1 . Scientists in Antarctica have recorded,for the first time,unusually warm water beneath a glacier (冰川)the size of Florida that is already melting and contributing to a rise in sea levels.
The researchers,working on the Thwaites Glacier,recorded water temperatures at the base of the ice of more than 2℃,above the normal freezing point.Critically,the measurements were taken at the glacier's grounding line,the area where it transforms from resting wholly on bedrock to spreading out on the sea as ice shelves.It is unclear how fast the glacier is getting worse:Studies have forecast its total collapse in a century or in a few decades.The presence of warm water in the grounding line may support estimates at the faster range.
That is worthy of attention because the Thwaites,along with the Pine Island Glacier and several smaller glaciers, acts as a brake on part of the much larger West Antarctic Ice Sheet, which , if melted, would raise the world's oceans by more than a meter over centuries,an amount that would put many coastal cities underwater.
“Warm waters in this part of the world,as remote as they may seem,should serve as a warning to all of us about the potential terrible changes to the planet brought about by climate change,” said David Holland, director of New York University's Environmental Fluid Dynamics Laboratory.
Glaciologists have previously raised alarm over the presence of warm water melting the Thwaites from below.This is the first time,though,that warm waters have been measured at the glacier's grounding line.
To observe activity beneath the glacier,Dr.Holland's team drilled a hole -about 30 centimeters wide and 600 meters deep-from the surface to the bottom and then placed equipment that measures water temperature and ocean turbulence,or the mixing of freshwater from the glacier and salty ocean water.Collecting the data took about 96 hours in subzero weather.Warm waters beneath the Thwaites are actively melting it, the team found.
While scientists may not yet be able to definitively predict how soon glaciers like the Thwaites will melt, human-caused climate change is a key factor.The biggest predictor of “how much ice we will lose and how quickly we will lose it,”Dr.Holland said,”is human action.”
1. What does warm water found in the glacier's grounding line indicate?| A．Sea levels should be remeasured. |
| B．It may take a century for the glacier to melt. |
| C．The grounding line is getting shorter. |
| D．The glacier might disappear sooner |
| A．they hold back ice |
| B．they are extremely large |
| C．they are located at bedrocks |
| D．they are collapsing |
| A．We can predict how much ice can be kept. |
| B．Human beings are to blame for the loss of ice. |
| C．Glaciers serve a more important purpose than expected. |
| D．More data needs to be collected to support the estimates. |
| A．The efforts made to avoid the presence of warm water. |
| B．The alarm voiced on the worsening situation of glaciers. |
| C．The tools employed to measure the temperature of Antarctica. |
| D．The prediction based on a scientific study of the grounding line. |
2 . Charles Dickens’ novel A Tale of Two Cities is set in the years before and during the French Revolution (1789 - 1799). During its course, French revolutionaries brought down the empire and established a republic of free and equal citizens.
In reading the work, one sees that Dickens distorted some details of the French Revolution. At the beginning, Dickens notes that, in 1775, France was busy spending money. This mention of France’s spending touches briefly on what is perhaps the major cause of the French Revolution. Before the revolution, the government often borrowed money because it spent more than it raised in taxes. The increased spending and borrowing made many people’s blood boil, yet Dickens focused instead on the nobility’s oppression and exploitation of the working class, including peasants, as the causes of the revolution.
The Marquis, one of the book’s characters, ill-treats and kills many people. Thus, he represents the nobles who mistreat the lower classes. One reviewer criticized this picture as an unfair representation of French society in the mid-1700s. The reviewer pointed out that the government would have punished nobles who mistreated or murdered. Nobles may have been guilty of other evils, however, such as not feeding the starving masses after bad weather ruined crops in 1789.
Dickens’ account of the storming of the Bastille fails to mention that the gang that stormed the prison was looking for bullets and bombs to use in defense against a possible attack by the king’s troops. Dickens does include some accurate details, however, such as the crowd’s finding only seven prisoners and freeing them and the pack’s executing (处决) the prison administrator and sticking his head on a post. The scene that the women knit (编织) as they watch the executions may seem to be an odd detail, but actually many women did knit stockings for the war effort as they watched the killing machine at work.
Dickens’ descriptions of the steady stream of sentenced people into prison and the carts taking them to their deaths give readers some idea of the frequency with which officials jailed and executed people during the Rule of Terror, which lasted about a year. During the Terror, the government jailed about 250 thousand people, tried (审判) and killed about 17 thousand, and executed about 12 thousand without a trial. Those executed included people who opposed the revolution, people who offended the revolutionaries, and even some revolutionaries. About 15 percent were members of the ministry or nobility.
1. What does the word “distorted” in Paragraph 2 most probably mean?| A．Discussed. | B．Revealed. |
| C．Provided. | D．Twisted. |
| A．A wild crowd rushed into the Bastille to fight with the royal soldiers. |
| B．The nobles’ mistreating and killing people is the main cause of the revolution. |
| C．About thirty thousand people lost their lives in the course of the Rule of Terror. |
| D．Women were forced to work for the war supplies while watching people killed. |
| A．Dickens was once among the revolutionaries storming the Bastille. |
| B．There was an extreme disorder and horror during the revolution. |
| C．Nobles of those days in France were loaded with heavy social responsibilities. |
| D．Classic literary works may serve as history textbooks to a great degree. |
| A．The Collapse of the French Empire |
| B．Unknown Facts during the Rule of Terror |
| C．Dickens’ Description of the French Revolution |
| D．A Critical View on A Tale of Two Cities |
3 . Get Your Unlimited Card at Cineworld Cinemas
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1. The cinema names its membership card “Unlimited” because __________.| A．one can have the benefits for good upon joining the membership |
| B．Cineworld members can enjoy as many 2D and 3D films as they like for free |
| C．it frees a member from any regular payment to the movie tickets at Cineworld |
| D．card holders can share limitless discounts and offers with friends and relatives |
| A．The benefits above are not available until the card is delivered. |
| B．Premium card holders can have 25% off at a licensed Starbucks. |
| C．Whoever persuades 6 friends into Unlimited can enjoy a half year of free membership. |
| D．A second year of investment is worthwhile if you are a cinema goer. |
| A．secure the loyalty of potential customers |
| B．introduce the latest movies and discounts |
| C．promote the popularity of Cineworld cinemas |
| D．give away movie cards to readers for free |
4 . Have you ever heard of Nollywood? Nollywood is the name of the Nigerian (尼日利亚的) film industry. Nigeria is one of the largest film industries in the world based on the quantity of films produced, placing them right below India’s Bollywood and above USA’s Hollwood!
Born in around 1992. Nollywood is the youngest compared with the other two “woods”, and uses new forms of financing and production. Now it’s in adulthood. and bigger productions have become more regular. However, this was not always the case. Although movie theaters were rare in Nigeria during earlier period, original stories were not. Despite lack of funds and experience, self-made directors began to use commercial video cameras to shoot their movies and sold them for home viewing. Even though this resulted in movies with low production value, the original stories instantly made them a hit. Today, the film industry is the largest employer after agriculture and makes up 5% of Nigeria’s GDP.
Nigeria is a big player in the industry and it is constantly improving its craft, taking on new challenges. Nollywood is known mainly for its comedies and dramas, but we are increasingly seeing horror movies and musicals.
Although sometimes heavily criticized for low production values. Nollywood continues to grow fans worldwide. Nigerian movies now make up 11% of Nigeria’s non-oil exports! The average movie is produced in 7-10 days on a budget between ￡7,000-12,000 (Hollywood’s average is around ￡60 million per movie with one year production time).This is changing, however, as more filmmakers are receiving proper training and are aiming to make films up to the international standard.
1. What is the advantage of Nollywood?| A．Commercial support. | B．Original stories. |
| C．Dominant comedies. | D．Fast production. |
| A．Bollywood produces more films than the other two “woods”. |
| B．Nollywood is known as the youngest among the three “woods”. |
| C．Hollywood’ s budget for an average movie is much less than Nollywood’s. |
| D．It takes much less time to produce a Nollywood film than a Hollywood one. |
| A．Nollywood’s contribution to Nigera’s GDP is second only to agriculture |
| B．Nollywood makes fewer comedies and dramas than horror movies and musicals |
| C．movies made by Nollywood occupy more than 11% of Nigeria’ s export industry |
| D．more filmmakers in Nollywood are attempting to improve the quality of its films |
| A．films worth enjoying in Nigeria. |
| B．major differences among the “woods”. |
| C．promising future of Nollywood. |
| D．features and changes of Nollywood. |
5 . They say a cat has nine lives, and I think that possible since I am now living my third life and I’m not even a cat. My father died when I was 15, and we had a hard struggle to make a living. And my mother, who was seriously ill in her last years, died while still in her 60s. My sister married soon after, and I followed her example within the year.
This was when I began to enjoy my first life. I was very happy, in excellent health. I had a good job in San Jose and a beautiful home up the peninsula in San Carlos. Life was a pleasant dream. Then the dream ended. I became afflicted(使苦恼) with a slowly progressive disease of the motor nerves, affecting first my right arm and leg, and then my other side. Thus began my second life...
In spite of my disease I still drove to and from work each day, with the aid of special equipment installed in my car. And I managed to keep my health and optimism, to a degree, because of 14 steps. Crazy? Not at all. Our home was an affair with 14 steps leading up from the garage to the kitchen door. Those steps were a standard measure of life. They were my yardstick, my challenge to continue living. I felt that if the day arrived when I was unable to lift one foot up one step and then drag the other painfully after it-repeating the process 14 times, I would be through-I could then admit defeat and lie down and die.
Then on a dark night in August, 1971, I began my third life. It was raining when I started home that night; strong winds and slashing rain beat down on the car as I drove slowly down one of the less-traveled roads. Suddenly the steering wheel jerked(猝然一动). In the same instant I heard the bang of a blowout. It was impossible for me to change that tire! Utterly impossible!
I started the engine and thumped(砰然地响) slowly along until I came to the dirt road, where I turned in and where I found lighted windows welcomed me to a house and pulled into the driveway and blared the horn.
The door opened and a little girl stood there. When she knew what happened to me, she went into the house and a moment later came out, followed by a man who called a cheerful greeting. I sat there comfortable and dry, and felt a bit sorry for the man and the little girl working so hard in the storm.
About an hour later, the man’s voice was heard, “This is a bad night for car trouble, but you’re all set now.” “Thanks,” I said. “How much do I owe you?” He shook his head, “Nothing. Cynthia told me you were a cripple(跛者). Glad to be of help. I know you’d do the same for me. There’s no charge, friend.” I held out a five-dollar bill, “No! I like to pay my way.” He made no effort to take it and the little girl stepped closer to the window and said quietly, “Grandpa can’t see it. ”
1. “A cat has nine lives” here means ______ .| A．a cat can live nine times longer than any other animal |
| B．a cat can die ninth |
| C．a lucky man cannot die easily |
| D．the writer will live nine times |
| A．Warm-hearted but pitiable |
| B．Warm-hearted and happy |
| C．A blind old man that has nothing to do every day |
| D．A poor old man that is always ready to help others |
| A．The writer paid the little girl but the old man did not accept. |
| B．The writer drove away with tears running down his cheek. |
| C．The writer stayed there, without knowing what to do and how to do. |
| D．In the next few frozen seconds the writer felt the shame and astonishment he had never felt before. |
| A．The Old Man and His Daughter | B．Heart Leaping Up |
| C．Never Lose Heart | D．Good Will Be Rewarded Good |
6 . Happiness can be described as a positive mood and a pleasant state of mind. According to recent polls(民意调查), sixty to seventy percent of Americans consider themselves to be moderately happy and one in twenty persons feels very unhappy. Psychologists have been studying the factors that contribute to happiness. It is not predictable, nor is a person in an apparently ideal situation necessarily happy. The ideal situation may have little to do with his actual feelings.
A good education and income are usually considered necessary for happiness. Though both may contribute, they are only chief factors if the person is seriously under-educated or actually suffering from lack of physical needs.
The rich are not likely to be happier than the middle-income group or even those with very low incomes. People with college educations are somewhat happier than those who did not graduate from high school, and it is believed that this is mainly because they have more opportunities to control their lives. Yet people with a high income and a college education may be less happy than those with the same income and no college education.
Poor health does not rule out happiness except for the severely disabled or those in pain. Learning to cope with a health problem can contribute to happiness. Those who have good relationship with other family members are happier than those who live alone. Love has a higher correlation with happiness than any other factors.
It should be noted that people quickly get used to what they have, and they are happiest when they feel they are increasing their level no matter where it stands at a given time.
Children whose parents where happily married have happier childhoods, but are not necessarily happier adult.
The best formula(准则) for happiness is to be able to develop AQ (Adversity Quotient that can be of great benefit when running into trouble), to have a personal involvement and commitment, and to develop self-confidence and self-esteem.
1. It can be inferred from the passage that ________| A．happiness is neither predictable nor apparent. |
| B．a person in an apparently ideal situation must be happy. |
| C．the rich are not likely to be happier than the middle-income group. |
| D．happiness is not necessarily connected to one’s situation in society. |
| A．a happy childhood in which one can do whatever he likes. |
| B．great wealth with which one can buy anything. |
| C．a feeling that conditions are becoming for the better. |
| D．a college degree that can help one achieve great success. |
| A．ambition to defeat others in a severe competition. |
| B．ability to overcome difficulty and get out of embarrassing situation. |
| C．methods of solving difficult problems and challenges in life. |
| D．attitudes towards severe competition especially in trouble. |
| A．What Does Happiness Lie in | B．Happiness and Unhappiness |
| C．Different Kinds of Happiness | D．Causes of Happiness and Unhappiness |
7 . Trade has a pretty bad name in some quarters. Trade robs poor people of a proper living, and keeps them trapped in poverty. There is a widely held popular view that trade is unfair.
Though many claim that a freer trade would change the current indecent reputation of world market, the cure-all free trade is the dream of most textbook economists. In fact, “free trade” has been used successfully by powerful countries to land their mass-produced goods on fresh overseas dumping grounds and squeeze out local household businesses and craftsmanship.
At home the story is different. Large firms have little appetite for free trade and competition in their own backyard. They prefer to enjoy the advantages and protections for which they have carefully earned. Free thus fierce competition has little appeal for those who understand that they will make more profit if they can corner the market, whether at home or abroad.
By contrast, making trade fairer is about addressing both outcomes and processes of trade. Fairness is not just moral request. It affects behaviour. Actually the concept of fairness increases steadily as societies achieve greater market uprightness: Businessmen from upright societies are willing to punish those who do not play fair, even if this is costly to themselves.
Fairer trade rather than freer trade could partly mend mal-administering of resources in certain areas. Though thought of as evil economic policies in the west world, carefully planned special preferences and protectionism could be used intelligently to help to block the economic robbery of the rich class in African countries, and to improve the lives of the bottom billion.
Fairness is also important in the control of trade. The current International trade negotiations have resulted in rules favoring the powerful. The rules are made in negotiations in which the countries in control call the shots, and do not always do so in good faith. Industrialized countries were often found to have obtained definite and far-reaching commitments from developing countries, in exchange for vague promises, such as to liberalise agriculture, which they have not kept. On the other hand, the essence of the fair trade lies in the promise that every party benefit from the business, rich or poor, powerful or weak.
Making trade fairer is important to avoid a further public hate against trade. It is also important so as better to balance trade goals with other important national goals such as environmental and social protection. Finally, the so-called free trade system needs to be made fairer so that it does not block competition, and crush innovation and business spirit. It needs to offer a more level playing field to commercial newcomers and competitors in rich and poor countries alike.
1. Free trade is a concept at rich countries’ service to________.| A．open up new markets abroad |
| B．define trade in the economic textbooks |
| C．dump pollutants in poor countries |
| D．learn the skills from local household businesses. |
| A．punishing the rich countries when they cheat the poor countries |
| B．making sure that rich countries provide more chances for poor countries |
| C．promoting special preferences and protectionism in poor areas |
| D．guaranteeing the common interests of all the dealers |
| A．macro-management |
| B．overall collection |
| C．uneven distribution |
| D．negative mining |
| A．Large firms earn huge profits from free trade on domestic markets. |
| B．Honest dealers would sacrifice their own interest to discipline the dishonest. |
| C．Special preferences and protectionism are occasionally adopted in western countries. |
| D．A fairer trade helps to ease competition between the rich and the poor. |
8 . The Fertile Rainforest Soils in Amazon
Low-level slash-and-burn(刀耕火种) farming doesn’t harm rainforest. On the contrary, it helps farmers and improves forest soils. This is the unorthodox(非正统的) view of a German soil scientist who has shown that burnt clearings in the Amazon, dating back more than 1,000 years, helped create patches of rich, fertile soil that farmers still benefit from today.
Most rainforest soils are thin and poor because they lack minerals and because the heat and heavy rainfall destroy most organic matter in the soils within four years of it reaching the forest floor. It means topsoil contains few of the ingredients needed for long-term successful farming.
But Bruno Glaser, a soil scientist of the University of Bayreuth, has studied unexpected patches of fertile soils in the central Amazon. These soils contain lots of organic matter.
Glaser has shown that most of this fertile organic matter comes from ''black carbon'', the organic particles from camp fires and charred(烧焦的) wood left over from thousands of years of slash-and-burn farming. ''The soils, known as Terra Preta, contained up to 70 times more black carbon than the surrounding soil, '' says Glaser.
Unburnt vegetation rots quickly, but black carbon persists in the soil for many centuries. Radiocarbon dating shows that the charred wood in Terra Preta soils is typically more than 1,000 years old.
''Slash-and-burn farming can be good for soils provided it doesn't completely burn all the vegetation, and leaves behind charred wood, '' says Glaser. ''It can be better than manure(粪肥). Burning the forest just once can leave behind enough black carbon to keep the soil fertile for thousands of years. And rainforests easily regrow after small-scale clearing. Contrary to the conventional view that human activities damage the environment, '' Glaser says: ''Black carbon combined with human waste is responsible for the richness of Terra Preta soils. ''
Terra Preta soils turn up in large patches all over the Amazon, where they are highly prized by farmers. All the patches fall within 500 square kilometers in the central Amazon. Glaser says the widespread presence of pottery confirms the soil’s human origins. The findings add weight to the theory that large areas of the Amazon have recovered so well from past periods of agricultural use that the regrowth has been mistaken by generations of biologists for ''virgin'' forest.
During the past decade, researchers have discovered hundreds of large earth works deep in the jungle. They are up to 20 meters high and cover up to a square kilometer. Glaser claims that these earth works, built between AD 400 and 1400, were at the heart of urban civilizations. Now it seems the richness of the Terra Preta soils may explain how such civilizations managed to feed themselves.
1. According to the passage, it is generally believed that _______.| A．slash-and-burn farming betters the forest soils |
| B．slash-and-burn farming reduces the black carbon in the soils |
| C．slash-and-burn framing does harm to the forest soils |
| D．slash-and-burn farming damages the minerals in the soils |
| A．The topsoil contains a relatively small number of the ingredients. |
| B．Most organic matter is missing because of the heat and heavy rain. |
| C．A majority part of soils are likely to be washed away by heavy rain. |
| D．Black carbon and human waste negatively impact the soil to a great extent. |
| A．when the vegetation is burnt completely |
| B．if there is no slash-and-burn farming |
| C．at a slow rate after small-scale burning |
| D．readily after small-scale burning |
| A．Amazon rainforest soils used to be the richest in the world. |
| B．Human activities will do great damage to rainforests. |
| C．There once existed an urban civilization in the Amazon rainforests. |
| D．Farming is responsible for the destruction of the Amazon rainforests. |
9 . A strict vegetarian is a person who never in his life eats anything derived from animals. The main objection to vegetarianism on a long-term basis is the difficulty of getting enough protein, the body building elements in food. If you have ever been without meat or animal foods for some days or weeds (say, for religious reasons) you will have noticed that you tend to get physically rather weak. You are glad when the fast is over and you get your reward of a succulent meat meal.
Proteins are built up from approximately twenty food elements called “amino-acids”, which are found more abundantly in animal protein than in vegetable protein. This means you have to eat a great deal more vegetable than animal food in order to get enough of these amino-acids. A great deal of the vegetable food goes to waste in this process and from the physiological point of view there is not much to be said in favor of life-long vegetarianism.
The economic side of the question, though, must be considered. Vegetable food is much cheaper than animal food. However, since only a small proportion of tae vegetable protein is useful for body-building purposes, a consistent vegetarian, if he is to gain the necessary 70 grams of protein a day, has to consume a greater bulk of food than his digestive organs can comfortably deal with. In fairness, though, it must be pointed out that vegetarians claim they need far less than 70 grams of protein a day.
Whether or not vegetarianism should be advocated for adults, it is definitely unsatisfactory for growing children, who need more protein than they can get from vegetable sources.
A lacto-vegetarian diet, which includes milk and milk products such as cheese, can, however, be satisfactory as long as enough milk and milk products are consumed.
Meat and cheese are the best sources of usable digestible and next come milk, fish and eggs. Slow and careful cooking of meat makes it more digestible and assists in the breaking down of the protein content by the body. When cooking vegetables, however, the vitamins, and in particular the water-soluble vitamin C, should be lost through overcooking.
1. A vegetarian is a person who _____.| A．eats the meat of animals only | B．eats the vegetable only |
| C．drinks milk only | D．eat nothing at all |
| A．more proteins | B．more nutrients |
| C．more minerals | D．more amino-acids |
| A．Johnny ran off as fast as his legs could carry him. |
| B．Gandhi drank some orange juice to break his three-week fast. |
| C．I always keep my watch 15 minutes fast. |
| D．The rainforests are being chopped down at an alarmingly fast rate. |
| A．to gain enough protein, one must consume much more vegetable food than animal food |
| B．cooking vegetables for long time makes it more digestible |
| C．milk is the best source of usable animal protein |
| D．the most common deficiencies in Western diets are those of vitamins |
| A．Vegetarianism is not good for one’s health. |
| B．Vegetarianism should be advocated for adults. |
| C．A lacto-vegetarian diet is the best as it provides adequate nutrition. |
| D．One should have a well-balanced diet containing elements of all foods. |
10 . In 2008, a study was conducted in Hong Kong to find out why some people appeared to be better at public speaking. Three hundred people who were employed in jobs that require an advanced level of public speaking skills were interviewed. The participants included politicians, professors and motivational speakers. The results of the study showed that 77% of the participants reported having parents that encouraged them to ask questions and state their opinions from a young age. Eighty-five percent answered that their parents had repeatedly exposed them to a variety of positive “public speaking” experiences at home. These experiences included practicing speeches, performing dramas and reciting poems.
In another study to determine the causes of fear of public speaking, 70% of the participants said they had not had any public speaking opportunities at home. Eighteen percent of the participants had been given such opportunities, but these had resulted in a loss of confidence.
One of the participants recalled a painful experience from when he was eight years old. His parents had arranged for him to present his school project about earthquakes to his cousins. As an outgoing boy, he was eager to show off all his hard work, until he forgot a sentence and started to stutter (结巴). His cousins began to laugh at him, and instead of his family encouraging him to continue with his presentation, his father told him to call it a day. The stress of this incident and the feeling of being rejected carried over to school, where he started struggling with his words and went red like a sunset every time he had to speak in front of an audience.
From these studies, we can see that the way parents handle their child’s communication efforts and a child’s future attitude towards public speaking can be linked. Not all people are born afraid of public speaking, but rather they grow to be afraid of it due to awful experiences or outside influences. Yet this does not mean they have no control over their fear — because they do.
1. According to the study of 2008, ________ were important in making successful public speakers.| A．caring professors | B．high motivations |
| C．encouraging parents | D．original opinions |
| A．stop | B．respond |
| C．try | D．relax |
| A．How much exposure to public speaking is proper? |
| B．What kinds of jobs require public speaking skills? |
| C．Is public speaking important for children? |
| D．Are people born afraid of public speaking? |
| A．more experiences of unsuccessful public speaking |
| B．ways to gain self-confidence in public speaking |
| C．other reasons for failure in public speaking |
| D．features of successful public speaking |
