising, mining, and drilling combined account for more than half of all deforestation.
Luckily, a movement is under way to preserve existing forest ecosystems and restore lost tree cover. Organizations and activists are working to fight illegal mining and logging. As consumers, it makes sense to look for sustainably produced sources.
A.Yet the effects of deforestation reach much farther. |
B.Globally, forests are disappearing at an alarming rate. |
C.Wildfires and urbanization also account for a small part, |
D.Deforestation affects people and animals and even the wider world. |
E.With these joint efforts, many conservationists see reasons for hope. |
F.Deforestation is responsible for around 15% of all greenhouse gas emissions. |
G.Some deforestation is caused by a combination of human and natural factors. |
【推荐1】More than five million different kinds oforganisms(生物体) live on the Earth. For thousands of years, humans have searched for ways to organize thisdiversity(多样性). In the eighteenth century, a Swedish professor, physician, and naturalist named Carolus Linnaeus developed the system of naming and classifying organisms that we use today.
Linnaeus contributed to the modern classification of organisms in two ways. He first developed a convention for naming life forms.
Before Linnaeus came up with a standardized system of naming, there were often many names for a single species, and these names tended to be long and confusing. Linnaeus decided that all species names should be in Latin and should have two parts, one indicating thegents(plural: genera), a group that includes similar species and one indicating the specific name of the species. When written alone, the specific name is meaningless since many different species in different genera have the same specific name. The specific namefamiliaris, for example, is commonly used to describe species. Therefore, when used by itself, it would not describe any one organism. When the genus is also given, however, as inCanis familiaris, we know that the name refers to a specific organism: the domestic dog.
Linnaeus was also the originator of modern taxonomy, a system of classifying nature based onhierarchical(分层的) groupings. Linnaeus first grouped life forms into three broad groups, called kingdoms. These kingdoms were animals, plants, and minerals. He divided each of these kingdoms into classes, classes into orders, orders into genera (genus is singular) and then genera into species, grouping organisms according to shared physical characteristics.
Although modern taxonomists still use the hierarchical structure of Linnaeus’s classification system as well as his method of grouping organisms according to observable similarities, they have added hierarchical levels and significantly changed Linnaeus’s original groupings. The broadest level of life is now a domain. All living things fit into only three domains. Within each of these domains there are kingdoms. Each kingdom contains phyla (singular is phylum), followed by class, order, family, genus, and species.
In addition to the Linnaean kingdoms of plants andanimals, biologists recognizeprokaryotes,protists, andfungias separate kingdoms. Theprokaryotesare the oldest and most abundant group of organisms. They are also the smallest cellular organisms. Common bacteria, which have been known to survive in many environments that support no other form of life, fall into this category. Theprotistkingdom is made up of a variety of single-celled or simple multicellular organisms.Protistsdo not have much in common. They are, essentially, those organisms which do not fit into any other kingdom.Fungicompose a third kingdom. Like plants, the cells of fungi have cell walls, giving them a tube-like structure. However,fungido not produce their own carbon as plants do. Rather, they acquire nutrients by absorbing and digesting carbon produced by other organisms. Yeasts and mushrooms are examples offungi.
1. The writer gives the scientific name of the domestic dog in paragraph 3 in order to ________.A.demonstrate Linnaeus’s method of classification |
B.introduce the need for a better system of naming organisms |
C.criticize the complexity of Linnaeus’s naming system |
D.illustrate the necessity of including two parts when naming organism |
A.The hierarchical structure of Linnaeus’s system for classifying is no longer in use. |
B.Linnaeus’s original system of classification consisted of 3 domains. |
C.Linnaeus’s original system of classification is used today with little modifications. |
D.Modem taxonomists have added categories and regrouped organisms. |
A.They do not share the characteristics of any of the other four kingdoms. |
B.They are grouped together based on similar characteristics. |
C.They are limited to single-cell organisms. |
D.They acquire nutrients by eating other organisms. |
A.the Father of Modern Taxonomy |
B.Classifying Organisms |
C.Development in Life Forms |
D.Linnaeus’s Classification System |
【推荐2】You are what you eat-and what you eat may be encoded in your DNA. Studies have indicated that your genes play a role in determining the foods you find delicious or disgusting. But exactly how big a role they play has been difficult to figure out. “Everything has a genetic component even if it’s small,” says Joanne Cole, a geneticist at the University of Colorado School of Medicine. “We know that there is some genetic contribution to why we eat the foods we eat. Can we take the next step and actually locate the regions in the genome (基因)?”
New research led by Cole has gotten a step closer. Through a large-scale genomics analysis, her team has identified 481 genome regions that were directly linked to dietary patterns and food preferences. The findings, which have not yet been peer-reviewed, were presented last month at the American Society for Nutrition’s annual conference.
The team based the new study on a 2020 Nature Communications study by Cole and her colleagues that used data from the U.K. Biobank, a public database of the genetic and health information of 500,000 participants. By scanning genomes, the new analysis was able to identify 194 regions associated with dietary patterns and 287 linked to specific foods such as fruit, cheese, fish, tea and alcohol. Further understanding how genetics impact how we eat could reveal differences in nutritional needs or disease risks.
“One of the problems with a lot of these genomics studies is that they’re very small. They don’t have enough people to really be able to identify genes in ways that are credible. This study had a huge group of people, so it’s really powerful.” says Monica Dus, a geneticist at the University of Michigan. “The other thing that I thought was really great is that there are so many different features that they’re measuring related to diet including cholesterol (胆固醇), the body and socioeconomic backgrounds.” As the research advances, Dus says, such genome analysis could potentially assist health care providers and even policymakers to address larger issues that affect food access and health.
It’s definitely true that it may contribute to making sure there aren’t food deserts-areas which have limited access to fresh, healthy and affordable food or to making sure that there’s a higher minimum wage so that everyone can afford to eat, although the journey ahead remains lengthy and challenging.
1. How did researchers conduct the present study?A.By involving a substantial number of participants. |
B.By directly analyzing the data from a public database. |
C.By building on a previous study based on large-scale data. |
D.By identifying genome regions associated with dietary patterns. |
A.Powerful participants were involved in the current study. |
B.The methods employed for the previous studies were credible. |
C.The genome analyses have helped address larger social issues. |
D.Various features linked to diet were considered in the present study. |
A.The benefits of latest large-scale diet-related genome analyses. |
B.The contribution of genes to diet patters and food preferences. |
C.The significance of a newly published diet-related genome discovery. |
D.The introduction of a research on identifying diet-related genome regions. |
A.National Geographic | B.Sports Illustrated for kids |
C.Scientific American | D.The Wall Street Journal |
【推荐3】Until recently, scientists and authors were in absolute disagreement over the point of crying. In King Henry VI, Shakespeare wrote,”…, to weep is to make less the depth of grief”, and the American writer Lemony Snicket said “unless you have been very, very lucky, you know that a good, long session of weeping can often make you feel better, even if your circumstances have not changed one bit”.
Charles Darwin, on the other hand, thought that shedding tears (the act of crying) was merely a useless side effect of the way that the muscles around the eye worked. For him, those muscles had to contract(收缩)from time to time so that they didn’t overflow with blood; the expulsion of tears was simply an unintended consequence of that evolved physiological(生理学的)process. He did acknowledge that crying could help young infants attract the attention of their parents, though.
We now know that crying—at least, the sort that adults do—is a complex physiological response to some kind of emotional stimulus. The most noticeable feature is of course the shedding of tears, but it also includes changes in facial expressions and breathing patterns.
From a scientific perspective, crying is different from shedding the kind of tears like when you accidentally rub your eyes after eating spicy foods. Even the tears themselves are different. In 1981, Minnesota psychiatrist William H Frey II discovered that tears flowing due to sad movies had more protein in them than those that flowed in response to some freshly chopped onions.
If you shed tears of laughter when seeing a funny comedy show or you're moved to tears when listening to a bridegroom’s wedding vows to his bride, you may know that emotional tears aren't limited to feelings of deep sadness. While all of us are familiar with the feelings that are associated with crying, whether for joy or sorrow, we know little about why we do it as adults-but there are plenty of ideas.
One idea is that adult crying isn't actually all that different from the sort that babies do, at least when it comes to its social nature. In other words, perhaps weeping is a literal cry for attention, a means of soliciting support and help from our friends when we need it the most. It’s a way of communicating our inner emotional state at a time when we may not be able to express it clearly.
While this may explain some forms of crying, many researchers have found that adults often cry when they’re completely alone. Another possibility is that crying might serve as a means of “secondary appraisal,” helping people to realize just how upset they are, a way of just how upset they are and helping them understand their own feelings.
Another idea is that crying provides relief from stressful situations. The idea is consistent not only with the words of Shakespeare, but also with the words of Roman Poet Ovid, who wrote, “It is some relief to weep; grief is satisfied and carried off by tears.” The Greek Philosopher Aristotle also wrote that crying “cleanses the mind”. In a 1986 study of popular US magazines and newspapers, one psychologist found that 94% of articles about crying suggested that it helped to relieve psychological tension.
Indeed, a 2008 study of nearly 4,300 young adults from 30 countries found that most reported improvements in both their mental and physical well-being after a short period of crying, but not all. Some reported no change after a crying session, and some even said that they felt worse afterwards.
The difference seems to lie in the social context: if a person felt embarrassed about crying in public, for example, they might feel less resolved than if they cried alone or with a friend. The study also found that when people tried to suppress or hide their crying, they ended up feeling less relieved afterwards.
So the notion of having “a good cry” is not without merit. In the end, adults might just cry for the same reason as human infants: to seek help from their friends and family.
1. According to Darwin, shedding tears was ________.A.the same thing as crying |
B.aimed at attracting other’s attention |
C.nothing but a physiological process |
D.an effective way to get rid of negative emotions |
A.It can benefit people’s eye muscles. |
B.It is a response to the stimulus to eyes. |
C.It is usually caused by painful emotions. |
D.It can cause changes in people's outward features. |
A.refusing | B.seeking |
C.providing | D.receiving |
A.Lemony Snicket. | B.Ovid. |
C.Aristotle. | D.Charles Darwin. |
A.Why do people cry | B.Experiments on crying |
C.Different types of crying | D.Is having a cry good for us |