Scientists have provided new evidence to help solve one of the world’s oldest mysteries---zebras stripes. Researchers recently described experiments showing that horse flies have a difficult time landing on zebras while easily landing on horses of a single color.
In one experiment, the researchers put blankets with stripes on horses and saw that fewer flies landed on them. "They fly past them or hit them and bounce off, "said Tim Caro of the University of California-Davis. He was the lead writer of a report on the study. The report was published in the journal PLOS ONE.
Closely related to horses, the world’s three zebra species are known for their black-and-white striped bodies. Zebras are native to Africas savannas, or grasslands. The appearance of the stripes is different from one zebra to the next.
There have been four main theories about the reasons why zebras developed stripes. The first theory is to avoid attacks by meat-eating animals. Another is that zebras have an easier time recognizing other zebras. a third idea is thermoregulation, which is the ability of a creature to control its body temperature, even when the surrounding temperature is different. The fourth theory is to prevent attacks by biting flies.
Only the last stands up, Caro said. "Most biologists involved in research on mammal coloration accept that this is the reason why zebras have stripes. University of Bristol biologist Martin How worked with Caro on the study. He said stripes may confuse flies when they get too close to zebras. African horse flies carry diseases, such as trypanosomiasis. The sickness can cause weakness and be deadly.
“In addition to stripes that prevent controlled landings by horse flies, zebras are always moving their tail and may frighten off the horse flies if they do land successfully, "Martin How said. He added that zebras are also using behavioral means to prevent flies from biting them
1. Why did the researchers put blankets with stripes on horses?A.To confuse African horse flies. |
B.To draw the attention of real zebras. |
C.To help drive away African horse flies. |
D.To see how African horse flies responded to them. |
A.They look the same to the human eye. |
B.Their stripes are different from each other. |
C.Zebras' living habits are similar to horses. |
D.Three zebra species worldwide are endangered. |
A.They keep horse flies from biting them. |
B.They use them to avoid attacks by other animals. |
C.They control their body temperature through them. |
D.They can easily recognize each other through the stripes. |
A.To help us know more about such flies. |
B.To tell us how zebras survive biting flies. |
C.To explain about a cause of death of zebras. |
D.To show the necessity for zebras to avoid flies. |
A.Why do zebras have stripes? |
B.How did zebras evolve from horses? |
C.What is the world’s oldest mystery? |
D.When did zebras start to prevent horse flies? |
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【推荐1】A century ago, millions of Quino checkerspot butterflies flew above Southern California. Each about the size of a paperclip, the Quinos hatched in great numbers each spring.
Toward the end of the twentieth century, however, the development of farms and cities dramatically reduced the butterfly’s habitat. By 1997, the population of the Quinos had declined to a tiny amount of its historical numbers.
The Quino’s situation continued to worsen. Wildfires burned much of its habitat, and temperatures were getting warmer and drier, making the environment more difficult to the butterfly’s host plant called the dwarf plantain.
Scientists knew that Quino caterpillars relied on the dwarf plantain as a food source. Each spring, the adult female butterflies laid eggs on dwarf plantains. When the caterpillars hatched, they fed on the plantain leaves. However, in the hot, dry summer, the plantains died off. The caterpillars responded by entering a state called diapause. Then, when normal winter rains came and the plantains’ flowers came out again, the caterpillars came back to life and started eating. Once they’d grown large enough, the caterpillars formed pupae and emerged as adult butterflies. This strategy worked well in most years, but as average temperatures rose and rainfall decreased, the caterpillars weren’t getting sufficient food, and fewer developed into butterflies.
Because the area where they lived was surrounded by developed cities and desert landscapes, the Quinos had limited options. They took off anyway, flying eastward into the hills. They landed in mountainous open spaces east of Los Angeles and San Diego. They found no dwarf plantains there. The females began laying their eggs on the leaves of other plants, primarily the Collinsia concolor. These plants remained green longer into the summer months. When the caterpillars Quinos survived, and their numbers grew in their new home.
Scientists were surprised when they began encounter innumerous Qunios in the eastern hills. They were cheered to learn that these small insects had adapted to changing conditions. The Quinos demonstrated the toughness needed to survive by finding not only a new habitat, but a new food source, too.
Meanwhile, scientists had been raising Quino caterpillars in a lab and released hundreds of caterpillars into protected areas around San Diego. Between the efforts of scientists and the butterflies’ own actions, more of those colorfully checkered wings may soon be seen fluttering above the Southern California skies.
1. From the passage, we know Quino checkerspot butterflies in Southern California ________.A.were an endangered species | B.couldn’t survive the winter cold |
C.were very adaptable to environmental changes | D.couldn’t respond to the food shortage on their own |
A.They travelled to a new habitat. | B.They found new dwarf plantains. |
C.They laid more eggs on host plants. | D.They learned to fly high up in the mountains |
A.Dying from hunger. | B.Stopping bodily functions. |
C.Becoming more active. | D.Surviving the hot summer. |
A.Quino Checkerspot Butterflies: Get Help |
B.Quino Checkerspot Butterflies: Endangered |
C.Quino Checkerspot Butterflies: Small, but Strong |
D.Quino Checkerspot Butterflies: Find a New Habitat |
【推荐2】It’s peak cold and flu season, which means taking a lot of preventative measures. Frequent hand-washing is a must, as is avoiding co-workers or friends who are sick. But we humans are not the only animals that change behaviors to keep diseases at bay. So do ants.
“So there are the foragers (工蚁) and the nurses — it’s two different groups of work,” said Natha of the University of Lausanne. She and her colleagues observed ants to see their reaction to the presence of a disease.
“The nurses being made of young workers typically, stay inside the nest and take care of the eggs. And the foragers are all the workers spending most of time at outside of the nest to collect food and defend the territory.”
Forager ants are at greater risk of getting exposed to diseases because they leave the safety of the nest. So the researchers sprayed a common virus on a small group of forager ants and then followed their movements to see the way other ants reacted.
“We marked all ants in the colony with individual labels, which carries these two-dimensional bar code marks like QR code which is automatically detected and recorded using a tracking system.”
After the infection, the nurse and forager ants stayed within their working places and interacted less outside of their work group. The researchers also saw that forager ants spent more time outside of the nest. “They increase that amount by 15 percent, so by quite a large amount.”
Isolating behavior stops the spread of the virus. “Something that’s quite interesting in these ants that’s been shown by the study is that in their ability to avoid infecting other members of the community, ants may be more advanced than we are,” Natha said.
1. How did the researchers track the infected ants?A.They labeled the movements of infected ants. |
B.They used the QR codes to follow the ants’ movements. |
C.They had some nurse and forager ants infected with the virus. |
D.They applied a tracking technology to record the ants’ movements. |
A.Forager ants stayed inside the nest more. |
B.Infected ants tended to stay away from healthy ants. |
C.The nurses stayed inside the nest, working and living as usual. |
D.15% more forager ants stayed outside after they were infected. |
A.Doubtful. | B.Objective. | C.Appreciative. | D.Conservative. |
A.They can change behaviours to prevent diseases. |
B.They are highly cooperative and adaptable. |
C.Forager ants have better resilience than nurse ants. |
D.Ants societies are more advanced than human societies. |
【推荐3】In the far north, well above the Arctic Circle in Alaska, ground squirrels (地松鼠) are like little balls within a deep hole in the ground. If you look at one, you might think it is dead. The squirrel is as cold as ice. Its body temperature is –2℃. Its heart beats only once every 15 seconds. Its breathing stops for minutes at a time.
It’s not exanimate, of course — just hibernating (冬眠). But spring is on its way to Alaska. As the days are becoming longer and the ground becomes warm, the Arctic ground squirrels will be warm, too. At first, the increase will be almost too small to notice. “You see them begin to breathe a little more quickly — see their heart rate speed up,” says Brian Barnes, a zoologist of the University of Alaska. “As they get up to 10 to 20℃, you see them shivering (颤抖) quite clearly,” he notes, “just as we shiver.” This shivering is a type of way to create heat. “Once their body temperatures rise above 30℃,” he says, “they wake up, clean themselves, and move.” A squirrel that looked dead a few hours before is now very much alive.
Arctic ground squirrels are among the world’s coolest hibernators. Chilling out (放松) for months at a time lets them grow in this extremely cold place, where food is short. By studying how ground squirrels hibernate, scientists hope to answer some big questions. Among them: How do these animals go from warm to cold and back again? And might people ever do the same? The ability to chill out could help humans who suffer from brain injuries and heart problems survive.
1. What does the underlined word “exanimate” in the second paragraph mean?A.Cold. | B.Weak. | C.Dead. | D.Tired. |
A.To increase its body temperature. |
B.To speed up its heart rate. |
C.To restore its breathing. |
D.To clean its body. |
A.To show the results of the study. |
B.To show the purpose of the study. |
C.To show how the study was carried out. |
D.To show people’s interest in ground squirrels. |
【推荐1】Traditional feedback (反馈), which often involves criticizing past actions and performance, can sometimes be discouraging. However, there’s a powerful alternative that has been gaining popularity — feedforward. Feedforward is about sharing constructive and forward-looking comments to help individuals and groups move forward together, building a positive path to collective progress.
Constructive feedback has long been a cornerstone of personal development. It helps individuals identify their weaknesses and areas for improvement, but it can sometimes feel like a constant spotlight on one’s shortcomings. Feedforward, on the other hand, shifts the focus from past missteps to future possibilities. It is a tool that fosters (培养) a culture of growth, emphasizing what can be done to enhance one’s performance and contribute to the overall betterment of a group or organization.
Instead of focusing on past mistakes or weaknesses, feedforward encourages people to recognize their strengths and potential, highlighting the possibilities of what they can achieve. This approach not only boosts confidence but also motivates individuals to struggle for excellence. In a world where negativity can often overshadow positivity, the power of feedforward lies in its ability to uplift and inspire people.
When applied in group settings, feedforward becomes a powerful tool for building unity and cooperation. Teams and organizations that welcome feedforward form an environment where team members feel valued and supported. By focusing on future improvement, teams can collectively work towards their goals, fostering innovation, and achieving better results.
Feedforward can also be valuable in building personal relationships. It can be used in families, friendships, and romantic partnerships to encourage personal growth and strengthen bonds. Feedforward instead of being judgemental increases confidence. By offering constructive and forward-looking comments, you can support your loved ones in their pursuit of happiness and self-improvement.
To successfully implement feedforward, it is essential to foster open and honest communication. It’s about providing advice that is specific, practical, and, most importantly, constructive. The emphasis should always be on helping individuals identify their potential and offering suggestions for growth.
1. How does the author introduce the topic?A.By analyzing a scene. | B.By stating a phenomenon. |
C.By providing an example. | D.By making a comparison. |
A.Developing optimism. | B.Enhancing interaction. |
C.Focusing on potential. | D.Learning from experience. |
A.Ask for. | B.Pick up. | C.Carry out. | D.Reflect on. |
A.Giving Effective Feedback | B.The Power of Feedforward |
C.Feedback and Feedforward | D.Looking Forward, Not Backward |
【推荐2】Humans have always assumed that there is a huge gulf between animal behavior and human development. However, recent research into animals shows that animals are continuously designing innovative methods to finish their tasks. Examining the nature and results of their creativity can help us understand evolution.
Research shows that animals too can be creative. By inventing new behavioral patterns and adjusting their behavior to new contexts, as well as to changes in social and ecological environments, researchers show that animal innovation too can be diverse. For instance, chimpanzees (猩猩) use tools such as sharp spines and stalks to remove the hearts of palm vegetables from trees. Herring gulls (鲜鱼海鸥) found out quite a cruel way of killing rabbits-drowning them in the sea.
Innovative species tend to survive when they enter new places, but novel behavior cannot be recognized unless “normal” behavior is studied. Researchers can now count and document the innovations that have been created by species, which would help them to quantify their creativity. Studies also show us that all animals are not equally inventive, with primates (灵长目动物) tending to be more innovative due to their bigger brains.
The greatest scientific significance has been the innovation shown by animals such as apes, capuchins and macaques among primates. These species of primates possess the biggest brains in proportion to their body sizes. They are also heavy tool users. Their broad diets and complex forms of learning are also insightful. They indicate an evolutionary strategy that gave them new solutions to life’s challenges.
However, even if these animals show innovativeness, they do not have the ability to improve upon solutions of others. Unless they share information accurately and copy each other’s inventions. their creative inventions are likely to vanish before they can be innovated further. This ability can be managed only by humans, for we are able to build on shared knowledge.
1. What does the underlined word “gulf” in the first paragraph mean?A.Difference. | B.Conflict. | C.Balance. | D.Connection. |
A.They are both creative. |
B.They are both heavy tool users. |
C.They create innovations in different ways. |
D.They kill other animals in the same cruel way. |
A.It is equally distributed among animals. |
B.It helps animals adapt to the environment. |
C.Animals’ innovations are easy to be identified. |
D.Animals’ innovations are facing huge challenges. |
A.Their ability to share information accurately. |
B.Their willingness to learn from each other. |
C.Their inability to take creativity forward. |
D.Their unwillingness to cooperate effectively. |
【推荐3】Mosquitoes see red when they look at your skin, and that brings them in for a bite, according to new research showing that these insects find certain colors more attractive.
The findings mean that what you wear can reduce your chances of being bitten, but there’s little you can do in terms of your skin. That’s because everyone’s skin gives off a strong red-orange signal that’s highly attractive to mosquitoes.
“I used to say there are three major signals that attract mosquitoes: your breath, your sweat and the temperature of your skin,” said senior study author Jeffrey Riffell, a professor of biology at the University of Washington in Seattle. “In this study, we found a fourth signal: the color red, which can be found not only on your clothes, but also in everyone’s skin. The shade of your skin doesn’t matter, we’ re all giving off a strong red signal.”
Researchers found that when a common species of mosquito called Aedes aegypti detects carbon dioxide (CO2) from our breath, it then looks for specific colors-including red, orange and black — to find its meal of blood. But it ignores colors such as green, purple, blue and white.
“Mosquitoes appear to use smell to help them distinguish what is nearby, like a host to bite,” Riffell said. “When they detect specific compounds, like CO2 from our breath, that smell stimulates the eyes to scan for specific colors and other visual patterns, which are associated with a potential host, and then they head to them.”
That process is similar to when a person smells something good. “Imagine you’ re on a sidewalk and you smell pies,” Riffell said. “That’s probably a sign that there’s a bakery nearby, and you might start looking around for it. Here, we started to learn what visual elements mosquitoes are looking for after smelling their own version of a bakery.”
Knowing which colors do or don’t tempt mosquitoes may lead to better repellents (驱虫剂), traps and other methods to prevent mosquitoes.
1. What does Jeffrey Riffell’s study find?A.Mosquitoes tend to have a preference for bright colors. |
B.Mosquito biting depends significantly on your skin color. |
C.Mosquito biting has something to do with your clothes. |
D.Mosquitoes will avoid biting you when you sweat heavily. |
A.Hearing. | B.Sight. | C.Smell. | D.Touch. |
A.calm down | B.appeal to | C.frighten away | D.get rid of |
A.Science, | B.Entertainment. | C.Fashion. | D.Education. |