1 . We like to believe that before we make a decision, most of the time, we take time to consider all the facts carefully. However, Experts believe that only 5% of our decisions are based on a rational （理性的）thought process. So, what influences our decision-making process?

We often leave decision-making to our instincts（本能）.Scientists have found out that if we had the choice, we like to avoid pain rather than get something. In fact, we're twice as happy when we try to avoid a bad situation than when we experience a good one. This is why when companies send ads, they use phrases like "How to avoid...", "Don't miss out!", etc.

There are also physical reasons that affect our decision-making. Psychologist （心理学家）John Bargh carried on an experiment where people were asked what they thought of a fictional person, while holding a cold or a hot cup of coffee. Those holding the hot cup believed the person to be warmer and more sociable than those holding the cold cup. So, when temperatures rise, the more likely we are to believe in strangers.

Stress is another thing which affects our decisions. Different situations are more or less stressful for different people. Researchers have found, though, that women are more conservative （保守的）about decisions when stressed, while men are to make riskier choices.

It may come as a surprise but every day from the minute we get up, we have to make countless decisions, like what to wear, what coffee to have and so on. Each choice makes our brain a little bit more tired, and this affects our decision-making. That's why important people, like presidents wearing the same three suits all the time, want to limit the small choices and spend more brain power （力量）on the bigger ones.

1. Which of the following shows the structure of the passage?

A．

B．

C．

D．

2. What is the main idea of the last paragraph?

A．Every day we have to make lots of big decisions.

B．People sometimes judge a person by what he wears.

C．What people wear influences their decision making.

D．Making fewer decisions helps to save brain power.

3. What can we learn from the passage?

A．We make most of the decisions after our careful thinking.

B．People are likely to be happier to avoid something bad.

C．As the temperature is low, we are likely to believe others

D．People usually have risky decisions under heavy pressure.

4. The purpose of the passage is to__________.

A．tell us what influences decision-making	B．advise people to make rational decisions
C．warn people not to make risky decisions	D．show disadvantages of rational decisions

2 . Cold weather has a great effect on how our minds and our bodies work. Maybe that is why there are so many expressions that use the word “cold”.

For example, people who show no human emotions or feelings are said to be cold-blooded. Cold can affect other parts of the body. But the expression “get cold feet” has nothing to do with cold or your feet. The expression means being afraid to do something you have decided to do. For example, you agree to be CEO of a company. But then you learn that all the other officers have resigned (辞职), and all the work of the company will be your responsibility (责任). You are likely to get cold feet about being CEO when you understand the situation.

The expression “give someone the cold shoulder” probably comes from the physical act of turning your back toward someone, instead of speaking to him face to face. You may give the cold shoulder to a friend who has not kept a promise he made to you, or to someone who has lied about you to others.

“A cold fish” is not a fish. It is a person. But it is a person who is unemotional and shows no love or warmth. A cold fish does not offer much of himself to anyone. Someone who is a cold fish could be cold-hearted. He or she will never feel sorry for those in bad situation.

“Out in the cold” means not getting something that everybody else got. A person might say that everybody but him got a pay raise — he was left out in the cold. And it is not a pleasant place to be.

1. If you get cold feet, this means that .

A．you feel brave to do something	B．you feel too nervous to do something
C．you feel too cold to do something	D．you feel very angry about doing something

2. Henry got the cold shoulder when he asked to see a film with Mary, that means .

A．Henry was treated politely when he asked Mary to see a film

B．Henry was afraid to invite Mary to see a film with him

C．Mary didn’t care about Henry’s invitation and didn’t plan to go with him

D．Mary behaved unfriendly because she didn’t like to talk with Henry face toface

3. What’s the passage mainly about?

A．Opinions about cold weather.	B．Expressions connected with “cold”.
C．Relation between cold and body.	D．Examples of people who have a cold.

4. Which of the following shows the structure (结构) of the passage? (P = paragraph)

A．

B．

C．

D．