Perfectly Imperfect
The artist Leonardo da Vinci, perhaps best known for painting the Mona Lisa, produced a drawing called the Vitruvian Man. In it, da Vinci showed his idea of the perfectly sized male body. But is this really what a perfect body looks like?
An imperfect man
Consider Michael Phelps.The winningest swimmer of all time, Phelps earned 28 Olympic medals. His body does not look like the Vitruvian Man. In fact, Phelps’ body is quite unusual. The best swimmers tend to have long torsos (躯干) and short legs. Phelps is 6 feet 4 inches tall, but his torso is as long as what you would expect to see in a man who is 6 feet 8 inches tall. His legs are the length typical of a man who is 5 feet 10 inches. Phelps has long arms too. Like the Vitruvian Man, most people have a wingspan roughly the same as their height. Phelps’ wingspan is 6 feet 7 inches, three inches longer than his height.
His ankles are extremely flexible and his feet are big. So Phelps’ legs act like flippers(脚蹼)when he swims.
No one could argue that Phelps has a perfect body in da Vinci’s sense. But is it correct to say it is imperfect? What does “perfection” mean when we are talking about human biology? Does it even exist?
What is physical perfection?
Maybe perfection has more to do with how a body works than how it looks. How we work actually depends upon how well we fit into our environment.
Here’s an example from the animal kingdom. Imagine brown rabbits and white rabbits in a snowy field. Under these conditions, predators (捕食者) are less likely to see and catch the white rabbits. In a summertime field—all brown soil and green and golden plants—white rabbits are more visible (可见的) and easier to catch. Neither white nor brown fur is perfect for rabbit survival. Rabbits need different bodies for different seasons. And in fact, in some types of rabbits, fur color changes with the seasons. Like rabbits, all living things adapt to their environments. They need some changes to help thrive (茁壮成长) in their specific environments. But evolution (演变) isn’t engineering. Often, imperfections that don’t affect survival too badly get passed down through the generations.
Variation (变化) as a way to success.
Michael Phelps’ body is not perfectly symmetrical (对称的)or balanced. His physical variations, however, may have given him the advantages to be a close-to-perfect swimmer. Phelps’ case is not the only one; top athletes show great variability that provides them with the physical characteristics to approach perfection in action. Usain Bolt, an Olympic sprinter (短跑运动员), has legs so long that it takes him four to five fewer steps to complete a 100-meter race than his competitors.
Simone Biles, another Olympic gold medalist, is both strong and small. It is perfect for her sport of gymnastics.She may also have a better-than-average ability to sense where her body is in space, perhaps making jumps easier than it would be for an average person. No athlete is born with the skills to win gold medals, though. Those achievements require years of effort.
Using variation to your advantage
Da Vinci’s drawing of the Vitruvian Man put maths and art together. To da Vinci, the Vitruvian Man showed perfect proportions (比例). It was his image of the perfectly formed man. Da Vinci is a time-honored artist, but is there really such a thing as a perfect body?
No.
In biology, there is no such thing as one perfect body. In fact, variation in all living things, including us, is the rule. This variation is important for our life. Human variation has allowed us to live in wildly different environments—the tropics, deserts, and the Arctic—and to develop many different physical, mental, and emotional talents. Not only is there no perfect human body, but also our species thrives because we are different from one another, each of us suited to our own way of living.
1. In the first paragraph, the Vitruvian Man is mentioned to ________.A.introduce the topic of a perfect body |
B.explain the value of a famous drawing |
C.explore how to draw a picture like this |
D.discuss whether the man drawn in it is perfect |
A.To explain what makes a perfect swimmer. |
B.To describe the rules in the swimming world. |
C.To introduce a perfect body in da Vinci’s sense. |
D.To compare it with the perfection that was shown in the drawing by da Vinci. |
A.Physical imperfections influence the process of evolution. |
B.Rabbits learn to change their fur color to avoid predators. |
C.Evolution only chooses for physical perfections in living things. |
D.Physical perfection in one situation can be imperfect in another. |
A.born talents of several famous athletes |
B.applications of physical variations in the athletic field |
C.physical differences between male and female athletes |
D.the importance of physical variations to athletic success |
A.explain the influence of da Vinci |
B.argue that there is no perfect physical form |
C.discuss whether some athletes are physically perfect |
D.teach readers how to tell physical perfection from imperfection |
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“Eat your peas, ”my grandmother said.
“Mother, ”said my mom. “He doesn’t like peas. Leave him alone. ”
My grandmother did not answer, but I saw something strong in her eyes. “I’ll pay you $5 if you eat them, ”she said.
I sat there still. In my mind, $5 was a huge, nearly unimaginable amount(数量) of money, and as terrible as peas were, only one plate of them stood between me and that $5. I began to eat them.
My mother was angry while grandma was pleased. My mother stared at(盯着) her mother and me. If there were a staring Olympics, she would win the gold medal. The stares made me nervous, and every single pea made me nearly throw up, but the image of $5 were in my mind, and I finally finished them.
My grandmother left for Aunt Lillian’s a few weeks later. That night, at dinner, my mother served a big bowl of peas. I, of course, said no at once. My mother looked at me coldly and then came the words that followed me for years.
“You ate them for money.” she said. “You can eat them for love. ”
Oh, despair(绝望)! Oh, my god! Now, too late, came the understanding that I’d drawn myself into something from which there was no way to run away.
What possible answer could I say against that?
I ate them. I ate them that day and every other time they were served. The five dollars were quickly spent. My grandmother passed away a few years later. But the story of the peas lived on, and the words became my forever nightmare(噩梦), “You ate them for money, you can eat them for love. ”
1. What kind of person is the grandma according to the writer?
A.Strict. | B.Terrible. | C.Friendly. | D.Funny. |
A.she disliked her son very much |
B.she wanted to see if he loved her |
C.she decided to teach him a lesson |
D.she wanted him to remember his grandma |
A.his grandmother became his nightmare |
B.he realized money was so easy to spend |
C.he never refused to eat peas from then on |
D.he learnt he shouldn’t do everything for money |
Some people live to climb the highest mountains. Some people only think about it while others avoid ever climbing at all. But one thing is certain that all people come across mountains in their life.
When I was a little girl, my parents moved us to the tiny village of Otongo, Hidalgo, Mexico. This town was built at the bottom of a big mountain.
One day after school, while exploring(探索) the green woods of this mountain, I came upon a lot of stairs. What could these steps lead to? Could this be the way to the top?
I was so curious that I started climbing up those mysterious(神秘的) steps.
I climbed and climbed, but still there was nothing in sight. It was getting really dark, and I wasn’t even close to the top.
The voice of reason told me to hurry back home and try again the next day. I ran back home in the dark while trying not to get too afraid. I didn’t tell anyone about what I found that night. I went to bed dreaming about what I would find at the top of this magical mountain we lived on. Could there be a handsome prince, treasure or ghosts up there?
Ah...such childhood fantasies(想象)! Those were the days when we could dream. We could do crazy things. We believed! I'm all grown up now, and life has shown me a beating at times.
I did live on a mountain in a town as described, but I created this childhood fantasy to make my days so much more fun as a kid. This story is a good metaphor(比喻) for life today.
You might ask, "What was at the top of that mountain?" I ask you, "What would you have wanted to find?"
Dream about what's at the top of your mountain. What do you want out of life?
Tomorrow is another day, and still, you must climb. Whatever you do, never ever give up on your dream! Never let anyone tell you, "You can't."
1. Which word is the best to describe the writer as a child according to the article?A.Honest. | B.Friendly. | C.Humorous. | D.Imaginative. |
A.How the writer reached the top of a mountain. |
B.A childhood story told by the writer. |
C.Advice the writer gave on climbing a mountain. |
D.What the writer's favorite mountain was like. |
A.Dreams. | B.Treasures. | C.Difficulties. | D.Fantasies. |
A.理由 | B.理智 | C.理解 | D.理论 |
A.To encourage people to follow their dreams. |
B.To share her childhood memories with readers. |
C.To explain the advantages of climbing mountains. |
D.To show how adults think differently from children. |
Another day I went swimming with my friends in the sea.1 wanted to play a joke on them.In the beginning I swam fast and I called out“Help!”All my friends came to help me.However,they found that I was joking.But half an hour later I wasn’t joking.I was so fast,soon I got tired and couldn’t swim on in water.I tried my best to call my friends for help,but this time nobody came to help me.
In the end,they found I was telling the truth.They came and saved my life.They took me to hospital.This is the best lesson in my life.From then on,I haven’t joked on anyone.
1. What did the writer like to do as a young man?
A.He liked to play with his brother. |
B.He liked to help his mother cook. |
C.He liked to play jokes on people. |
D.He liked to go swimming with his friends. |
A.he fell from the open window |
B.he played a joke on his mother |
C.Tony fell from the open window |
D.a fire happened in the kitchen |
A.Because he called for help. |
B.Because he couldn’t swim fast. |
C.Because he would sink in water. |
D.Because he couldn’t swim on in water. |
A.called his parents |
B.came and saved him at once |
C.did nothing because he had lied to them |
D.thought at first he was joking again |
A.Swimming is dangerous. |
B.If someone always tells lies,others won’t trust(信任)him. |
C.The writer is a naughty boy. |
D.We can play jokes only on people we know. |
【推荐1】Around 200 years ago, a well-known English poet called John Keats attacked science. He said that British scientist Isaac Newton had “unweaved(拆除)the rainbow”. Newton explained how light forms a rainbow. For Keats, this explanation meant rainbows could no longer be beautiful.
This is just one example of many. We often hear people talk of problems with science, or say that it is boring. Some people, like Keats, also say that science takes away the beauty of the world. But is this fair?
First of all, science helps us get things done. We need to study science to produce certain kinds of people. After all, where would we be without engineers and doctors? When you are studying science in school, remember that one day you might be using that knowledge to build a bridge, or save a life. Next time you use your phone to send a message, remember that this is possible thanks to science. When Keats criticized Newton, the very paper he wrote on was created through science.
Beyond helping society and getting things done, science also makes us think in a certain way. It asks us to believe things only through evidence(证据). It teaches us never to trust our assumption(假设). It teaches us that sometimes, the truth is stranger than fiction.
When you study science, remember what it means. Science has changed the world, and it can change you too. Humans once looked up at rainbows, and said that they were beautiful. Science explained them, and they were no longer mysterious to us.
But discovery never stops. Through science, we can find new rainbows: mysteries that lie beyond the stars themselves.
1. Why did John Keats criticize Newton around 200 years ago?A.Because he didn’t believe what Newton said about rainbows. |
B.Because he thought Newton’s explanation took away the beauty of rainbows. |
C.Because the thought rainbows would disappear because of Newton’s explanation. |
D.Because he was angry that Newton didn’t like rainbows. |
A.It’s interesting. | B.It’s helpful. |
C.It’s bad for art. | D.It’s attractive(有吸引力的). |
A.It helps us get things done. |
B.It helps society develop. |
C.It helps us study literature. |
D.It helps us think in a certain way. |
A.On or to the further side of something. |
B.Later than a certain time. |
C.More than something. |
D.Too far for somebody. |
【推荐2】The mobile phone has become a problem for middle schools. Some middle schools in Australia have banned (禁止) students from carrying mobile phones during school hours.
Mobile phone use among children has become a problem for schools. Several children have got mobile phones from parents and friends as Christmas gifts, and more students will want them.
Lucy Bluett, an expert, said mobile phone use was a distraction (使人分心的事) to students during school hours. Teachers were also saying that sometimes students might use phone messages to cheat during exams.
She said some schools had tried to ban mobile phones. Some parents felt unhappy because they couldn't call up their children.
Many teachers said students should not have mobile phones at school, but if there was a good reason, they could leave their phones at the school office.
Many people say that they understand why parents would want their children to have phones, but they think schools should let the students know when they can use their mobile phones.
1. Some middle schools in Australia have banned students from carrying mobile phones ________.A.when they are at home | B.when they are free | C.when they are at school |
A.the makers and sellers | B.the passersby and strangers | C.their parents and friends |
A.Behave dishonestly. | B.Behave honestly. | C.Behave correctly. |
A.use their mobile phones | B.call up their children | C.help the teachers with their work |
A.students shouldn't have mobile phones at school except for some special reasons |
B.many people can't understand why parents would want their children to have phones |
C.all parents felt unhappy because they couldn't use their phones at school |
【推荐3】“I don't like my parents. They always tell me I should do this, and should not do that. It sometimes makes me angry.”said Zhang Hua,a middle school student in Guangzhou. Do you have the same problem? Perhaps your parents had the same problem when they were your age long ago. Why does it seem that some parents are not so friendly in their children's eyes?
One of the biggest problems is when someone becomes a parent, he/she likes worrying about things. They worry about everything about you from the time you were born. They do a lot for you,though something would make you angry,because they care about you and worry about you. They worry about your choice of friends,food you eat, your work at school, how much sleep you get,etc. All these things are part of your life. They want you to grow up healthily and happily.
So how can you make things easier on yourself? It's easier than you think. Just make sure your parents know what you're doing. Get them to know your friends. Phone them if you stay somewhere else late so that your parents don't call every hospital in the phone book looking for you. Say sorry to them when you make mistakes. Take responsibility(责任)for what you have done. Talk about your ideas with them. They may talk about theirs with you.
Most of all,try to think about why your parents do this or do that. They are still practicing being parents and need help you can give them. Some day, when you become a parent, they may be able to help you know how to get on with your children.
1. What is one of the biggest problems for parents according to the writer?A.Worry about themselves. | B.Worry about their children. |
C.Hate their children. | D.Be friendly with their children. |
A.To make their children angry. |
B.To want their children to love them. |
C.To want their children to grow up healthily and happily. |
D.To want their children to do everything well in the future. |
A.Tell our friends. | B.Tell the teacher. |
C.Say sorry to our parents. | D.Make a telephone call to our parents. |
A.Parents' responsibility | B.How to get on with parents |
C.Zhang Hua's problem | D.What are parents worrying about |
Cross- country skier Man Dandan won the women's 1.4 km individual sprint here on Monday, earning China's first gold at the eighth Asian Winter Games in 2017.
"I was in good form today," said the 28-year-old girl after winning the title in the final round with 3 minutes and 48. 29 seconds. "I didn't think much, but just focused on the games. As an old member, I want to set a good example to my younger teammates by doing my best no matter what the result is."
Mikko Olavi Virtanen, the head coach of the Chinese cross-country skiing team, said after the game he was satisfied with Man Dandan's performance. "She is a super talented sprint skier. Her biggest problem before was to maintain the speed for four rounds of the competition. We have been working on that for the past seven months. I have been giving her advice, such as how to save the energy till the final round," he said, adding that Man is a good learner.
He also said that the Chinese cross-country skiing team had huge potential. "We have quite a young team. We still have five more years to Beijing Winter Olympics. I hope we can continue this good work for a long term," he said.
Yelena Kolomina from Kazakhstan took the sliver and Ju Hyeri from South Korea got the bronze. Australia's Casey Wright finished the third in the final round but did not get a medal as a guest athlete.
1. How long did it take Man Dandan to finish the skiing?______A.2 minutes and 11.31 seconds. |
B.3 minutes and 48. 29 seconds. |
C.8 minutes and 29 seconds. |
D.48 minutes and 29 seconds. |
A.Exciting. |
B.Terrible. |
C.Satisfying. |
D.Bad. |
A.Maintaining the speed. |
B.Saving enough energy. |
C.Keeping a good form. |
D.Going to the final round. |
A.In 2018. |
B.In 2019. |
C.In 2020. |
D.In 2022. |
A.First. |
B.Second. |
C.Third. |
D.Fourth. |
①Do you know Chen Yufei from Hangzhou, Zhejiang? As one of the best badminton players in the world, she brought us a surprise in the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo. She beat (打败) the world No.1 Tai Tzu-ying from Chinese Taipei in the badminton women’s singles final (单打决赛) on August 1, 2021.
② In the first part, the two players almost played as well as each other, but Chen tried her best to win 21-18 in the end. In the second part, Chen played better at first, but Tai didn’t give up and won 21-19 at the end of the part. In the last part of the game, Chen played better and got the first place of the game with a result of 21-18. This was 23-year-old Chen’s first Olympic gold medal (金牌).
③“It was unbelievable and I never thought of such a result. I feel so happy,” Chen said. “There seemed to be nothing in my head when I lost the second part. However, I kept relaxed and quiet as soon as possible and told myself not to give up and hold on to my dream. I’ll do my best to bring more honor (荣誉) to our team in this competition.”
④Tai thought she made some mistakes in the last part of the game. “I think I played pretty well today, but she just played better.” Tai said.
1. What information can we get from the first paragraph?①Where Chen Yufei comes from.
②How Tai Tzu-ying like Chen Yufei.
③What Chen Yufei thought of the final.
④When Chen Yufei beat Tai Tzu-ying in the 2020 Summer Olympics.
A.①② | B.②③ | C.③④ | D.①④ |
A.Chen Yufei thought it easy to beat Tai Tzu-ing. |
B.In fact, it wasn’t easy for Chen to win the final. |
C.Chen and Tai helped bring out the best in each other. |
D.As one of the best badminton players, Tai felt relaxed. |
A.顺理成章的 | B.简单轻松的 | C.难以置信的 | D.一波三折的 |
A.Because she was too nervous about the result. |
B.Because Chen was better at the sport than her. |
C.Because Chen practiced hard for a long time. |
D.Because she made some mistakes in the last part. |
A.Sports. | B.Education. | C.Science. | D.Travel. |
Michelle Wie is from America. She is a good student.
She is the best woman golfer for her age in the world.
A.She began playing golf at the age of four |
B.And she likes reading |
C.She has a joy to watch(喜欢观察) |
D.She was born in 1989 |
E.At 13, she could hit the ball further than most of the women in LPGA. |