A Little Boy
A little boy selling magazines for school walked up to a house that people rarely visited. The house was very old and shabby and the owner hardly ever came out. When he did come out, he would not say hello to his neighbors or passers-by but simply just glared at them.
The boy knocked on the door and waited, sweating from fear of the old man. The boy’s parents told him to stay away from the house, and a lot of other neighborhood children were told the same thing from their parents.
Dusk found the boy lingering on and hesitating what to do. As he was ready to walk away, the door slowly opened. “What do you want?” the old man said impatiently. The little boy was very afraid but he had a quota (定额) to meet for school with selling the magazines. So he got up the courage and said, “Uh, Sir, I am selling these magazines and, uh, I was wondering if you would like to buy one from me.”
The old man just stared at the boy without a word. The boy could see inside the old man’s house and saw that he had dog figurines (小雕像) on the fireplace mantle. “Do you collect dogs?” The little boy asked. “Yes, I have many collections in my house. They are my family here and they are all I have.” The boy then felt sorry for the man, as it seemed that he was a very lonely soul.
“Well, I do have a magazine here for collectors. It is perfect for you. I also have one about dogs since you like dogs so much.” The old man was ready to close the door on the boy and said, “No, boy. I don’t need any magazines of any kind, now goodbye.”
The little boy was sad that he was not going to make his quota with the sale. He was also sad for the old man being so alone in the house that he owned. The boy went home and then had an idea. He had a little dog figurine that he got some years ago from an aunt. The figurine did not mean nearly as much to him since he had a real live dog and a large family.
注意:1. 续写词数应为150左右；
2. 请按如下格式作答。
The little boy headed back down to the old man’s house.
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________From that day on something changed inside the old man.
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________“What happened?” asked Mrs. Sharpnack. The red marks covering the test said everything. Without even seeing the grade,I knew I had failed. I felt upset as I realized what would come after this.
My failing score would mean my grades wouldn’t be high enough to be on the Honor Roll that term. In just a few weeks,the names of the Honor Roll students would be read during class. Those on the list would be excused to go watch a movie and have treats. I wasn’t as upset about missing the party as I was about to explain to my friends why I wouldn’t get to go. My friends always got good grades,and usually,so did I.
“I know you can pass this test” said Mrs. Sharpnack. “What if I let you take it again? I’ll give you a week to study.” But I just wanted to go home,forget about the test and never think about math again. Mrs. Sharpnack could have left me behind,but she didn’t. Perhaps a great teacher just can’t be satisfied with students falling short of his or her potential. “I know you can pass this test,” she repeated firmly. She said it with such certainty that it almost felt like a vow (誓言). For a brief moment,I wondered if she could be right.
I had thirty minutes from the time school let out until my bus came. Mrs. Sharpnack asked if I would be willing to use that time to go over the problems I had missed. I agreed. We started right then and made plans to meet each day for one week,after which I would take the test again.
After going over a few problems,my friend Madena came looking for me.
“What are you doing?” she asked.
Before I could say anything,Mrs. Sharpnack turned my test backside up,hiding its contents. “Amanda is helping me with a special project,” she said. By then,it was time for our bus to come. I gathered up my things and left with Madena.
For the next week,I stayed after class with Mrs. Sharpnack. She would go over each problem,carefully explaining their solutions.
注意：续写词数应为150左右。
The day when I should take the test again came soon.
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Things were different this time.
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3 . Is it true that our brain alone is responsible for human cognition(认知)? What about our body? Is it possible for thought and behaviour to originate from somewhere other than our brain? Psychologists who study Embodied Cognition(EC)ask similar questions. The EC theory suggests our body is also responsible for thinking or problem-solving. More precisely, the mind shapes the body and the body shapes the mind in equal measure.
If you think about it for a moment, it makes total sense. When you smell something good or hear amusing sounds, certain emotions are awakened. Think about how newborns use their senses to understand the world around them. They don’t have emotions so much as needs – they don’t feel sad, they’re just hungry and need food. Even unborn babies can feel their mothers’ heartbeats, and this has a calming effect. In the real world, they cry when they’re cold and then get hugged. That way, they start to associate being warm with being loved.
Further studies have backed up the mind-body interaction. In one experiment, test subjects were asked to judge people after being handed a hot or a cold drink. They all made warm evaluations when their fingertips perceived warmth rather than coolness. And it works the other way too. In another study, subjects’ fingertip temperatures were measured after being “included” in or “rejected” from a group task. Those who were included felt physically warmer.
For further proof, we can look at the metaphors(比喻)that we use without even thinking. A kind and sympathetic person is frequently referred to as one with a soft heart and someone who is very strong and calm in difficult situations is often described as solid as a rock. And this kind of metaphorical use is common across languages.
Now that you have the knowledge of mind-body interaction, why not use it? If you’re having a bad day, a warm cup of tea will give you a flash of pleasure. If you know you’re physically cold, warm up before making any interpersonal decisions.
1. According to the author, what is the significance of EC?| A．It brings us closer to the truth in human cognition. |
| B．It offers a clearer picture of the shape of human brain. |
| C．It reveals the major role of the mind in human cognition. |
| D．It facilitates our understanding of the origin of psychology. |
| A．Their personal looks. | B．Their mental needs. |
| C．Their inner emotions. | D．Their physical feelings. |
| A．Human speech is alive with metaphors. |
| B．Human senses have effects on thinking. |
| C．Human language is shaped by visual images. |
| D．Human emotions are often compared to natural materials. |
| A．To deepen the readers’ understanding of EC. |
| B．To encourage the reader to put EC into practice. |
| C．To guide the reader onto the path to career success. |
| D．To share with the reader ways to release their emotions. |
4 . Why It’s Hard to Lose Weight
What makes people gain weight? This seems like a simple enough question to answer. If we eat a lot and don’t do enough exercise, we will become fat.
As we know, what we eat greatly affects our weight. It is widely accepted that people have 100% control over what they eat and how much they eat. This, however, is partly true.
Our bodies themselves can decide whether we are more likely to gain weight or lose weight. Scientists have found that the more delicious the food, the more excited our brains get.
Also, our bodies use a variety of hormones (激素) to tell our brains whether they are hungry or full. Ghrelin(胃饥饿素), for example, tells the brain that the body wants food. Leptin(瘦蛋白), meanwhile, tells the brain that it’s time to stop eating. Ghrelin and leptin help us to maintain a healthy weight.
| A．But sometimes, they may work improperly. |
| B．People form habits around food at a young age. |
| C．If we often have delicious food, over time, our brain will change. |
| D．Now you know why fat people often have a tough time losing weight. |
| E．There is also evidence to show industrial chemicals may increase body fat. |
| F．However, the science behind weight problems is more complicated than we think. |
| G．People with low levels of body satisfaction are more likely to gain weight over time. |
In 1989, fresh out of high school, I had the difficult task of choosing a career path before college started in three months. In those days in Pakistan, there were limited choices: becoming a doctor or an engineer, or entering the financial world after getting a business degree. I wasn’t interested in engineering, so that I was left with medicine or business. I couldn’t decide.
My uncle suggested that I do a work placement(实习) to experience it for a month in an international company followed by a month in a hospital. After that, I could make a decision. It seemed like a good idea.
I was accepted for a month’s placement at a foreign bank in Karachi. I got a feel of how the world of finance functioned, made new friends, and generally enjoyed the mostly easygoing work surroundings.
The month passed rapidly, and soon I began working at a leading hospital in Karachi. The experience couldn’t have been more different. The hospital had a stressful environment. The days started early (at 7 am, compared to 9 am at the bank), and were filled with endless duties. And the night calls! This was crazy, working all day, through the night, and again the next day.
I began thinking about my two experiences. The bank had offered a more relaxing atmosphere, better working hours and less stress. The hospital was full of excitement, but studying and training were difficult. It seemed that the business choice was going to win out.
Near the end of my month at the hospital, I was driving home after an especially busy night call. In front of me was a public bus, with college students sitting on the top. As the driver weaved through (穿梭) traffic, I could see the boys shaking from side to side.
注意：1.所续写短文的词数应为150左右；
2．至少使用5个短文中标有下划线的关键词语；
3．续写部分分为两段，每段的开头语已为你写好；
4．续写完成后，请用下划线标出你所使用的关键词语。
Paragraph 1：
Suddenly, a boy fell off the back of the bus.
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Paragraph 2：
The next day, when I went to the hospital to see the boy, all his family got up, with grateful smiles on their faces.
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Having held the interschool (校际) story tell g championship for the past two years, I was the shining star of my school. When it came to choosing the right candidate (候选人) to participate in such competitions, I was always the first choice. Naturally, I was once again selected to represent my school in the approaching contest this year.
Upon hearing the fact that I was chosen again, my classmates and friends acknowledged that I would undoubtedly be the champion again. Consequently, I became conceited (自负的). I was so proud that I ignored the importance of practicing for the contest.
A week before the contest, my teacher Ms. Sara asked, “Selena, would you like to stand in front of the class to rehearse (排练) for the contest?” She had tutored me in the past two competitions and knew how important practice was. “Just imagine you are on the stage
in the audience,” she added.“I’m sorry, Ms. Sara,” I replied. “I have a bit of a sore throat.”
This was usually the lie I would tell whenever my teacher requested me to practice in front of the class. I always found excuses to avoid doing it because I believed that I was the best and therefore the practice was unnecessary. On one occasion, I event old Ms. Sara not to worry too much as I was well prepared for the contest. In fact, I did everything but practice my script (讲稿) .I only managed to glance briefly through the story the day before the contest. As the best storyteller among the students of the local secondary schools, I was too vain to practice and expected everything to be fine.
The contest was being held in the local community hall. On the day of the contest, the hall was crowded with people. My schoolteachers and principal were there along with many of my classmates and schoolmates. I was the eighth contestant out of twenty in total. Those who spoke before me did extremely well. On seeing their fascinating and outstanding performance, I began to lose confidence in myself. My palms (手掌) sweated heavily and I started to feel nervous.
1.续写词数应为150左右；2.请按如下格式在答题卡的相应位置作答。
Soon it was my turn to talk.
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Finally, I heard the results announced after the contest and felt sad.
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________7 . Machine learning sees reasoning as a categorization task with a fixed set of predetermined labels. It views the world as a fixed space of possibilities, calculating and weighing them all. This approach, of course, has achieved notable successes when applied to stable and well-defined situations such as chess or computer games. When such conditions are absent, however, machines struggle.
In 2008, Google launched Flu Trends, a web service that aimed to predict flu-related doctor visits using big data. The project, however, failed to predict the 2009 HINI flu outbreak. After several unsuccessful adjustments to its algorithm (算法), Google finally stopped the project in2015.
In such unstable situations, the human brain behaves differently. Sometimes, it simply forgets. Instead of getting trapped in irrelevant data, it relies only on the most recent information and makes creative decisions. This is a feature called intelligent forgetting. Adopting this approach, an algorithm that relies on a single data point would have reduced Google Flu Trends' prediction error by half.
Intelligent forgetting is just one dimension of psychological AI, an approach to machine intelligence that also includes other features of human intelligence such as causal reasoning, intuitive (直觉) psychology, and physics. Soon, this approach to Al will finally be recognized as fundamental for solving poorly-defined problems. Exploring these amazing features of the human brain will finally allow us to make machine learning smart.
One feature of psychological Al is that it is explainable. Until recently, researchers assumed that the more transparent an AI system was, the less accurate its predictions were. This mirrored the widespread but incorrect belief that complex problems always need complex solutions. Now, this idea will be laid to rest. As the case of flu predictions illustrates, powerful and simple psychological algorithms can often give more accurate predictions than complex algorithms. Psychological AI opens up a new vision for explainable AI: Instead of trying to explain complex systems, we can check first if psychological Al offers a simple and equally accurate solution.
Without the help of human psychology, it will become clearer that the application of this type of machine learning to unstable situations eventually runs up against impassable limitations. We will finally recognize that more computing power makes machines faster. Not smarter.
1. Why is Flu Trends mentioned?| A．To clarify a concept. | B．To tell the serious outbreak. |
| C．To support the author's idea. | D．To provide readers with the truth. |
| A．It can think outside the box. | B．It can avoid unclear problems. |
| C．It is capable of learning over time. | D．It is good at following instructions. |
| A．Similar. | B．Unique. | C．Complete. | D．Clear. |
| A．AI speeds up the computing greatly. |
| B．Psychological Al can make smarter AI. |
| C．AI system works well in stable situations. |
| D．AI will outperform the human brain someday. |
It was one o’clock in the morning. In the Ritesville art gallery, a window opened and a man came in. His name was Harry Black, and he was a thief. It was dark in the gallery, but Harry had a light. He looked across the room at a painting.
“There it is!” he said.
Harry moved quickly across the room. He stood and looked at the painting.
“A million dollars for this?” he thought. “I don’t understand it.”
But he took a knife from his coat. Then he took the painting very, very slowly from its frame(画框). Harry went back across the room to the window, but he walked into a table. There was a beautiful blue glass vase on the table. It fell onto the floor and broke into pieces. He ran across the pieces of glass to the window.
He had rented a room in Janey Allen’s house. He went quietly up to his room and closed the door. In his room, Harry took the painting from his bag. He wrapped it with a newspaper and put it under his bed.
In the morning. Janey was putting old bottles into a box. On the TV, a reporter was at the Ritesville art gallery. He was talking about the lost painting and the broken glass vase. Janey glanced at a photo of a blue vase.
At that time Harry wasn’t in his room. He was talking on his telephone. Janey was looking for old newspapers. Every Friday morning, she took then from every room in the house. Then later, the newspaper recycling truck arrived.
Janey opened Harry’s door and looked into his room. She always took his old newspapers or bottles for recycling. She found a newspaper under Harry’s bed. She put the old newspaper into a black recycling box. Then she ran from the house and saw the truck. “Wait!” she said. And she quickly gave the box to one of the men.
Harry came back to the house. Ile saw the recycling truck, and he saw Janey. “The newspaper! Oh, no!” Harry, cried.
注意：1. 续写词数应为150左右；
2. 请按如下格式在相应位置作答。
He desperately chased after the truck.
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Then Janey called the police on the telephone.
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9 . I first heard of Alex Haley around 1967. My brother Paul, who was a student at West Virginia University, told me that this man had given a(n)
“It’s Roots”! Paul said. My mind began
When I read Roots in 1974, I was
My Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) series, Finding Your Roots, which I
Roots continues to be important because we are a nation of immigrants. That’s one of the
| A．conventional | B．demanding | C．accurate | D．impressive |
| A．exporting | B．selecting | C．publishing | D．replacing |
| A．falling | B．racing | C．sinking | D．rising |
| A．until | B．unless | C．because | D．since |
| A．drew up | B．climbed up | C．broke up | D．lighted up |
| A．stressed | B．discouraged | C．upset | D．struck |
| A．escape | B．envy | C．dependence | D．prejudice |
| A．intentionally | B．narrowly | C．phenomenally | D．slightly |
| A．recorded | B．promoted | C．named | D．supported |
| A．carved | B．crafted | C．bought | D．exchanged |
| A．forgot | B．abandoned | C．stopped | D．claimed |
| A．video | B．novel | C．show | D．book |
| A．peaceful | B．imaginary | C．revolutionary | D．hopeful |
| A．argued | B．repeated | C．denied | D．behaved |
| A．heads | B．shoulders | C．backs | D．necks |
Now that Emily was 12, she could walk to school without her parents. And even better, she could go with her best friend, Heidi, who lived on the same street as her.
The only problem was that Emily had to walk the long way round, which took them a good 15 minutes longer. She just could not take the shortcut through the park.
But Heidi never complained. They had been hanging out at each other’s houses for as long as they could remember. The best times were when they had sleepovers and could sit up late talking about anything and everything and everyone.
So if anyone understood why Emily could not walk through the park, it was Heidi.
Emily was a sweet girl except that she was frightened at dogs! So she had to avoid certain places where they might be. She was always conscious of where she went and got quite good at finding ways to avoid encountering any of them. She planned ahead good and proper before she headed outdoors or to a friend’s home. She could even spot one a mile away!
But the strange thing was, she didn’t dislike dogs. In fact she was quite fond of the idea of them. She was feeling that her fear was preventing her from living life to the full. She was starting to become tired of constantly avoiding her big fear. She wanted so badly to be able to pet a dog like “normal” people did. She tried to overcome her fear, but it usually ended in tears and a feeling of disappointment.
As her best friend, Heidi couldn’t stand by. She believed that power of friendship could help Emily overcome the fear.
注意：1.续写词数应为150左右；
2.请按如下格式在答题卡的相应位置作答。
One day Heidi got a dog.
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After several restless nights, Emily went to Heidi’s house and rang the bell.
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