Most people know yoga as a kind of exercise, which aims at developing strength and flexibility. However,
2 . We all know about the health benefits of swimming. It offers a great workout for the body—it builds muscle strength and cardiovascular (心血管) fitness. If you don ‘t mind getting wet, it can be fun, too.
Cold-water swimming, sometimes called wild swimming, involves swimming in natural areas including ponds, rivers and the sea. Jumping in gives a short sharp shock to the body, but many participants say they have got used to it.
But what is it that people are gaining from this cold experience? Doctors say getting into cold water causes a stress response, but when you do it more, your reaction to stress will be reduced. It’s also thought to have a strong calming effect.
So, if you’re convinced that this is for you, take this advice: approach it with caution, swim with a friend, and maybe start in summer, when the water temperatures are higher!
| A．It’s really amazing. |
| B．A cold dip might wake you up. |
| C．The water temperature is a bit higher. |
| D．When did you swim in the river last time? |
| E．But who would enjoy swimming in icy water? |
| F．Cold-water swimming helps cure certain health problems. |
| G．There are bigger benefits to this stress-reducing exercise, though. |
| A．To get stronger. | B．To lose weight. | C．To relax himself. |
4 . Do you think you would work out more if you were offered money to do so? Science has shown that money can give people motivation to work out, but perhaps not in the way that you think.
According to a study published in the Annals of Internal Medicine Journal, the best strategy isn’t offering money; it’s giving someone money, then threatening to take it away.
Researchers gave 281 people the goal of walking 7,000 steps every day over 13 weeks.
To motivate the people who took part to reach the goal, researchers divided them into three groups.
People in the first group received $1,40(9 yuan) each day as long as they finished 7,000 steps, the second group was only able to collect the $1.40 if they had reached 7,000 steps the day before, and the third group was given $42 at the beginning of each month and $1.40 was taken away every time someone failed to meet the goal.
The third group met their daily fitness goals 50 percent more often than the other two groups, showing that people were most motivated to walk by the fear of losing money.
“People are more motivated by losses than gains, and they like immediate gratification.” study author Dr Mitesh Patel, an assistant professor at the University of Pennsylvania in the US, told CNN. “They want to be rewarded today, not next year or far into the future.”
Our brains tend to avoid wanting to lose things more than they try to get the benefits from gaining them, Patel explained. “It makes people think like the money is theirs to lose from day one.”
In addition, in most programs, many participants will drop out quickly and only the motivated will stay involved, Patel said.
“In ours, we were pleasantly surprised that 96 percent stayed.” he added.
The study provides evidence that what matters is not only the money incentive （激励）, but also how you think about them. This is important to how effective they are. The evidence could have a big effect on health promotion programs in the future, according to the study.
“Incentives themselves are not all you need,” Stephanie Pronk, a health and wellness consultant with the Aonplc corporation, told The Wall Street Journal. “It’s really important to change up the incentive design and keep people on their toes.”
1. According to Dr Mitesh Patel, the third group did better than the other two groups mostly because______.| A．they were satisfied with being paid immediately |
| B．they did not want the money they had gained to be taken away |
| C．they were able to get more money than the other two groups |
| D．they were given money at first while the others were not |
| A．prove that their program has been more successful |
| B．show that motivation mattered more in other programs |
| C．stress that they didn’t expert the result |
| D．make a further comparison between these programs |
| A．Incentives are of little importance in the process of getting fit. |
| B．Incentives and ways in which they are given are key to fitness programs. |
| C．People should keep fit actively instead of being motivated by incentives. |
| D．There are many ways to get people to feel motivated to work out more. |
| A．more benefits than losses should be obvious for participants |
| B．direct profits should be given rather than long-term ones |
| C．designers need to consider how people think about incentives |
| D．designers need to work out the right from of motivation |
