5 .

Here are some of our favourite spots for eating, sightseeing and shopping.
Need inspiration?
Scott Monument This remarkable Gothic building was built in memory of the life and work of Sir Walter Scott. Climb the 287 steps to the top and you’ll be rewarded with some pretty special views.
History lovers? Edinburgh Castle looks over the city skyline from Castle Rock. You can take a tour (human or audio) or just wander through it with a map. Listen out for the One o’clock Gun—it fires every day except Sunday. At one o’clock. Obviously.
Time your trains With cheap train tickets to Edinburgh to coincide
Feeling hungry?
A satisfying dinner: With ingredients carefully sourced from local growers, plus home-grown fresh fruits and edible flowers, Timberyard has favourable reviews.
A light lunch: Thomson’s Bar claims to serve “the best steak pie in Edinburgh”, to match with real beer (it’s in the Good Beer Guide) and enough whiskies(威士忌酒) to take up a whole page on the drinks menu.
Shopping centre
Princes Street: You’ll find all your favourites on Edinburgh’s main shopping drag, Princes Street. There’s M&S, Gap and Waterstones and also a bit of a retail landmark in the shape of Jenners department store.
Harvey Nichols: A byword(代名词) for luxury, Harvey Nicks is loved by the fashion pack. Gucci, Victoria Beckham and Marc Jacobs will try to separate you from your cash.
Hidden Edinburgh
Edinburgh’s deepest secret (literally) is a network of underground streets, which you can tour with a guide. Try “The Real Mary King’s Close” to uncover some of the myths and mysteries as to how the street, once open to the skies, found itself underground.
Need trains to Edinburgh? We’ll get you sorted...
1. While shopping in Edinburgh, we may find that ________.

A．Princes Street is the place where celebrities go shopping

B．Edinburgh’s main shopping drag is extremely expensive

C．many high-end brands can be found in Harvey Nichols

D．one cannot pay in cash when shopping in Harvey Nichols

2. The underlined word “edible” is closest in meaning to ________.

A．beautiful

B．eatable

C．visible

D．delicate

3. This page is most likely to be found at ________.

A．http: //www.britishairways.com/en-hk/destinations/edinburgh/flights-to-edinburgh

B．https: //www.rabbies.com/en/tour-scotland/one-day-tours-scotland-from-edinburgh

C．https: //www.virgintrainseastcoast.com/our-destinations/edinburgh-overview

D．http: //www.edinburghcastle.gov.uk/discover/about-the-castle

6 . As Frans de Waal, a primatologist (灵长动物学家), recognizes, a better way to think about other creatures would be to ask ourselves how different species have developed different kinds of minds to solve different adaptive problems. Surely the important question is not whether animals can do the same things humans can, but how those animals solve the cognitive (认知的) problems they face, like how to imitate the sea floor. Children and some animals are so interesting not because they are smart like us, but because they are smart in ways we haven’t even considered.

Sometimes studying children’s ways of knowing can cast light on adult-human cognition. Children’s pretend play may help us understand our adult taste for fiction. De Waal’s research provides another interesting example. We human beings tend to think that our social relationships are rooted in our perceptions, beliefs, and desires, and our understanding of the perceptions, beliefs, and desires of others — what psychologists call our “theory of mind.” In the 80s and 90s, developmental psychologists showed that pre-schoolers and even infants understand minds apart from their own. But it was hard to show that other animals did the same. “Theory of mind” became a candidate for the special, uniquely human trick.

Yet de Waal’s studies show that chimps (黑猩猩) possess a remarkably developed political intelligence — they are much interested in figuring out social relationships. It turns out, as de Waal describes, that chimps do infer something about what other chimps see. But experimental studies also suggest that this happens only in a competitive political context. The evolutionary anthropologist (人类学家) Brain Hare and his colleagues gave a junior chimp a choice between pieces of food that a dominant chimp had seen hidden and other pieces it had not seen hidden. The junior chimp, who watched all the hiding, stayed away from the food the dominant chimp had seen, but took the food it hadn’t seen.

Anyone who has gone to an academic conference will recognize that we may be in the same situation. We may say that we sign up because we’re eager to find out what other human beings think, but we’re just as interested in who’s on top. Many of the political judgments we make there don’t have much to do with our theory of mind. We may show our respect to a famous professor even if we have no respect for his ideas.

Until recently, however, there wasn’t much research into how humans develop and employ this kind of political knowledge. It may be that we understand the social world in terms of dominance, like chimps, but we’re just not usually as politically motivated as they are. Instead of asking whether we have a better everyday theory of mind, we might wonder whether they have a better everyday theory of politics.

1. According to the first paragraph, which of the following shows that an animal is smart?

A．It can behave like a human kid.

B．It can imitate what human beings do.

C．It can find a solution to its own problem.

D．It can figure out those adaptive problems.

2. Which of the following statements best illustrates our “theory of mind”?

A．We talk with infants in a way that they can fully understand.

B．We make guesses at what others think while interacting with them.

C．We hide our emotions when we try establishing contact with a stranger.

D．We try to understand how kids’ pretend play affects our taste for fiction.

3. What can be inferred from the passage?

A．Neither human nor animals display their preference for dominance.

B．Animals living in a competitive political context are smarter.

C．Both humans and some animals have political intelligence.

D．Humans are more interested in who’s on top than animals.

4. By the underlined sentence in the last paragraph, the writer means that ________.

A．we know little about how chimps are politically motivated

B．our political knowledge doesn’t always determine how we behave

C．our theory of mind might enable us to understand our theory of politics

D．more research should be conducted to understand animals’ social world

7 . There’s a new frontier in 3D printing that’s beginning to come into focus: food. Recent development has made possible machines that print, cook, and serve foods on a mass scale. And the industry isn’t stopping there.

Food production

With a 3D printer, a cook can print complicated chocolate sculptures and beautiful pieces for decoration on a wedding cake. Not everybody can do that-it takes years of experience, but a printer makes it easy. A restaurant in Spain uses a Foodini to “recreate forms and pieces” of food that are “exactly the same,” freeing cooks to complete other tasks. In another restaurant, all of the dishes and desserts it serves are 3D-printed,rather than farm to table.

Sustainability(可持续性)

The global population is expected to grow to 9.6 billion by 2050, and some analysts estimate that food production will need to be raised by 50 percent to maintain current levels. Sustainability is becoming a necessity. 3D food printing could probably contribute to the solution. Some experts believe printers could use hydrocolloids(水解胶体)from plentiful renewables like algae(藻类) and grass to replace the familiar ingredients.3D printing can reduce fuel use and emissions. Grocery stores of the future might stock “food” that lasts years on end, freeing up shelf space and reducing transportation and storage requirements.

Nutrition

Future 3D food printers could make processed food healthier. Hod Lipson, a professor at Columbia University, said, “Food printing could allow consumers to print food with customized nutritional content, like vitamins. So instead of eating a piece of yesterday’s bread from the supermarket, you’d eat something baked just for you on demand.”

Challenges

Despite recent advancements in 3D food printing, the industry has many challenges to overcome. Currently, most ingredients must be changed to a paste before a printer can use them, and the printing process is quite time-consuming, because ingredients interact with each other in very complex ways. On top of that, most of the 3D food printers now are restricted to dry ingredients, because meat and milk products may easily go bad. Some experts are skeptical about 3D food printers, believing they are better suited for fast food restaurants than homes and high-end restaurants.

1. What benefit does 3D printing bring to food production?

A．It helps cooks to create new dishes.	B．It saves time and effort in cooking.
C．It improves the cooking conditions.	D．It contributes to restaurant decorations

2. According to Paragraph 4,3D-printed food _______.

A．is more available to consumers	B．can meet individual nutritional needs
C．is more tasty than food in supermarkets	D．can keep all the nutrition in raw materials

3. What is the main factor that prevents 3D food printing from spreading widely?

A．The printing process is complicated.	B．3D food printers are too expensive.
C．Food materials have to be dry	D．Some experts doubt 3D food printing

8 . Chinese Teapot Escaping from British Museum Goes Viral

Chinese state media has praised a viral video series telling the story of a jade teapot coming to life and fleeing the British Museum to make its way back home.

The set of three short videos, entitled Escape from the British Museum, shows the teapot turning into a young woman in a green dress, who then engages a London-based Chinese journalist to help her reunite with her family. It appears to have struck a chord (弦) in China after first being released by independent vloggers on Douyin. By Monday evening, it had reportedly received more than 310 million views. The plot line taps into growing Chinese criticism of the British Museum after reports last month that more than 1,500 priceless objects, including gold jewelry, semi-precious stones and glass, were missing, stolen or damaged.

In August the state media Global Times called for the return of Chinese artifacts from the museum “free of charge” in the wake of the controversy. “The huge holes in the management and security of cultural objects in the British Museum exposed by this scandal (丑闻) have led to the collapse of a long-standing and widely circulated claim that ‘foreign cultural objects are better protected in the British Museum’,” it said. It strongly supported the video series for touching on a “powerful message” about the importance of cultural heritage and reflecting “Chinese people’s desiring for the repatriation of the Chinese cultural relics.”

State broadcaster CCTV also gave the short films a glowing review saying: “We are very pleased to see Chinese young people are passionate about history and tradition... We are also looking forward to the early return of Chinese artifacts that have been displayed overseas.”

The museum scandal made headlines around the world and reawakened earlier demands by the Chinese media to restore the country’s relics. The new three-part show has triggered a wave of nationalism among viewers, with many praising the creative plot that reduced them to tears by showing how the teapot experienced the happiness of returning to China to see pandas and watch a flag-raising ceremony on Tiananmen Square.

1. What excuse does Britain give for keeping other nations’ cultural objects in its museum?

A．It has taken possession of these objects by all lawful means.

B．These objects are safer and taken better care of in its museum.

C．It is requested by other nations to protect their cultural objects.

D．These objects may come to life, flee their countries and go viral.

2. What does the underlined word “repatriation”(Para.3) probably mean?

A．Repair.

B．Reflection.

C．Reserve.

D．Return.

3. Which of the following can we infer from the passage?

A．China had already demanded the restoration of its cultural relics before the scandal.

B．The museum’s awful management and security systems are involved in the scandal.

C．The Britain Museum is under pressure to return the cultural relics to China sooner or later.

D．A London-based Chinese journalist has contributed a lot to the viral three-part video series.

4. What’s the purpose of the passage?

A．To appeal to Britain to return China’s cultural objects.

B．To introduce a viral video series about a fleeing jade teapot.

C．To arouse readers’ concern about Chinese cultural objects abroad.

D．To praise Chinese young people’s passion for history and tradition.

9 .

Know how much to tip New rules of gratuities
The pandemic has been particularly hard on people who work for tips. Some haven’t been able to do their jobs at all, while others don’t interact with customers the same way. In either case, tips dried up, causing a lot of people to suffer. Meanwhile, many customers felt the need to tip more because of the new risks and hardships that essential service workers suddenly faced. Just as many services have changed, so should tipping. Some old standards no longer seem fair, and several newer ones will apply long after the pandemic is over. Some new rules of tipping that are likely here to stay:
Give more if you can. It’s common for tips to be divided between all the workers at a store or restaurant, not just those who interact directly with customers. So giving generously ensures a fairer tip for all.	Think outside the (cash) box. You can also “tip” with a thank-you note or a homemade gift when a business (or your budget) doesn’t permit gratuities. Consider writing a review online, making sure to name names.	Treat business owners differently. A practice of the past, tipping the boss separately is no longer necessary. But if he provides you with your service, tip him as you would any of his workers.
As for specific situations, here’s what the experts recommend: FOOD AND DRINKS Restaurant workers Old rule: Leave a tip only when you dine in. New rule: Always tip, even for takeout. Tip: 15 to 20 percent when you dine in, and 10 to 15 percent on takeout or delivery orders. Personal shoppers Old rule: N/A(Not applicable). Many of these services, such as grocery pickup, are newer. New rule: Tip, and do it in the app, since you are unlikely to interact directly with your shopper. Tip: 10 to 15 percent. If a tip is already included, add a few dollars extra. HOME DELIVERIES Package delivery drivers Old rule: Don’t tip. New rule: Show appreciation if you get deliveries more than once a week. Tip: Drinks, snacks, or $5 to $20 if a package is particularly heavy or large. Postal workers cannot accept cash or gifts worth more than $50 per year. UPS tells drivers to decline tips unless a customer insists. And FedEX prohibits employees from accepting cash or cash equivalents (such as gift cards). Flower delivery drivers Old rule: The person who places the order tips those who deliver flowers (and other specialty items). New rule: You can’t assume the gift giver already tipped, so if you’re lucky enough to get such a delivery, pass the goodwill along in the form of a tip. Tip: $5 to $10. PERSONAL SERVICES Ride-share drivers Old rule: Tip in cash. New rule: Ask your driver. The Lyft and Uber apps let you add gratuities, but some drivers prefer cash. Tip: 15 to 20 percent.

1. New rules of tipping are recommended because ________.

A．the pandemic has driven many businesses to financial ruin

B．some people have to work from home without interaction

C．some old standards can’t help out some service workers now

D．customers dismiss the old standards as unfair to themselves

2. Which of the following is TRUE?

A．Tip every worker fairly in case some may keep the money to himself.

B．Writing a review online is highly recommended to express gratitude

C．The more you tip, the more those who interact directly with you will get.

D．There is no need to tip the boss because he doesn’t provide any service.

3. Which of the following people did best in tipping according to the recommended rules?

Names	Situations	Tips
Michael	order a roast goose ($50) at Kam’s Roasts for takeout	None
Susan	take a delivery of a package from FedEx (bottled water, 500ml, 24-pack)	None
Brittany	receive a bunch of flower delivered by a Flower Plus driver	$5(cash) for the gardener
Steven	take an Uber ($15) from St Vincent’s Hospital to the Central Library	$3(cash) for the driver

A．Michael

B．Steven

C．Brittany

D．Susan

10 . The world’s forests may hold more secrets than previously thought: a new global estimate of tree biodiversity suggests that there are about 9,200 tree species remaining undocumented. Most are likely in the tropics, according to the new research.

The new research drew on the efforts of hundreds of contributors, who have categorized trees in two huge data sets: One, the Global Forest Biodiversity Initiative, records every species found in extensively documented forest plots worldwide. The other, TREECHANGE, puts together sightings of individual species. Together they suggest there are approximately 64,100 recorded tree species on the planet — up from previous estimates of around 60,000.

The researchers reached their estimate of an additional 9,200 yet undocumented species on the basis of the number of rare ones already in the databases. Most unknown species are likely to be defined as rare, found in limited numbers in small geographical areas, says the quantitative forest ecologist Jingjing Liang. The team’s result is “a rather conservative estimate,” Liang says, “because scientists know less about the preponderance of uncommon trees in places such as the Amazon, where out-of-the-way spots could host pockets of unusual species found nowhere else.” “If we can focus the resources on those rain forests in the Amazon,” Liang adds, “then we would be able to estimate it with higher confidence.”

Silman, a conservation biologist, who was not involved in the new study agrees that the study result is likely an underestimate. His and his colleagues’ local surveys suggest there are at least 3,000 and possibly more than 6,000 unknown tree species in the Amazon basin alone. Tree species often get grouped together based on appearance, he notes, so new genetic analysis techniques will likely lead to the discovery of even more biodiversity. Sliman wonders how many species will go extinct before scientists describe them. “How many are already known to native peoples in the Amazon — or were known to peoples or cultures who have themselves been made extinct through colonization, disease, or absorption? How many “species” already have dried samples sitting in a cabinet?” he says.

Searching for the new species will inform not only conservation but the basic evolutionary science of how and why species diversify and die out, Silman says. “Just the fact that there are thousands of species of something as common as trees out there that are still left to be discovered,” he adds, “I find pretty inspirational.”

1. What is the finding of the new research?

A．About nine thousand new tree species have been identified.

B．Thousands of tree species remain unknown to science.

C．Maintaining tree diversity has become a global challenge.

D．Human activities have led to the reduced number of trees.

2. What can be learned about the research method?

A．The researchers adopted quality method to analyze data.

B．The researchers did extensive field study in out-of-the-way spots.

C．Inferring from the existing dada is the main research method.

D．Doing surveys and interviews is the main research method.

3. What does the underlined word “preponderance” in paragraph 3 probably mean?

A．majority

B．evolution

C．cultivation

D．capability

4. According to Silman, one of the reasons for the underestimate of the tree species may be that ________.

A．genetic analysis technique failed to produce accurate information

B．trees of similar sizes in the Amazon basin are grouped together

C．too many rare trees were made into dried samples before being documented

D．the local peoples or the local cultures are not fully aware of the tree species.