1 . Road networks are expanding worldwide at an alarming rate. Although roads can promote economic development and improve human welfare, they can also have severe effects on wildlife populations by worsening habitat and human disturbance. Moreover, traffic disturbance from noise, lights, and motion reduces the quality of habitat near roads.
While roads are now everywhere across much of the earth, the construction of new roads will be concentrated in areas with high biodiversity value. Many of these new roads and highways will likely cross reserves or other highly biodiverse areas. Although roads are one of the most important impacts on global ecosystems, we know little about how patterns in road construction will affect biodiversity in the coming decades.
Here, we use a recently developed global roads data set to investigate the extent and potential influence of road networks across the 1,160,000-km,13-country range of the globally endangered tiger. In the Russian Far East, for example, roads reduce tiger survival rates due to crashes into vehicles. In some regions, tigers avoid areas closer to public roads, suggesting that roads act as important barriers to movement. The emerging impacts of road development on tigers are critical for several reasons.
We calculate road density (度), distance to the nearest road, and relative mean species abundance (MSA) to characterize how road networks influence tiger habitats. These systems of measurement provide starting points for range-wide monitoring and impact assessments of road development projects, thus enabling evaluation of progress toward country-level conservation and sustainable (可持续的) development goals.
1. What is the second paragraph mainly about?| A．The importance of creating reserves. |
| B．The destruction to global ecosystems. |
| C．The effect on biodiversity worldwide. |
| D．The opinion about road construction. |
| A．It has bad influence on tigers. |
| B．It causes more traffic accidents. |
| C．It covers too many areas. |
| D．It requires a quantity of funds. |
| A．Optimistic. | B．Doubtful. |
| C．Concerned. | D．Astonished. |
| A．Entertainment. | B．Health. |
| C．Education. | D．Science. |
2 . Have you always wanted to discover the night sky but just don't know where to start?If so,then Back Garden Astronomy SkyatMight , Week is for you!
Launching at the start of March,this new beginner's guide from BBC Sky at Night Magazine will introduce the wonders of Earth's constant companion in space,the Moon,in easy-to-do, nightly observing instalments.
Just sign up and each day from Monday 2 to Monday 9 March we'll send you a no-nonsense email newsletter that will help you discover the wonders of our planet's natural satellite.We'll show you how to judge the Moon's movement across the sky,and introduce you to some of the most spellbinding sights on its surface.
We'll guide you to the Moon's most dramatic craters and seas,allowing you to discover for yourself the rugged locations that attracted the Apollo astronauts.
Each day during Back Garden Astronomy Week you'll also get essential observing tips and a fascinating insight into the Moon-explaining everything from what's behind its ever-changing phases to how old we think it is.
Sign up today to start your journey of discovery and we'll send you a FREE 62-page digital starter pack including a Guide to the Moon before Back Garden Astronomy Week starts!
SIGN UP TODAY!
Visit www.skyatnightmagazine.com/backgarden to sign up in a few easy steps.
1. Who is the Back Garden Astronomy Week intended for?| A．Researchers studying the universe. |
| B．Anyone interested in space. |
| C．Teenagers interested in the Moon. |
| D．New beginners interested in the Moon. |
| A．Essential observing tips. |
| B．A free Guide to the Moon. |
| C．A no-nonsense email newsletter. |
| D．A chargeable digital starter pack. |
| A．On a website. |
| B．On a university bulletin board. |
| C．In a text book. |
| D．In a travel guide book. |
3 . Basketball fans around the world are mourning the death of American superstar Kobe Bryant.
Bryant was killed in a helicopter crash Sunday in California, along with his 13-year-old daughter Gianna and seven other people. He was 41 years old.
Bryant was an 18-time All-Star player. He won five NBA championships and two Olympic gold medals. He was widely considered one of the greatest basketball players of his generation during his 20-year career with the Los Angeles Lakers.
The helicopter carrying Bryant and the others crashed into a hilly area in foggy conditions outside Los Angeles. Bryant lived south of Los Angeles and often used helicopters to travel around the area to save time and avoid Southern California traffic.
The cause of the crash is under investigation. It took place about 32 kilometers from Bryant's Mamba Sports Academy, a basketball training center in Newbury Park, California. Bryant was on his way to attend a youth basketball competition on Sunday with his daughter. Bryant and his wife, Vanessa, had four daughters.
When he retired from the NBA in 2016, Bryant was the third-leading scorer in NBA history with 33,643 points. He is widely expected to be elected to the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame this year.
The basketball world and the Los Angeles community reacted to Bryant’s death with an outpouring of sadness, disbelief and support.
In a statement, NBA Commissioner Adam Silver said Bryant was one of the greatest stars in the game. But he added, He will be remembered most for inspiring people around the world to pick up a basketball and compete to the very best of their ability.
On Twitter, U.S. President Donald Trump noted the terrible news. He called Bryant one of the truly great basketball players of all time who was just getting started in life.
1. Where is the passage probably taken from?| A．A science report. | B．A biography. |
| C．A textbook. | D．A newspaper. |
| A．his death | B．his achievements |
| C．his inspiration | D．his talent |
| A．careful examination | B．evidence |
| C．discussion | D．argument |
| A．Hearing the death of Kobe, fans around the world were very sad. |
| B．There were nine passengers on board, including one of his daughters. |
| C．Bryant was to attend a basketball competition with his daughter. |
| D．Bryant used the helicopter to save time and avoid the traffic jam on a fine day. |
4 . Many people say that looking back is meaningless because it can neither change the past nor bring it back to life, but I disagree as I enjoy the sense of nostalgia (怀旧感), which can remind me of how life used to be when I was younger. Don't get me wrong, however. I'm not one of those who love to talk ad nauseam about "the good old days".
As we know, there are moments when the past springs into the present. It's often a smell that will remind me of a particular place or person. A perfume, the scent of a flower, baking bread, bonfires...they all create an instant picture. For me it is the smell of a freshly painted room. We moved so many times when I was younger and each time the first thing my parents would do is decorate our bedrooms. The windows would be kept open to get rid of the smell of the paint but it would always linger on (留存) for days. Even today it fills me with a sense of new beginnings.
Those memories are fleeting (飞逝). But when I visit the seaside resort where we used to spend many of our family holidays, I can replay entire days in my head. I can vividly remember the weather, the salty smell of the sea, our dogs playing in the water, an ice cream and that feeling of exhaustion after a day in the fresh air.
Although having many photos of those days, I rarely look at them as I prefer to allow my memory to create the pictures. Today we can so easily capture (捕捉) the present with phones and cameras, upload the images and share that moment with our friends online. But, for me, that somehow takes away the unique connection.
1. The underlined part "ad nauseam" in Paragraph 1 may be replaced by .| A．wisely | B．endlessly |
| C．simply | D．honestly |
| A．a new start | B．a new home |
| C．another move | D．another holiday |
| A．A magazine. | B．A guidebook. |
| C．A book review. | D．A science fiction. |
| A．Dull. | B．Bitter. |
| C．Unforgettable. | D．Regretful. |
5 . If you’re in an area with poor air quality levels, or if an infectious illness has been going around, wearing an N95 face mask is a great way to protect your lungs and overall health.
Why to choose N95 face mask
N95 face masks are a great choice for protecting your lungs from dry particles（颗粒） in the air, which could include dust, or biological viruses. You can wear one when there’s been a flu outbreak in your area, or if pollutants or a fire has made air quality poor. These masks are made of structured, lightweight foam and fit over your nose and mouth.
How to choose N95 face mask
Depending on the particular N95 mask you choose, available sizes range from extra small and small to medium and large. If possible, try on a couple of sizes before you purchase one. Make sure the mask feels right and doesn’t slip on your face.
Store your masks correctly
Face masks tend to have large market in demand and sell out fast during certain times, such as during an outbreak of an infectious illness or when a region experiences intense pollution. Be always prepared by having some on hand for you and each of your family members. You can click the link below to purchase some. It’s necessary for you to have 2-3 masks per family member.
1. Which item can’t be prevented by N95 mask？| A．flu viruses | B．damp air particles |
| C．dust particles | D．fire smoke |
| A．choose right-sized masks for yourself |
| B．make masks move fluently on face |
| C．choose same-sized masks for families |
| D．buy different-sized masks for yourself |
| A．fashion magazine | B．grocery leaflet |
| C．online shopping mall | D．outdoor advertisement |
6 . Last year, Wolf Cukier, who is 17 years old, spent his summer vacation as few other rising seniors have：he helped discover a planet-TOI 1338b, the newly identified world orbiting two stars which are more than 1, 300 light years away.
Last July， just after he finished his junior year at Scarsdale High school in Scarsdale, New York, Wolf started an internship(实习期) at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland.
During the first week of the internship, as be combed through data that had been flagged by citizen-scientists. he fixed attention on s system that included two orbiting stars. He identified a body in that system that was later proved as a planet about 6.9 times as large as Earth. while knowing this inspiring discovery, his colleagues immediately gave the system a name, TOI 1338b.
According to scientific research, any dip in the brightness of a single star is a good indication that a planet has crossed in front of it. However, TOI 1338b was particularly complicated because it involved two stars-a large star ere the planers track was easy to detect, and a smaller one where the planet's track was so small that it was not observable.
Many people think that wolf is a lucky dog, but as a matter of fact, it is not just a coincidence. When he studied in Junior High School, he had shown great passion on astronomy and was devoted to studying it. Wolf plans to study astrophysics(天体物理学) when he starts college in September. When it came to his contribution to the discovery of the new world. he emphasized it was the team work in the verification process rather than his own effort that counted.
1. What did Wolf do last year?| A．He was employed by NASA. |
| B．He finished his senior year in High School. |
| C．He spent his summer vacation like other seniors. |
| D．He helped find a new planet named TOI 1338b. |
| A．Modest and hardworking. | B．Ambitious and casual. |
| C．Considerate and lucky. | D．Optimistic and helpful. |
| A．The planet was named by Wolf. |
| B．The planet is the same size as the Earth. |
| C．The planet was easy to discover as there are two stars involved. |
| D．Team work in the verification process was highly valued by Wolf. |
| A．A diary. | B．A magazine. |
| C．A guidebook. | D．A scientific novel. |
7 . Self-driving cars have been backed by the hope that they will save lives by getting involved in fewer crashes with fewer injuries and deaths than human-driven cars. But so far, most comparisons between human drivers and automated vehicles have been unfair.
Crash statistics for human-driven cars are gathered from all sorts of driving situations, and on all types of roads. However, most of the data on self-driving cars' safety have been recorded often in good weather and on highways, where the most important tasks are staying in the car's own lane and not getting too close to the vehicle-ahead. Automated cars are good at those tasks, but so are humans.
It is true that self-driving cars don't get tired, angry, frustrated or drunk .But neither can they yet react to uncertain situations with the same skill or anticipation of an attentive human driver, nor do they possess the foresight to avoid potential perils. They largely drive from moment to moment, rather than think ahead to possible events literally down the road.
To a self-driving car, a bus full of people might appear quite similar to an uninhabited corn field. Indeed, deciding what action to take in an emergency is difficult for humans, but drivers have sacrificed themselves for the greater good of others. An automated system's limited understanding of the world means it will almost never evaluate ( 评估) a situation the same way a human would. And machines can't be programmed in advance to handle every imaginable set of events.
Some people may argue that the promise of simply reducing the number of injuries and deaths is enough to support driverless cars. But experience from aviation (航空) shows that as new automated systems are introduced, there is often an increase in the rate of disasters.
Therefore, comparisons between humans and automated vehicles have to be performed carefully. To fairly evaluate driverless cars on how well they fulfill their promise of improved safety, it's important to ensure the data being presented actually provide a true comparison. After all, choosing to replace humans with automation has more effects than simply a one-for-one exchange.
1. What makes the comparison between self-driving cars and human-driven cars unfair?| A．Self-driving cars never get tired. | B．Statistics are collected differently. |
| C．Machines can make decisions faster. | D．Self-driving cars know the world better. |
| A．Dangers. | B．Self-driving cars. | C．Pedestrians. | D．Human-driven cars. |
| A．Driving steadily. | B．Climbing steep slopes. |
| C．Evaluating the cost of loss. | D．Making complex decisions. |
| A．A poster. | B．A novel. | C．A brochure. | D．A magazine. |
8 . In 1992,Teen Talk Barbie was put on the market with the controversial voice fragment(碎片），＂Math class is hard."While the toy's sale met with strong public reaction,this hidden assumption continues,spreading the belief that women do not boom in science,technology,engineering and mathematic(STEM)fields due to biological inadequacies in math talent.
However,in 2019 Jessica Cantlon at Carnegie Mellon University led a research team that thoroughly examined the brain development of young boys and girls and found no sex difference in brain function or math ability.
Cantlon and her team studied the biological sex differences in math ability of young children.Her team used functional MRI(核磁共振）to measure the brain activity in 104 young children（3-to-10-year-old;55 girls)while watching an educational video covering early math topics,like counting and addition.The researchers compared scans from the boys and girls to evaluate brain similarity.In addition,the team examined brain maturity by comparing the children's scans to those taken from a group of adults(63 adults;25 women)who watched the same math videos.
After many statistical comparisons,Cantlon and her team found no difference in the brain development of girls and boys.In addition,the researchers found no difference in how boys and girls processed math skills while watching the educational videos.Finally,boys' and girls' brain maturity were statistically alike when compared to either men or women in the adult group.
Cantlon said she thinks society and culture are likely directing girls and young women away from math and STEM fields."Typical socialization can make worse small differences between boys and girls that can snowball into how we treat them in science and math,"Cantlon said."We need to be aware of these origins to ensure we aren't the ones causing the sex unfairness."
However,this project is focused on early childhood development using a limited set of math tasks.Cantlon wants to continue this work using a broader scope(范围）of math skills,such as spatial processing and memory,and follow the children over many years.
1. What can we infer after Teen Talk Barbie was on sale?| A．Girls are born with poor math abilities. |
| B．Math is difficult for both boys and girls. |
| C．Boys perform no better than girls in math. |
| D．Math is harder than science and technology. |
| A．The result of Cantlon's study. |
| B．The purpose of Cantlon's job. |
| C．The method of Cantion's research. |
| D．The difficulty of Cantlon's work. |
| A．By using a larger variety of subjects. |
| B．By employing a wider range of math skills. |
| C．By raising the difficulty of the math tasks. |
| D．By expanding the number of the children. |
| A．Business. | B．Sports&Health. |
| C．Entertainment. | D．Popular science. |
9 . Working women make up nearly half of the U.S. workforce, and 51 percent of professional workers, like doctors, lawyers, nurses and accountants, are female. While climbing the career ladder can be rewarding, it often comes with one big downside: weight gain!
New research published this week in the International Journal of Obesity shows that working women are more likely to be overweight, and the more you work, the more pounds you're likely to pile on. Like many women, I work..., a lot! As a selfemployed nutrition communications specialist, I sit at my desk, in front of a computer, for hours on end. Sitting alone is one of the worst things you can do for your health, and it's directly linked to being overweight and increased fatness, so the fact that women in the workforce gain weight isn't that surprising. If you work, you have less time to move around. Obesity researchers are revealing many other ways that employment is harmful to your diet and waistline.
In the International Journal of Obesity study, some 9, 276 Australian women aged 45－50 had their body weight and employment status monitored for two years. Results? Those who worked more than 35 hours were likely to gain weight compared to those who worked fewer hours or were out of the workforce. What' s more, the more hours a woman worked in a week, the more weight she gained.
The authors of the Australian study attribute weight gain among working women to inactivity, lack of time for food preparation, more use of prepared foods, high levels of stress, lack of sleep and consuming more alcohol. I'll also add in travel，meals eaten out and working at night as other factors that I can find to make balancing work with a healthy diet a challenge.
1. The text above is probably taken from__________.| A．a sports report | B．a fashion journal |
| C．a health and fitness magazine | D．an advertisement post |
| A．gain more weight | B．have more time to move around |
| C．work a full time job | D．keep a balanced diet |
| A．Lacking time for food preparation. | B．Using more prepared food. |
| C．Consuming too much alcohol. | D．Taking part in more activities. |
| A．Less activity leads to fat. | B．Ways of gaining weight. |
| C．Effects of weight gaining. | D．Working women more likely pile on pounds. |
10 . I was driving down the road the other day, listening to sweet music coming out of my car radio. My heart felt peaceful, my mind was clear, and my soul was full of love. Even with all its problems: life seemed good. Then the music stopped and the news came on. There was talk of another famous millionaire in drug rehab (康复) after an incident with the police. There was news on the murder of a poor man whose life was supposed to be changed after winning the lottery. There was even a discussion on how much greed and excess (放肆) had damaged our world.
Every story seemed to point once again to the old saying that money can't buy happiness. Hearing them made me think of a movie I saw many years ago on Mother Teresa's home for the dying in India. What struck me most when I watched it wasn't the unbearable poverty there. It wasn't the sickness and suffering that the people there were going through. It was rather the peaceful smiles of love, kindness, and happiness that they shared with the Sisters and with each other. These people had nothing. Many were struggling at the end of death. Yet, they knew the simple truth that so many of us here are still learning: Joy is Free.
We can have joy and spread joy every day of our life here. Don't love or admire dollar signs and think that money will bring you happiness then. Joy can't be purchased. It can't be owned. It can only be chosen and then given freely to others. In the eyes of eternity (永恒), money is only worthless paper. The only thing that matters is the love within you and the love that you give to the world. Make that your legacy (遗产) and your life will forever be rich in joy.
1. According to the first paragraph, we can know that______.| A．the author was very lighthearted that day |
| B．the poor man's life was improved greatly due to the lottery |
| C．the author has a habit of driving while listening to music |
| D．the millionaire was put in prison for taking drugs |
| A．it was about Mother Teresa's contributions |
| B．it left the author a deep impression |
| C．people in it were very kind and happy |
| D．people in it were extremely poor and suffering |
| A．Give your fortune to your coming generations |
| B．Treat your fortune as very valuable things |
| C．Pass your joy on to your coming generations |
| D．Have joy and spread joy to people around you |
| A．Business. | B．Culture. |
| C．Life. | D．Entertainment. |
