Particulate Matter
There are things floating around in the air. Most of them, you can not even see. They are a kind of air pollution called particles or particulate matter. In fact, particulate matter may be the air pollutant that most commonly affects people’s health.
Have a Look.
Particles can come in almost any shape or size, and can be solid particles or liquid droplets.
BIG.
The big particles are between 2.5 and 10 micrometers (from about 25 to 100 times thinner than a human hair). These particles are called PM 10 (we say ―PM ten, which stands for Particulate Matter up to 10 micrometers in size).
SMALL.
The small particles are smaller than 2.5 micrometers (100 times thinner than a human hair).
Particulate Matter and Your Health.
When you breathe, you take in the air along with any particles in the air, like heavy metal sand cancer causing organic compounds. Both PM 10 and PM 2.5 particles can cause health problems, specifically respiratory (呼吸的) health.
A.These particles are called PM 2.5. |
B.We divide particles into two major groups. |
C.These particles cause less severe health effects. |
D.PM 10 particles can travel as much as 30 miles. |
E.Air pollution is a growing problem in the whole world. |
F.PM 2.5 can have worse health effects than the bigger PM 10. |
G.Air pollutants have great effects on our environment and our health. |
相似题推荐
【推荐1】Why late-night eating is something you should absolutely avoid? It’s long been popular advice for people looking to lose weight to avoid late night eating. It’s no wonder, with a host of research showing that late-night eating is linked to greater body weight. But until now, few studies have actually investigated why. This is what a recent U.S. study set out to uncover.
Researchers had 16 participants follow two different meal schedules, each for a period of six days total. The first group had their meals early in the day with the last meal consumed six hours and 40 minutes before bedtime. The second group had their daily meals four hours later. This meant they skipped breakfast and instead had lunch, dinner and an evening meal. Their last meal was consumed only two and a half hours before sleep. All the participants consumed an identical diet, and all of their meals were equally spaced with around four hours between them.
The researchers looked at three measures associated with weight gain: the influence of appetite, the impact of eating time on calories burned, and changes of fat tissue. They found that compared to an early eating pattern, late eating not only increased feelings of hunger the following day, it also increased the rate of “hunger” hormones (激素) in the blood. Late eating also caused a decrease in calories burned the following day. Fat tissue samples taken from the participants also showed the increased fat storage. These results indicate that late eating could lead to weight gain.
Given the study was only conducted on a limited number of participants and over a very short time, more research will be needed to further understand whether these changes are only temporary, and what effects long-tern late-night eating can have on the weight gain mechanisms (机制).
Anyway this study adds to a growing body of evidence showing just how important meal timing can be when it comes to body weight. Therefore, people who are watching their weight may want to ditch the late-night snacks and favor eating most of their meals earlier.
1. What is the study designed to do?A.To promote suggestions on losing weight. |
B.To prove the findings of the past research. |
C.To see why late-night meal causes weight gain. |
D.To figure out which is the better meal schedule. |
A.The slow intake of nutrition. |
B.The decreasing feeling of hunger. |
C.The increase of blood pressure. |
D.The great accumulation of fat. |
A.Sell. | B.Quit. |
C.Delay. | D.Taste. |
A.Medical Stories. | B.Healthy Eating. |
C.Life and Fashion. | D.Sports and Fitness. |
【推荐2】Loneliness is significant mental health concern and can raise risk of death by 45% and contact with nature in cities significantly reduces feelings of loneliness, according to a team of scientists.
The study is the first to assess how the environment can affect loneliness. It used real-time data, collected via a smartphone app, rather than relying on people’s memory of how they were feeling.
The research found that feelings of overcrowding increased loneliness by an average of 30%. But when people were able to see trees or hear birds, feelings of loneliness fell by 28%. Feelings of social inclusion also cut loneliness by 21% and when these feelings coincided(巧合) with contact with nature, the beneficial effect was boosted by a further 18%.
The findings pointed to interventions to reduce loneliness. The researchers said, “Specific measures that increase social inclusion-and contact with nature should be taken, especially in thickly populated cities.” Time spent in nature is known to boost well-being, with woodland walks estimated to save the UK at least £185m a year in mental health costs, for example.
The research collected data from urban citizens across the world using the Urban Mind search app. More than 750 people provided 16,600 of these assessments. The participants were self-selecting and so it did not provide a representative sample of the wider populations. But when the researchers took age, education, and occupation into account, the benefits of nature contact and feelings of social inclusion on loneliness remained strongly statistically significant. Johanna Gibbons, part of the research team, said, “Cities are probably the only habitat that is increasing at a high rate. So we should be creating urban habitats where people can thrive(兴旺).”
1. How was the research conducted?A.By relying on people’s memory. |
B.By surveying 750 paricipants. |
C.By collecting data through a smartphidoapp. |
D.By checking a worldwide representative ample. |
A.Many big cities take the lead in the research. |
B.Time spent indoors improves people’s well-being. |
C.Woodland walks greatly reduce social contact with people. |
D.Interventions to reduce loneliness benefit the UK financially. |
A.The findings are statistically markable. |
B.It offers a wide range of samples globally. |
C.The carefully selected participants are Defiable. |
D.Many factors are considered except eduction. |
A.The mental problems of living in big cities. |
B.Reducing loncliness in cities via contact with nature. |
C.Developing urban habitats at a high speod. |
D.Research on how to get rid of loneliness in nature. |
【推荐3】We’re all familiar with songs getting stuck in our head while we’re awake, but it turns out this can happen during sleep as well. A new study investigating the phenomenon indicates that earworms invading (侵入) our brains at night could cause problems in getting to sleep and staying asleep.
“Our brains continue to process music even when none is playing, including apparently while we are asleep,” says neuroscientist Michael Scullin.
He and his colleagues used surveys of 199 people, as well as a sleep lab test involving 50 volunteers, to measure how listening to music before bedtime affects sleep. In particular, the team focused on catchy earworms. In the survey part of the study, participants who frequently listened to music during the day were more likely to report persistent nighttime earworms, which then had a negative effect on sleep quality through the night.
Earworms were reported throughout the night by participants, with those catching an earworm taking longer to fall asleep, spending more time in the light stages of sleep, and waking up more times during the night. Surprisingly, the instrumental versions of the songs caused about twice as many earworms and more subsequent sleep problems than the versions with vocals (声乐).
“We thought that people would have earwormns at bedtime when they were trying to fall asleep, but we certainly didn’t know that people would report regularly waking up from sleep with an earworm,” says Scullin. “But we saw that in both the survey and experimental study.”
Scullin suggests avoiding listening to music right before bed to limit the chance of a catchy tune taking hold in our minds. Engaging in some other cognitive activity before sleeping, like making a list of jobs for the next day, might also help clear the mind, Scullin says.
“The more you listen to music, the more likely you are to catch an earworm that won’t go away at bedtime. When that happens, chances are that your sleep is going to suffer.”
1. What may happen to us if we have earworms at night?A.We may have a sound sleep. |
B.We may fall asleep in no time. |
C.We may suffer a light sleep. |
D.We may wake up fewer times. |
A.People have earworms at bedtime. |
B.People wake up from sleep with an earworm. |
C.People have more problems with vocal versions. |
D.People suffer earworms after hearing instrumental songs. |
A.keep off music. |
B.Limit the songs we listen to. |
C.Listen to music to relax our body. |
D.Count worms to fall asleep soon. |
A.Music can relax your body |
B.Late night music gets you to sleep soon |
C.Many people have sleep problems at night |
D.Earworms harm you when you are asleep |
Japan started releasing nuclear-contaminated water into the Pacific Ocean on August 24th and will continue to do so for at least 30 years. In the face of strong questioning and opposition from the international community, Japan plays word games by referring to the discharged “nuclear-contaminated water” as “treated nuclear wastewater”.
However, the two are fundamentally different. Nuclear wastewater refers to the wastewater produced during the normal, daily operation of a nuclear power plant, such as large quantities of water used to cool down the reactor of the plant. Because the water doesn’t touch radioactive substances (放射性物质) in the nuclear reactor, it can be flushed out after strict processing.
Nuclear-contaminated water refers to cooling water that comes into direct contact with radioactive materials inside the reactor when the reactor is breached after a nuclear accident. The cooling water becomes contaminated with highly radioactive substances, thus becoming nuclear-contaminated water.
The Fukushima nuclear power plant experienced a major incident in 2011, bringing water into contact with radioactive substances. The Japanese side’s conflation (混淆) of this with wastewater from normal operations is a deceptive attempt to hide the truth. The Japanese side claims that the multi-nuclide treatment system ALPS is used to treat nuclear contaminated water, and that the treated water is safe and even meets drinking water standards. However, such statements fail to alleviate public concerns. Japan has yet to address major international concerns, such as the long-term reliability of the purification facility, the authenticity and accuracy of the nuclear-contaminated water data, and the effectiveness if the monitoring arrangement. This is extremely selfish and irresponsible, as the discharge will spread the risks of nuclear contamination to the rest of the world.
1. How does the Japanese mislead the international community?2. In what way nuclear-contaminated water is different from nuclear wastewater.
3. Please decide which part is false in the following statement, then underline it and explain why.
Japan’s deceptive attempts to hide the truth alleviate public concerns over the long-term reliability of the purification facility, etc.
4. How is Japan’s dumping nuclear-contaminated water related to you? (In about 40 words)
【推荐2】There is increasing alarm about the extent of microplastic pollution, which has been found everywhere from Everest to the Arctic. However, it turns out there’s an even smaller and more toxic form of plastic pollution entering remote reaches of the globe. A new study published in Environmental Research found significant quantities of nanoplastics in ice samples from both the North and South Poles.
“Now we know that nanoplastics are transported to these comers of the Earth in these quantities. This indicates that nanoplastics are really a bigger pollution problem than we thought,” study lead author Dusan Materic said in a press release.
Nanoplastics are plastics that are smaller than a micrometer in size. Their small size means they are more difficult to study than microplastics, or plastics between five millimeters and a micrometer. But they may be even more dangerous.
“Nanoplastics are very toxicologically active compared to, for instance, microplastics, and that’s why this is very important,” Materic said.
Materic and his team used new methods to measure nanoplastic pollution in ice samples from Greenland and Antarctica. They sampled a 14-meter-deep ice core from the Greenland ice cap and sea ice from Antarctica’s McMurdo Sound. They found that there were an average of 13. 2 nanograms per milliliter of nanoplastics in the Greenland ice and an average of 52. 3 nanograms per milliliter in the Antarctic ice.
But what was even more surprising than the amount of nanoplastics in the remote ice was just how long they had sat there. “In the Greenland core, we see nanoplastic pollution happening all the way from the 1960s. So organisms, despite the lack of the solid evidence, likely all over the world, have been exposed to it for quite some time now,” Materic said.
The study also looked at the types of plastic present in the samples. Half of the Greenland nanoplastics were polyethylene (PE), the kind of plastic used for plastic bags and packaging. A quarter came from tires and a fifth were polyethylene terephthalate (PET), which is used for clothing and bottles.
1. Why should researchers focus more on nanoplastics?A.They are more important to science. |
B.They are smaller but more dangerous. |
C.They are easily polluted by ocean water. |
D.They are more active in cold surroundings. |
A.The North and South poles are the birthplace of nanoplastics. |
B.Nanoplastics have less influence on the planet than microplastics. |
C.Nanoplastics found in the samples are widely used in the daily life. |
D.Nanoplastics have been existing since the 1960s throughout the world. |
A.The Greenland core. |
B.The Antarctic ice. |
C.The amount of nanoplastics. |
D.Nanoplastics pollution. |
A.Microplastics-proving more dangerous. |
B.Nanoplastics-making its way to the poles. |
C.Nanoplastics-posing a threat to people’s life. |
D.Microplastics-setting the alarm bells ringing. |
【推荐3】In most situations, light helps us see. But when it comes to looking at the night sky, light is actually a kind of pollution. It prevents our view of some of life’s most striking sights: stars, planets, and even galaxies(银河系).
“When I was a little boy, I loved the night sky. I remember looking up and the sky was filled with stars. I became an astronomer because I was amazed by their beauty, ”says Robert Gent, “Now in most big cities kids can’t see the stars like I did.”
Normally, about 2, 500 stars are visible(可见的) to the human eyes without using any special equipment. But because of light pollution, you actually see just 200 to 300 and fewer than a dozen from some cities. Only one in three Americans can see our own galaxy with the naked eyes. Those people live far away from the lights of big cities, office buildings, and shopping malls.
Fortunately, there’s an inexpensive and useful way. If we shine lights down at the ground instead of up into the sky, and use lower brightness levels, we can save big amounts of energy and keep the beauty of the night sky. Many cities and towns have passed laws limiting(限制) lights at night, making sure enough shine for safety without creating much light pollution.
Light pollution affects more than our view of the heavens and can harm wildlife. Migrating birds(候鸟) sometimes fly over cities and become confused by the brightness, flying in circles until they drop from exhaustion. Sea turtles need dark beaches for nesting and won’t approach bright lights. Too much light at night may even affect human health. For all these reasons, researchers are working on ways to use lights only when and where they are truly needed. Everyone deserves to look up at the sky.
1. According to the text, using our naked eyes, .A.people in remote areas can see more stars than those in big cities |
B.over one third Americans can see our own galaxy |
C.about one in three Americans in big cities can see our own galaxy |
D.Americans can only see 200 to 300 stars |
A.save the electricity | B.make sure of migrating birds’ safety |
C.avoid much light pollution | D.let you count the number of stars |
A.The cause of light pollution. | B.people’s attitude towards light pollution. |
C.The effect of light pollution. | D.The way to reduce light pollution. |
A.air pollution | B.tiredness |
C.breath | D.brightness |
A.Stars in the Sky | B.Seeking the Sky |
C.Light Pollution | D.City Pollution |