Passenger pigeons (旅鸽) once flew over much of the United States in unbelievable numbers. Written accounts from the 18th and 19th centuries described flocks(群) so large that they darkened the sky for hours.
It was calculated that when its population reached its highest point, there were more than 3 billion passenger pigeons—a number equal to 24 to 40 percent of the total bird population in the United States, making it perhaps the most abundant bird in the world. Even as late as 1870 when their numbers had already become smaller, a flock believed to be 1 mile wide and 320 miles (about 515 kilometers) long was seen near Cincinnati.
Sadly the abundance of passenger pigeons may have been their undoing. Where the birds were most abundant, people believed there was an ever-lasting supply and killed them by the thousands. Commercial hunters attracted them to small clearings with grain, waited until pigeons had settled to feed, then threw large nets over them, taking hundreds at a time. The birds were shipped to large cities and sold in restaurants.
By the closing decades of the 19th century, the hardwood forests where passenger pigeons nested had been damaged by American’s need for wood, which scattered (驱散) the flocks and forced the birds to go farther north, where cold temperatures and storms contributed to their decline. Soon the great flocks were gone, never to be seen again.
In 1897, the state of Michigan passed a law prohibiting the killing of passenger pigeons but by then, no sizable flocks had been seen in the state for 10 years. The last confirmed wild pigeon in the United States was shot by a boy in Pike County, Ohio, in 1900. For a time, a few birds survived under human care. The last of them, known affectionately as Martha, died at the Cincinnati Zoological Garden on September 1, 1914.
1. In the 18th and early 19th centuries, passenger pigeons ________.| A．were the biggest bird in the world |
| B．lived mainly in the south of America |
| C．did great harm to the natural environment |
D．were the largest bird  population in the US |
| A．escape | B．ruin |
| C．liberation | D．evolution |
| A．To seek pleasure. | B．To save other birds. |
| C．To make money. | D．To protect crops. |
| A．It was ignored by the public. | B．It was declared too late. |
| C．It was unfair. | D．It was strict. |
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【推荐1】15 years ago, Erin Merryn met a kitten who needed a home when she was a college student.
He jumped into her arms and refused to let her go.
“I was attached immediately and decided that I would take a risk and try hiding a kitten in my college dorm where animals are obviously not allowed,” Erin recalled.
A week later she was caught and given 48 hours to remove the cat. After several phone calls, Erin was able to find an old lady to take Bailey, the kitten. But Bailey did not get along with his new housemate. As soon as Erin learned that he would be sent away, she immediately offered to take him back. “I plotted for a month to convince my parents to let me keep him.” said Erin.
Six years ago, Erin had Abby, her beautiful daughter. She didn’t know what Bailey would think about the new addition when she brought her home from the hospital.
“But it was love at first sight.” Erin said. Bailey stayed by Abby’s side, guarding and showering her with love and purrs. As Abby grew, he became her protective brother, watching over her every step of the way. Abby picked up a book one day and tried to read it with Bailey by her side. He became her perfect audience, and the sweet boy was completely attracted by Abby as she told him stories of wonder.
A video showing Abby reading to Bailey went viral on the Internet in 2018. Numerous people followed Erin on social media platforms.
Unfortunately, on December 8, 2018, just months after becoming famous, the 14-year old cat passed away from kidney failure.
A full month after Bailey’s passing, Erin still got cards and gifts from caring individuals. It is this love that Erin hopes Bailey’s fans hold on to. She wants her furry “first-born” to be remembered as a symbol of compassion that inspires others to treat the world with love.
1. Which of the following best describes Erin Merryn?| A．An able college student. | B．A perfect mother. |
| C．A lover of cats. | D．An online influencer. |
| A．He was appointed to guard the newly born baby. | B．He showed Abby much love and affection. |
| C．He shared many interesting stories with Abby. | D．He made great progress in reading. |
| A．Erin Merryn. | B．The Old Lady. | C．Bailey. | D．Abby. |
| A．No Ordinary Cat. | B．A Wonderful World. |
| C．Importance of Protecting Animals. | D．Love from Animals. |
【推荐2】Whales are interesting animals.
These animals move well through the water. But they are not fish. A fish’s tail grows up and down.
While whales can’t see or smell very well, hearing and feeling let them know what is going on around them. Some whales can make sounds.
| A．An adult blue whale can weigh more than 100 tons. |
| B．They are big sea animals that look like fish. |
| C．A whale's tail grows from side to side. |
| D．A fish takes in air with water. |
| E．These sounds hit against things under the water. |
| F．Most whales are very big animals. |
| G．Whales are gentle animals. |
【推荐3】As consumers, especially young ones, become more eco﹣conscious, services are popping up to reduce wastefulness in the flower industry, extending the life of old bouquets（花束） that were previously thrown away the day after a big event.
Considering that the floral（花的）gifting market is expected to reach ﹩16 billion in revenue by 2023, buying from eco﹣friendly businesses can have a huge impact. According to one estimate, the roughly 100 million roses grown for a typical Valentine's Day in the U. S. produce about 9,000 metric tons of carbon dioxide emissions.
“When you realize what the supply chain looks like and the number of hands that touch these flowers. and then they're only appreciated for a couple of hours, it's kind of disgusting when you think about the amount of resources that go into it,” says Jennifer Grove, founder of New York City﹣based flower service Repeat Roses.
While working as a wedding designer and corporate planner, Grove often oversaw the design of floral arrangements, only to see those creations thrown away within a few hours. In 2014 she founded Repeat Roses to make it easier for luxury clients to donate used bouquets. Like a traditional floral service, the company sells high﹣end floral decorations for weddings or social events, but it then recycles or composts（堆肥） them.
If a customer chooses the unique repurposing（改变用途） service, a Repeat Roses team can remove the arrangements from the event and then restyle the flowers into smaller bouquets to donate to hospitals, nursing homes and family shelters. If there's a charity that holds a special place in a customer's heart, the team will ensure the blooms are sent there. “It's a logistics business, and we're trying to make sure we are strategic in where we play matchmaker,” Grove says. When the charities are finished with the flowers, Repeat Roses also picks them back up and composts them. The altruism isn't free﹣prices start at ﹩1,750 for the removal and repurposing service to account for the transportation and labor costs. If you're not willing to spend that much, the company will still compost the flowers from your event instead of sending them to a landfill.
Through these two methods, Repeat Roses estimates it has diverted more than 98 tons of waste from landfills and delivered almost 53,000 floral arrangements to people in need. Although Repeat Roses is a for﹣profit business, the flower repurposing itself is a tax write﹣off for the client. As the fair market value of a client's donated flowers is what's used for the charitable tax credit and is eligible for deduction, Repeat Roses ensures that the beneficiary sends you an acknowledgement letter including details of your donation.
1. Jennifer Grove founded Repeat Roses in order to do the following except .| A．avoid the waste of flowers |
| B．reduce the pollution to the environment |
| C．earn money by selling used flowers |
| D．help some customers do charity work |
| A．the company’s composting the flowers |
| B．the customers’ donating flowers to people in need |
| C．the reception of the donation by the people in need |
| D．the transportation of the flowers to a landfill |
| A．To get a discount when buying flowers. |
| B．To feel fulfilled because of donation. |
| C．To get a tax reduction. |
| D．To receive a letter of compliment. |
| A．a creative way of making money |
| B．a green trend of waste utilization |
| C．a way to cut the emission of carbon dioxide |
| D．a company devoted to charity |
【推荐1】For most people, playing tennis or going to the gym is a good way to exercise and relax.
However, some people are not satisfied with such “boring” sports. They prefer dangerous sports like mountain climbing, scuba diving, or hang gliding. These daredevils love the adventure of reaching the top of the highest mountain, swimming underwater in dangerous areas of the ocean, or jumping off a mountain and silently gliding down to flat land. They feel most “alive” when there is the possibility that they might die the next minute.
Why do these people participate in such dangerous sports? There are many answers.
Some daredevils are actually very careful. They examine the potential (潜在的) dangers, pay attention to both their physical and mental health, and carefully check their equipment. Often, they choose a specific sport because they have always been frightened of it, and they want to have power over their fear. They do not want to die, but they do not want to be scared of dying either.
Other daredevils are very different from normal people. Most people, for example, feel nervous before doing something dangerous, afraid during the event, and excited after it. Many daredevils, on the other hand, feel so excited during the dangerous action that they decide to do it again and again. They are addicted to excitement as other people are addicted to drugs or alcohol. It is possible that many daredevils have slightly higher amounts of certain chemicals in their bodies, but scientists haven’t yet studied this enough to be sure.
1. The underlined word “alive” in the first paragraph could best be replaced by __________| A．excited | B．tired | C．fresh | D．normal |
| A．they are never afraid of dangers |
| B．they have a high amount of certain chemicals in their minds |
| C．they feel excited about knowing they will die at any time |
| D．they want to give themselves a test of courage |
| A．The majority of people prefer “boring” sports. |
| B．All the daredevils are crazy but not careful at all. |
| C．The daredevils love dangerous sports because they use drugs |
| D．It has been proved that daredevils have slightly higher amounts of certain chemicals |
| A．examine facts | B．give information |
| C．compare hobbies | D．ask people to take up dangerous sports |
【推荐2】On a recent sunny day, 13,000 chickens roam over Larry Brown’s 40 windswept acres in Shiner, Texas. Some rest in the shade of a parked car. Others drink water with the cows. This all seems random, but it’s by design, part of what the $6.1 billion U.S. egg industry bets will be its next big thing: climate-friendly eggs.
These eggs, which are making their debut now on shelves for as much as $8 a dozen, are still labeled organic and animal-friendly, but they’re also from birds that live on farms using regenerative agriculture — special techniques to cultivate rich soils that can trap greenhouse gases. Such eggs could be marketed as helping to fight climate change.
“I’m excited about our progress,” says Brown, who harvests eggs for Denver-based NestFresh Eggs and is adding more cover crops that draw worms and crickets for the chickens to eat. The birds’ waste then fertilizes fields. Such improvements “allow our hens to forage for high-quality natural feed that will be good for the land, the hens, and the eggs that we supply to our customers.”
The egg industry’s push is the first major test of whether animal products from regenerative farms can become the next premium offering. In barely more than a decade, organic eggs went from being dismissed as a niche product in natural foods stores to being sold at Walmart. More recently there were similar doubts about probiotics and plant-based meats, but both have exploded into major supermarket categories. If the sustainable-egg rollout is successful, it could open the floodgates for regenerative beef, broccoli, and beyond.
Regenerative products could be a hard sell, because the concept is tough to define quickly, says Julie Stanton, associate professor of agricultural economics at Pennsylvania State University Brandywine. Such farming also brings minimal, if any, improvement to the food products (though some producers say their eggs have more protein).
The industry is betting that the same consumers paying more for premium attributes such as free-range, non-GMO, and pasture-raised eggs will embrace sustainability. Surveys show that younger generations are more concerned about climate change, and some of the success of plant- based meat can be chalked up to shoppers wanting to signal their desire to protect the environment. Young adults “really care about the planet,” says John Brunnquell, president of Egg Innovations. “They are absolutely altering the food chain beyond what I think even they understand what they’re doing.”
1. The climate friendly eggs are produced ______.| A．at a considerably low cost | B．at the demand of regular shoppers |
| C．as a replacement for organic eggs | D．on specially designed farms |
| A．reducing the damage of worms | B．accelerating the disposal of waste |
| C．creating a sustainable system | D．attracting customers to his products |
| A．are desperate to change their diet | B．are likely to buy climate-friendly eggs |
| C．are enthusiastic about new food | D．are amazed at environmental problems |
| A．market prospects | B．nutritional value |
| C．standard definition | D．moral implications |
【推荐3】Parkinson’s is a progressive brain disease which leads to shaky hands and slow movement, and there is no cure. Tai Chi, a traditional Chinese martial art that combines (结合) slow, gentle movements with deep breathing and relaxation, may be an effective means of reducing the suffering. Recently, the researchers say that those who practised the martial art twice a week had fewer complications (并发症) and better quality of life than those who didn’t. Experts say the findings back up previous studies on the benefits of exercise for those with Parkinson’s.
The study, from Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, monitored the health of hundreds of Parkinson’s patients for up to five years. One group of 147 people practised regular Tai Chi while another group of 187 did not. The researchers found that the disease progressed more slowly in the Tai Chi group on measurements of symptoms (症状), movement and balance. This group also saw fewer falls, less back pain and dizziness, with memory and concentration problems also lower than in the other group. At the same time, sleep and quality of life continuously improved.
Prof. Alastair Noyce, professor in neurology and neuroepidemiology at Queen Mary University of London, called it “an important study”—the positive effects on aspects of motor (运动的) and non-motor functions are impressive — but said there were limitations in its design, and more tests were needed.
“We already recommend Tai Chi, as well as other forms of exercise, but understanding which forms of exercise are most beneficial is an important goal to improve the long-term management of patients,” he said.
1. Why was the study conducted?| A．To find a cure for Parkinson’s disease. |
| B．To improve the sleep quality of Parkinson’s patients. |
| C．To remove the misunderstanding of the previous studies. |
| D．To research the benefits of Tai Chi for those with Parkinson’s. |
| A．Concentration problem was lower in the Tai Chi group. |
| B．The disease progressed more slowly in the Tai Chi group. |
| C．Patients in the non-Tai Chi group continuously fell down. |
| D．Back pain and dizziness were relieved in the Tai Chi group. |
| A．Tai Chi should be given more preference. |
| B．Finding the most beneficial exercise is of importance. |
| C．It is unnecessary to do more related studies. |
| D．Improve the long-term management of patients is impossible. |
| A．Confused. | B．Doubtful. | C．Positive. | D．Worried. |
【推荐1】A star athlete at the college where I work recently stopped by my office. After committing a few unforced errors during a weekend match, she suffered severely by self-criticism.
This student, like many I teach, strongly believes she should be able to control the outcomes of her life by virtue of her hard work. In her mind, “Nothing can stop me but myself”. So when these students fall short of what they imagine they should accomplish, they are filled with self-blame, reasoning, “If my accomplishments are mine to control, my failures must be entirely my faults, too”, which makes it extremely difficult for them to move on.
We often owe young adults struggling with failure to their parents’ overprotection of them from discomfort. But there is another factor at play: a message transmitted by indulging (纵容的) parents who have falsely promised them that they can achieve anything if they are willing to work for it. However, the cruel reality of life is that you can do everything in your power — and still fail. Then what should be done to help?
Psychologists Luthar and Kumar urge parents and teachers to spend time helping students find purpose, or goals they genuinely love to pursue and that make an impact on the world, which may help them gain greater life satisfaction and become more psychologically mature. Besides, instead of allowing our kids to beat themselves up when things don’t go their way, we might all question a culture where one is considered lazy without full devotion. The point is to remind them that life has a way of sucker-punching (出其不意) us when we least expect it. It’s often the people who learn to say “stuff happens” who get up the fastest.
1. What does the underlined phrase “by virtue of” in paragraph 2 mean?| A．in addition to | B．in spite of | C．by means of | D．for fear of |
| A．they are not taught how to deal with difficulties |
| B．they are short of the ability to handle failure |
| C．they are under the protection of their parents |
| D．they are misled by their parents’ false message |
| A．To teach students how to avoid faults. |
| B．To lead students to set their truly loved goals. |
| C．To help students to discover a path to success. |
| D．To allow kids to blame themselves. |
| A．Students don’t care about failure at all. |
| B．Students are sure to succeed if they try their best. |
| C．Students should bear all the failures on their own. |
| D．Students with positive attitudes can move on more easily. |
【推荐2】Most parents fear getting letters home from their children’s school. They are usually informing them that their child is in big trouble. But ahead of the SATs exams next week, one school decided to send a letter of a different type.
Bosses at Buckton Vale Primary School in Stalybridge sent letter to all pupils in the sixth grade to tell them how special and unique they are. The letter highlights all the natural skills and abilities the pupils have and everything that makes them “smart’’ individuals.
They are told how their laughter can brighten the darkest day and that the examiners do not know the pupils are kind, trustworthy and thoughtful.
The letter, signed by the headmaster and two other teachers, has been put on the school’s Facebook page and shared more than 9.000 times with more than 7,000 likes.
The letter reads, “Next week you will sit your SATs tests for maths, reading, spelling, grammar and punctuation. We know how hard you have worked, but there is something very important you must know. The SATs test does not assess all that makes each of you special and unique. The people who create these tests and score them do not know each of you in the way that we do and certainly not in the way your families do.”
The letter goes on to say that the tests are not the most important thing in life, adding, “The scores you will get from this test will tell you something, but they will not tell you everything. There are many ways of being smart. You are smart!”
The letter has been welcomed by many parents on Facebook. Lynn McPherson wrote, “That’s great instilling (逐步灌输) hope, faith and belief.” And Mary Tilling said, “Every child school receive one of these. Brilliant.”
1. What does the underlined word “They” in Paragraph 1 refer to?| A．Parent. | B．Children. |
| C．Teachers. | D．Letters. |
| A．To stress the importance of the exams. |
| B．To help the students pass the exams. |
| C．To help the students to build confidence. |
| A．Everyone can realize his dream. |
| B．Everyone has his unique value. |
| C．Exams are meaningless in our life. |
| D．Nothing is impossible to a willing heart. |
| A．the letter was well received |
| B．the letter was a total failure |
| C．the parents are easy to please |
| D．the parents support their children |
【推荐3】It was dawn of March 21, 2018. Gary Messina was on his morning run along New York City’s East River. Suddenly something caught his eye – a large 60-year-old man balancing on the four-foot-high fence that guarded the path from the water. As Messina got closer to the scene, the man took a step forward and slipped into the dark river below.
When Messina reached nearer, the man was struggling in the water, clearly unable to swim. Other joggers also heard the man’s cry. David Blauzvern and John Green dropped their phones and keys on land and jumped in. “People had called the police, but it was unclear when they’d get there.” says Green. “We just reacted.” Messina joined them in the river. Just as the jumper was losing strength, Blauzvern take hold of him. The pair were about 30 yards from the seawall when Messina and Green caught up to them. They seized the man, with Blauzvern supporting his back and Messina and Green holding him up from either side. As the men made their toward the concrete seawall that stretched (延伸) for blocks in each direction, Blauzvern had an awful realization: there was no way out of the river.
By now, a crowd had gathered on land. “A rescue boat is on its way,” someone yelled to them. Swimming forward was getting tougher by the minute. The jumper, who was six foot two and weighed around 260 pounds, was heavy in his rescuers’ arms. After ten minutes, they managed to get to the river’s edge. “I’ve never been so out of breath,” says Blauzvern.
Fifteen minutes after the men had jumped into the river, the two-man rescue boat appeared. But because it couldn’t risk getting too close to the seawall, the men had to swim out to it. “I was completely out of energy at this point,” says Blauzvern. The men in the water pushed the jumper while the men in the boat pulled him up and, finally, to safety. The man they had saved was taken to the hospital for evaluation(评估). Details on his condition have not been known. As for the rescuers, each of them was at work by 10:30 a.m. “I was a bit late,” admits Blauzvern, smiling. “But I had a good excuse.”
1. The story mainly centers around ________.| A．why the old man slipped into the river |
| B．who saved the old man |
| C．how the old man was rescued |
| D．when and where the accident happened |
| A．Gary Messina. | B．David Blauzvern. |
| C．John Green. | D．An unknown jogger. |
| A．The rescued man is rather tall and fat. |
| B．Police would never be found on the spot of rescue. |
| C．The process of rescuing the man took up the whole morning/ |
| D．The man was actually saved by the two-man rescue boat. |
| A．The man wanted to kill himself in the river. |
| B．The men is the river were all good swimmers. |
| C．The man was taken home immediately he was saved. |
| D．Blauzvern felt at ease even if he was late for work that day. |
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【推荐2】Australia’s government has promised to pay “whatever it takes” to help communities recover from ongoing wildfires. Prime Minister Scott Morrison announced Monday an additional billion in government aid for recovery efforts. Officials had already promised tens of millions of dollars to help rebuild from the fires.
About 200 wildfires have burned more than 6 million hectares of land in the southern Australian states of New South Wales and Victoria. At least 24 people have been killed. More than 2,000 homes have been destroyed by the fires.
The government assistance is to be used to help rebuild towns and repair basic facilities damaged by the fires. Morrison said the military was now attempting to get food, fuel and water to burned-out communities. Engineers were working to reopen roads and resupply relief centres.
Dry conditions and strong winds fed more than 135 fires burning across New South Wales. The fires hit earlier than usual this year after a severe lack of rain led to Australia’s hottest and driest year on record. Scientists partly blame global warming caused by human activity for creating a high fire danger.
On Monday, rain and cooler temperatures provided a short break to some communities battling the wildfires. But the rain also made it more difficult for fire crews attempting to carry out controlled burning operations. The latest weather was welcomed in Victoria state. However, at least 20 centimeters of rain would be needed to put out the fires. That is about 20 times the amount of rain that fell during the past day.
Drier conditions and higher temperatures were expected to return to the area later this week.
“We’ve got big fire danger coming our way toward the end of this week，”Victoria state Premier Daniel Andrews said. “We are by no means out of this. And the next few days, and indeed the next few months, are going to be challenging.”
1. What’s the main idea for the passage？| A．Australia s government has been making great efforts in putting out the fire. |
| B．Dry and hot weather made it more difficult to put out the fire. |
| C．The wildfire has caused great damage to wild animals and people. |
| D．We need to pay more attention to the environment to avoid more fires. |
| A．Winds. | B．Lack of proper preventive measures. |
| C．Lack of rain. | D．Human activities. |
| A．The military was now trying to reopen roads and build shelters for those affected. |
| B．The rainfall amount was far from adequate to control fires. |
| C．The weather promises to cool down in the following days. |
| D．A total of $1.4 billion in government aid has been used for recovery efforts. |
| A．Promising. | B．Positive. | C．Doubtful. | D．Concerned |
【推荐3】Most humans are able to recognize about 1 million different colors, but some people can't recognize this many because of something called colorblindness(色盲). In rare cases, some people can't see any colors at all.
There are three cone-shaped(锥形的)cells at the back of our eyes that allow us to see colors. These cells absorb tight waves and send a message to the brain, where the image is processed.
If something is wrong with these cone-shaped cells, this can result in colorblindness.
Thankfully, special color-correcting glasses have already been made to help fix some types or colorblindness. Now, according to research published in Optics Letters, scientists have provided another choice.
Sharon Karepov and Tal Ellenbogen, engineers from Tel Aviv University in Israel, have found a way to apply this technology to contact lenses(隐形眼镜). This is good news for the millions of people worldwide who suffer from colorblindness.
One of the most common types of colorblindness is red-green colorblindness. People who have this specific type have difficulty telling the colors red and green apart. "Problems with distinguishing red from green stop simple daily routines such as deciding whether a banana is ripe," Karepov explained.
Karepov also stressed the importance of applying this finding to create special contact lenses instead of relying on color-correcting glasses.
"Glasses based on this correction concept are commercially available. However, they are too big than contact lenses." Karepov said. "Our contact lenses create a customized, compact and durable(耐用的)way to deal with these shortcomings."
This new research is groundbreaking. In addition to offering those who are colorblind another option, it may lead to solutions for other visual damage.
1. What can cause colorblindness, according to the article?| A．Only one type of cone-shaped cell exists in the eyes. |
| B．Cone-shaped cells cannot process images received. |
| C．The brain fails to absorb and process light waves. |
| D．Cone-shaped cells probably don't work properly. |
| A．They can recognize 1 million different colors. |
| B．They are not interested in colorful stuff. |
| C．They may find daily tasks more difficult. |
| D．They have fewer cone-shaped cells than other people. |
| A．Three cone-shaped cells. | B．Special color-correcting glasses. |
| C．Processed image. | D．Red-green colorblindness type. |
| A．They are much smaller. | B．They are easier to make. |
| C．They are much cheaper. | D．They can help correct colorblindness. |
| A．It has led to a cure for colorblindness. |
| B．It has found causes of visual damage. |
| C．It could lead to solutions for other visual damage. |
| D．It has helped to develop glasses to fix visual damage. |
