3 . In the World Cup, the U. S. and England aren't traditionally rivals. But, off the field, a different type of ______ has dominated for more than a century: what to call the world's most popular sport.
To Americans, it's soccer. The most of the rest of the world (including England, the birthplace of the modern sport), it's football. But what most people don't know is that the word "soccer" is not ______ an American invention. On the contrary, it was a(n) ______ from England, and one that was commonly used there until relatively recently, when it became too much of an Americanism for British English to bear.
At least, that's the ______ made by Stefan Szymanski, a professor of sports economics at the University of Michigan. In a paper from 2014, Szymanski writes that "soccer" ______ late 19th-century England, as a way of differentiating between variants of the game which at the time did not have a commonly ______ set of rules.
In the early 1800s in England, football and rugby existed as different ______ of the same game. But in 1863, the Football Association was ______ to standardize the rules of football so that nobles boys from different schools could play against one another. In 1871, the Rugby Football Union followed suit. The two sports ______ became known as Rugby Football and Association Football.
In England, Szymanski writes, noble boys ______ the shortened terms "rugger" and "soccer" to differentiate between Rugby Football and Association Football. To support this argument, he cites a letter to The New York Times, published in 1905: "It was a ______ to Oxford and Cambridge to use 'er' at the end of many words, such as foot-er, sport-er, and as Association did not take an 'er' easily, it was, and is, sometimes spoken of as Soccer."
And the term, Szymanski says, was widely ______ in England through the first half on the twentieth century. It became even more popular after World War II - driven, he suggests, by the number of American soldiers in the country and the ______ with American culture around the world that came after the war.
But by the 1980s, Brits started to ______ the word, as soccer became a more popular sport in the United States. "The penetration of the game into American culture," Szymanski writes, "has led to backlash against the use of the word in Britain, where it was once considered a(n) ______ to the word 'football'".
1. A.debate | B.resistance | C.rivalry | D.contrast |
2. A.on earth | B.in fact | C.without doubt | D.on purpose |
3. A.loan | B.provision | C.acceptance | D.import |
4. A.argument | B.guess | C.contribution | D.claim |
5. A.took off | B.rose from | C.originated in | D.started with |
6. A.agreed-upon | B.made-up | C.worked-out | D.tightened-up |
7. A.rules | B.settings | C.shifts | D.variations |
8. A.secured | B.maintained | C.established | D.differentiated |
9. A.relatively | B.officially | C.particularly | D.outstandingly |
10. A.settled down to | B.came up with | C.made up for | D.looked up to |
11. A.craze | B.madness | C.defence | D.permission |
12. A.admitted | B.presented | C.preserved | D.recognized |
13. A.association | B.fascination | C.concern | D.agreement |
14. A.turn against | B.hold back | C.put off | D.act on |
15. A.connection | B.compliment | C.alternative | D.response |