1 . People long ago thought bad spirits (神灵) caused disease. Sometimes they cut a hole in the sick person's head to let the bad spirit out. Others thought that illness was a punishment from the gods. The Greeks in old times were the first to understand that bad spirits and gods do not cause disease.
Hippocrates, called the father of medicine, and another Greek named Galen believed that disease was caused by our body fluids (液体) which are not balanced. Doctors used bleeding as a treatment for almost all illnesses. The doctor cut blood vessel (血管) and got out some blood. They thought this brought the fluids back into balance.
Doctors performed surgical operations (外科手术). About half of the surgical patients died from infection (感染) . Operating rooms were dirty, and surgeons did not even wash their hands. Things got better after Pasteur and Koch. British surgeon Joseph Lister showed how to make operating rooms clean.
Operations once had to be done quickly because there was so way to put patients to sleep. A doctor and a dentist first used ether (乙醚) in the 1s. Ether and other drugs let surgeons put patients to sleep during operations. These drugs, called anesthetics, reduce pain during surgery. With anesthetics, surgeons learned how to perform longer operations to save lives.
Medical researchers are now looking for ways to cure diseases caused by problems with genes. Genes are made of DNA. If something goes wrong with its DNA, the gene can make trouble. Some problems with genes appear at birth. Others happen later on. Doctors do not yet have good treatments for diseases caused by genetic problems.
Doctors and researchers are also working to prevent diseases by helping people lead healthy lives. They tell us to eat nutritious food, exercise, avoid smoking, and have regular physical checkups.
1. How did the Greeks in the past treat patients?| A．They used four fluids to clean the body. |
| B．They had some blood taken out of the body. |
| C．They balanced the patients with water. |
| D．They asked spirits and gods for help. |
| A．Ether was used properly |
| B．Patients were infected. |
| C．Surgeons performed longer operations. |
| D．Doctors didn't use operating rooms. |
| A．Help a person sleep well. |
| B．Cut open part of body as a knife. |
| C．Make part of body free of sense or pain. |
| D．Save one's life if the operation fails. |
| A．Good lifestyle helps one prevent diseases. |
| B．Any problem with genes happens before one is born. |
| C．Genetic treatment is the best way to remove diseases. |
| D．Regular physical checkups were popular in the past. |
| A．How doctors cured diseases |
| B．Medicine around the world |
| C．Development of surgical operations |
| D．Treatment of diseases past and present |
2 . An early spring morning I woke up with a strange thought "Something's gonna happen." The weather was beautiful and the morning promised a perfect day. I was still in bed, enjoying the sun and fresh air. Suddenly, the phone rang. I got it and a strange voice said: "Good morning. Are you sleeping yet?"
I wondered who it was. It was a nice woman's voice with a special accent. She told me that she wanted to see me and hung up. That phone call made me think a lot. A few minutes later 1 forgot this. 1 had breakfast and went out for a walk. The smell of spring was hovering in the air. The weather was warm. I was walking through the park, enjoying the beautiful nature.
Just then. I saw a young boy picking up a wallet from the ground. It seemed to me that I had seen this wallet before. First, I thought that he had dropped it, but his next actions made me think the opposite. The boy took the wallet carefully. cleaned it, and put it into his pocket. After that, he ran as quickly as he could. I didn't know what to do, so I began to scream loudly. I hoped there would be somebody nearby to catch him. But there was nobody around. I ran after him, but he disappeared somehow.
Then I reached in my pocket and realized that this wallet was mine. I felt very hopeless—no money, no keys, nothing. Maybe I had dropped it. That was a very awful day.
Suddenly, while I was sitting on a bench, a fascinating young woman appeared. She asked: "What has happened to you? Where have you been?" It was the same voice which I had heard that morning on the phone. The special accent I had heard on the phone. The same special accent! I couldn't believe my eyes. She was standing in front of me, trying to tell me something.
At that moment I felt someone shaking me and saying: "Wake up, wake up. It's getting late. Wake up!"
I opened my eyes and saw my mother. What a pity! No fascinating young lady, no park, nothing. I jumped out of bed immediately and checked where my wallet was. Thank God! It was there. It had only been a bad dream.
1. Why did the author begin to scream loudly?| A．He met something scary. |
| B．He wanted to have the boy caught. |
| C．He wanted the boy to stop running |
| D．He wished the fascinating woman to appear. |
| A．It was gentle. | B．It was from his find. |
| C．It was special accent. | D．It often appeared on his phone. |
| A．Staying in one place | B．Waiting in an uncertain way. |
| C．Rising last in the sky | D．Flying away quickly. |
| A．He lost it in the park | B．It was still in his pocket. |
| C．The boy took it away. | D．His mother hid it |
| A．The author's friend | B．The author's mother. |
| C．The young boy's sister | D．There's no such woman. |
3 . A simple mosquito bite can mean serious illness or death. So we spray large areas with chemicals to wipe out mosquitoes. But this has a bad influence on the whole ecosystem and your health. Now there’s a new device (装置), which claims to keep you and your loved ones mosquitofree：
What are we talking about?
Mosquitron, a brand new type of bug (虫子) catcher, designed by two German engineers, is perfect for clearing your home of all annoying and dangerous flying pests!
How does it work?
◆It is easy to set up; plug it in — and away you go!
◆It lures (引诱) the flying pests near using a safe, completely harmless UV light.
◆A reverse fan sucks the insects through a oneway trapdoor.
◆Once trapped in the drying basket, they are dried to death by the fan within 2 minutes.
◆You can simply empty the dead bugs into the trash, without even touching them.
◆No need for batteries or any chemicals.
How much does it cost?
It’s now ＄179.99. It may seem expensive at first, but when you consider most devices need regular, expensive refills and don’t work for more than 10 minutes, this is a pretty good deal. In fact, competitor products using the same UV technology are priced at over ＄250! Now you can buy it from the supplier’s website with 50% off and with free shipping for a limited time by clicking here. Note: The device can only be returned or exchanged if it arrives damaged, and you must pay in advance.
1. What is the characteristic of a Mosquitron?| A．It is easily recharged. |
| B．It is batterypowered. |
| C．It is almost silent when operating. |
| D．It kills mosquitoes with UV light. |
| A．A high discount. | B．A cheap delivery. |
| C．Return without reasons. | D．Cash on delivery. |
| A．A review. | B．An advertisement. |
| C．An instruction. | D．A report. |
4 . An electric flying vehicle called Skai was on display yesterday near Los Angeles， California． Skai is made by Alaka'i Technologies． The vehicle has six rotors（旋翼） on top． Inside， there are seats for five passengers． To many people， Skai looks like a cross between a giant drone（无人机） and a car． Alaka'i Technologies hopes the vehicle will one day serve as a flying taxi， a cargo carrier， and an ambulance．
Other companies， such as Boeing and Airbus， are also designing electric aircraft． They are using batteries to power them． But batteries can weigh the vehicles down．
Skai uses hydrogen fuel cells to power its rotors． Hydrogen fuel cells are a lighter alternative to batteries． They allow the vehicle to transport 1，000 pounds． They might also be less damaging to the environment． "It's the cleanest form of energy on the planet，" Bruce Holmes told Digital Trends， a technology news website． Holmes is on the board of Alaka'i Technologies．
A test flight will take place near the company's Massachusetts headquarters． But it may be years before the autonomous aircraft is cleared to carry passengers． Skai must first meet regulations． These regulations are set by the Federal Aviation Administration （FAA）．
"The technology is interesting， but the regulatory （监管的） road will be very long，" Thaddeus Lightfoot said． Lightfoot is a lawyer． He helps companies deal with FAA rules．
Alaka'i Technologies is hopeful that Skai will get FAA approval to fly passengers soon． In the meantime， the company's CEO， Stephen Hanvey， says the craft could be used to transport food and water． It could also serve as a mobile cell tower in places struck by natural disasters．
1. Which of the following can replace the underlined word "cross" in paragraph 1？| A．mixture． |
| B．container． |
| C．equipment． |
| D．instrument． |
| A．It costs a lot． |
| B．It saves energy． |
| C．It is not readily available now． |
| D．It will soon get approved by FAA． |
| A．It is quite light． |
| B．It uses batteries． |
| C．It transports food and water． |
| D．It lands autonomously． |
| A．Car with wings． |
| B．Car of less weight． |
| C．Car with hydrogen fuel． |
| D．Car in the sky． |
5 . For Stevens Point locals in the US, the city is flooded with delicious fried fish. Here are four top choices for the community to have a try.
Hilltop Pub&Grill
Hilltop Pub&Grill first opened in the 1980s and took the Stevens Point community by storm with its delicious food and unique decoration style. Its fried fish are beloved due to the use of “high-quality North Atlantic fish, with a light beer batter (面糊)”.
The Final Score Bar&Grill
The Final Score Bar&Grill aimed to become a local hot spot in 2001 when Jim Billings, the owner, took charge of the business. Billings feels that their five batter choices set them apart from their neighboring bars. Besides, various wines are available.
Point After Pub&Grill
Point After Pub&Grill started serving delicious food and cold beers in a welcoming environment in 2009. But its history runs much longer. “Before it was Point After Pub&Grill, it had been Northside Bar for 30 plus years,” explained Molski, the owner. Molski feels that the pub’s four special batter choices and other fish specials are what help make it an area landmark.
Two Harps Pub
This Irish pub opened its doors to the public in 2017 and has been drawing fans and locals ever since. “I had done my career for a long time and was kind of bored with it,” said Nick Moore, the owner. “And this opportunity fell into my lap, so I went with it. It really made sense to open up an Irish bar.” The growing pub advises guests to try a cold beer with their Friday fried fish.
1. What makes Hilltop Pub&Grill popular with customers?| A．The convenient location. | B．The special food. |
| C．The high-quality service. | D．The unique wine. |
| A．They are both run by the same company. | B．They are both famous for great wines. |
| C．They both feature some particular batter. | D．They were both founded ten years ago. |
| A．It is the newest among the four pubs. | B．It offers free cold beers to customers. |
| C．It only provides fried fish on Fridays. | D．It has a unique decoration style. |
6 . In 2015, researchers from Australia's Deakin University published one of the first studies measuring food's physical effect on the left hippocampus(海马体), a seahorse-shaped brain region crucial for memory, learning, and decision making. It is also one of the first areas to shrink in people with Alzheimer's disease and other forms of dementia (痴呆).255 people filled out diet surveys and then underwent MRI scans(磁共振扫描成像) that measured their brains. Four years later, they returned for another scan in response to a request from the researchers.
The study found that the left hippocampus was bigger and heavier in the healthy eaters than in the unhealthy ones, regardless of age, sex, weight, exercise habits, or general health. That means eating the right foods and skipping the wrong stuff could help protect against declines in thinking and memory that lead to dementia. Healthy eating doesn't just prevent brain decline. It raises scores on thinking and memory tests, according to a study published in March 2019 that tracked 2,621 American women and men for 30 years."Green leafy vegetables have good effects that may protect both females and males against cognitive(认知的）decline and dementia," says lead researcher Claire McEvoy, RD, of the Centre for Public Health at Queen's University Belfast in Northern Ireland.
Even a little healthy food goes a long way. According to a 2018 Rush University study that tracked 960 people for 4.7 years, participants who ate just 1.3 extra servings of green leafy vegetables a day showed cognitive abilities similar to those of people 11 years younger.
How are these power foods working with your brain cells? Animal and test-tube experiments suggest that compounds in healthy diets help new cells make copies of DNA when they divide and multiply. Meanwhile, high-fat, high-sugar processed foods harm brain cells.
While food serves as an important brain protector, experts say brain supplements(补品)aren't all that effective. Studies show that they don't make brain cells active in a significantly positive way.＂Let the buyer be cautious," says David Hogan, MD, a specialist at the University of Calgary.A study of nootropics(益智药) in the November 2019 Journal of the American Medical Association revealed that the unapproved drug-piracetam(乙酰胺吡咯烷酮) was found in four out of five brands tested, at levels that could cause side effects such as depression.
1. Why did the researchers have the 255 people return for another MRI scan four years later?| A．To test whether they had Alzheimer's disease. |
| B．To see what effects diets had on the left hippocampus. |
| C．To study how they kept healthy in the four years. |
| D．To deepen their research into Alzheimer's disease. |
| A．Healthy eating helps to reduce the risk of dementia. |
| B．Unhealthy diet is a major contributing factor in cognitive decline. |
| C．Age and sex have nothing to do with our general health. |
| D．Plant-based diets have greater effects on women than men. |
| A．Brain supplements are as helpful as healthy diets. |
| B．We'd better take brain supplements for convenience. |
| C．We should be careful when taking brain supplements. |
| D．Brain supplements have as many side effects as processed foods. |
| A．Yes to Green Leafy Vegetables |
| B．Yes to Nootropics |
| C．No to Intelligence |
| D．No to Dementia |
7 . Everyone needs friends.There is an old saying, "Friends are God’s way of taking care of us." But how do you find real friendship and keep it?
The American writer Sally Seamans tells young students some smart ways to make friends.Sally says finding friendship is just like planting a tree.You plant the seed(种子)and take care of it to make it grow.
First, you should choose a friend.What makes a good friend? It is not because a person has money or good looks.A good friend should be kind and patient(耐心).For example, if you have a bad day, a good friend should listen to your complaints and do his best to help.To make a good friend, you cannot be too shy.You should make each other happy and share your lives.
But things cannot always be happy.Even the best friends have fights.What should you do when you have a fight with your friend? You have to talk to him or her.When there is no one around, have an honest talk.If he or she doesn't want to talk, you could write a letter.
There are three steps to being friends again:
Tell him or her how you are feeling; say what your friend has done wrong, and explain why you did this or that.Remember that friendship is the most important thing in your life.
1. Sally wants to tell students the ways to .| A．make friends | B．plant trees | C．get happy | D．keep fit |
| A．be lovely and cool | B．have good looks |
| C．have lots of money | D．be kind and patient |
| A．buy a present for | B．never say a word to |
| C．write a letter to | D．have dinner with |
| A．Teenagers and friendship. | B．Finding and keeping friendship |
| C．The trouble of growing up. | D．Good friends around you. |
8 . What is the nature of the scientific attitude, the attitude of the man or woman who studies and applies physics, biology, chemistry, geology, engineering, medicine or any other science?
We all know that science plays an important role in our societies. However, many people believe that our progress depends on two different aspects of science. The first aspect is the application of the machines, products and systems of knowledge that scientists and technologists develop. The second is the application of the special methods of thought and action that scientists use in their work.
What are these special methods of thinking and acting? First of all, it seems that a successful scientist is curious - he wants to find out how and why the universe works. He usually pays attention to problems which he notices have no satisfying explanation, and looks for relationships even if the data available seem to be unconnected. Moreover, he thinks he can improve the existing conditions and enjoys trying to solve the problems which this involves.
He is a good observer, accurate, patient and objective and uses the facts he observes to the fullest. For example, trained observers obtain a very large amount of information about a star mainly from the accurate analysis of the simple lines that appear in a spectrum(光谱).
He does not accept statements which are not based on the most complete evidence available. He rejects authority as the only basis for truth. Scientists always check statements and make experiments carefully and objectively.
Furthermore, he does not readily accept his own idea, since he knows that man is the least reliable of scientific instruments and that a number of factors tend to disturb objective investigation.
Lastly, he is full of imagination since he often has to look for relationships in data which are not only complex but also frequently incomplete. Furthermore, he needs imagination if he wants to guess how processes work and how events take place.
These seem to be some of the ways in which a successful scientist or technologist thinks and acts.
1. Which of the following statements about a curious scientist is TRUE?| A．He doesn't find confidence and pleasure in work. |
| B．He makes efforts to investigate potential connections. |
| C．He is interested in problems that are explained. |
| D．He looks for new ways of acting. |
| A．easily appreciate others' research work |
| B．easily believe in unchecked statements |
| C．always accept authority as the only basis for truth |
| D．always use evidence from observation to the fullest |
| A．Objective and careful. | B．Curious and casual. |
| C．Cautious and arrogant. | D．Subjective and down-to-death . |
| A．Key to a successful scientist. | B．Scientists’ ways of thinking and acting |
| C．Progress in modern society. | D．Application of modern technology. |
9 . Airplanes are known for "making" people sick. Fortunately, I've got the inside scoop on some practices that will keep you healthy on the plane and a head start on staying healthy during your travels.
Start taking immunity support products BEFORE you begin your trip.
Immunity support products come in a variety of forms. They are designed to prepare your body for physical stress by loading you up on the vitamins, minerals and antioxidants（抗氧化） that support great immune system functioning .
If your body is weak at the beginning of the trip, any germ or bacteria is going to have easy access to your system. Get those defenses in place a few days before travel and give your body the best chance to stay healthy.
Antibacterial wipes are your best friend.
Take a minute to think about that airplane. How many people are touching literally every surface with hands that have blocked a sneeze, been coughed into, held the handrail of the moving sidewalk?
Take along plenty of individually wrapped antibacterial wipes and use them everywhere. Wipe down the armrests, the seat belt buckle, the tray table and the remote control for the in-flight entertainment.
Wear slip-on shoes.
Many articles instruct passengers to wear socks on the airplane for comfort. However, if you walk down the aisle in your socks, or even worse, use the restroom, the bottom of those socks are going to pick up all kinds of dirt. So wear shoes when you move around on the plane! Let your shoes provide a barrier to whatever might be lying on the floor.
1. Why do planes easily make people sick according to the writer?| A．People lack practice to keep fit. |
| B．There are many bacteria on the plane. |
| C．People have too much entertainment during the flight. |
| D．People's immune system fails to work on the plane. |
| A．By wearing socks. |
| B．By stopping feeling stressful. |
| C．By blocking coughing with hands. |
| D．By taking some supportive products. |
| A．Advice on safety | B．A worthwhile trip |
| C．Stay healthy on a flight | D．Be careful of your flight |
10 . The Amazon Echo, a voice-driven computer that sits on a table top and answers to the name Alexa, can call up music tracks and radio stations, tell jokes, answer simple questions and control smart appliances. Even before Christmas it was already resident in about 4% of American households. Voice assistants are being widely used in smart phones, too: Apple’s Siri handles over 2 billion commands a week, and 20% of Google searches on Android-powered handsets in America are input by voice. Dictating e-mails and text messages now works reliably enough to be useful. Why type when you can talk?
Simple though it may seem, voice has the power to transform computing, by providing a natural means of interaction. Windows, icons and menus, and then touch screens, were welcomed as much easier ways to deal with computers than entering complex keyboard commands. But being able to talk to computers abolishes the need for a “user interface(界面)” at all. Just as mobile phones were more than existing phones without wires, and cars were more than carriages without horses, so computers without screens and keyboards have the potential to be more useful, more powerful than people can imagine today.
Voice will not wholly replace other forms of input and output. Sometimes it will remain more convenient to converse with a machine by typing rather than talking (Amazon is said to be working on an Echo device with a built-in screen). But voice is sure to account for a growing share of people’s interactions with the technology around them, from washing machines that tell you how much of the cycle they have left to virtual assistants in corporate call centres. However, to reach its full potential, the technology requires further breakthroughs and a resolution of the tricky questions it raises around the trade-off between convenience and privacy.
Computer-dictation systems have been around for years. But they were unreliable and required lengthy training to learn a specific user’s voice. Computer’s new ability to recognise almost anyone’s speech dependably without training is the latest manifestation (证明) of the power of “deep learning”, an artificial intelligence technique in which a software system is trained to use millions of examples, usually selected from the Internet. Thanks to deep learning, machines now nearly equal humans in transcription accuracy, computerized translation systems are improving rapidly and text-to-speech systems are becoming less robotic and more natural-sounding. Computers are, in short, getting much better at handling natural language in all its forms.
Although deep learning means that machines can recognize speech more reliably and talk in a more natural manner, they still don’t understand the meaning of language. That is the most difficult aspect of the problem and, if voice-driven computing is truly to flourish, one that must be overcome. Computers must be able to understand context in order to maintain a coherent conversation about something, rather than just responding to simple, one-off (一次性的) voice commands, as they mostly do today (“Hey, Siri, set a timer for ten minutes”). Researchers in universities and at companies are working on this problem, building “bots” that can hold more detailed conversations about more complex tasks, from searching information to making travel arrangements.
Many voice-driven devices are always listening, waiting to be activated(激活). Some people are already concerned about the implications of internet-connected microphones listening in every room and from every smart phone. Not all audio is sent to the cloud - devices wait for a trigger phrase (“Alexa”, “OK, Google”, “Hey, Cortana”, or “Hey, Siri”) before they start passing the user’s voice to the servers that actually handle the requests - but when it comes to storing audio, it is unclear who keeps what and when.
1. According to Paragraph l, the Amazon Echo ________.| A．has been sold out before Christmas |
| B．has been used by most American families |
| C．came on the market later than Apple’s Siri |
| D．is more useful than smart phones in dictating e-mails |
| A．It is vital to accurate identification of human voices. |
| B．It is almost the same as the computer-dictation system. |
| C．It has helped machines understand the meaning of language. |
| D．It has helped machines beat humans in accuracy and reliability. |
| A．The devices will be in charge of their life. |
| B．The devices need to be activated before working. |
| C．They are in the dark about their data’s ownership. |
| D．Their voices can be recognized by every smart phone. |
| A．Worried. | B．Doubtful. |
| C．Supportive. | D．Objective. |
