1 . Fishing is a popular activity and every fisherman knows the rule: Keep the big ones, throw the smaller ones back. The idea behind it is simple —the larger fish are probably older. If you keep the smaller ones, they won’t be able to reproduce, and the fish population is in danger.
But fishing out the largest fish from a population has an unwanted effect: Over time, fewer adult fish get really big. If only the smaller fish reproduce（繁殖）, then future generations become smaller. This is an example of evolution（进化）in action.
One scientist, Dr. David Conover, has spent the last decade studying the effects of the “keep the big ones” rule and if they can be reversed（颠倒）.
To set up his experiment, Conover and his team caught hundreds of silverside fish and divided them into six groups. For two groups, Conover followed the “keep the large ones” rule and took out the biggest fish.
For two other groups, he removed only the small fish. For the last two groups, he removed fish at random (随意的).
After five years, he measured the fish in each group. In the two groups where the largest fish were regularly removed, the average(平均) fish size was smaller than the average size in the other groups. Here was evolution in action: If only small fish survive(生存) to reproduce, then future generations of fish will also tend(倾向) to be small.
For the second five years of his experiment, Conover changed the rules and took fish randomly(随意) from each group. At the end of the experiment, he found that the fish that were in the “keep the large ones” group for the first five years had started to get larger again, although he calculated(计算) it would take at least
12 years for the fish in that group to return to their original(原始的) size.
In other words, it takes less time to shrink(变小) than it does to recover(恢复).
1. The underlined word “it” (Line 2) refers to “_____”| A．the activity |
| B．the fish |
| C．the rule |
| D．the fisherman |
| A．It helps to protect fish numbers. |
| B．It helps to protect fish size. |
| C．It is the custom in most countries. |
| D．They will be punished if they don’t. |
| A．The “keep the big ones” rule made no difference to fish size. |
| B．The “keep the big ones” rule made fish smaller on average. |
| C．The “keep the big ones” rule made the fish bigger on average. |
| D．The “keep the big ones” rule affected all fish populations in the same way. |
| A．If small fish reproduce, the future generations will be smaller. |
| B．There was no largest fish in “keep the large ones” group for the first five years. |
| C．it would take 10 years for the fish to return to their original size. |
| D．It takes less time to become bigger than it does to recover |
| A．To encourage people to fish more carefully. |
| B．To urge governments to change the rules of fishing. |
| C．To describe the results of a scientific experiment. |
| D．To introduce the rules of fishing to readers. |
2 . Film has properties that set it apart from painting, sculpture, novels and plays. It is also, in its most popular and powerful form, a story telling medium that shares many elements with the short story and the novel. And since film presents its stories in dramatic form, it has even more in common with the stage play: Both plays and movies act out or dramatize（使戏剧化）, show rather than tell, what happens.
Unlike the novel, short story, or play, however, film is not handy（日语做的）to study; it cannot be effectively frozen on the printed page. The novel and short story are relatively easy to study because they are written to be read. The stage play is slightly more difficult to study because it is written to be performed. But plays are printed, and because they rely heavily on the spoken word, imaginative readers can bring t mind at least a pale imitation of the experience they might have been watching a performance on stage. This cannot be said of the screenplay（电影剧本）, for a film depends greatly on visual（视觉的）and other non-visual elements that are not easily expressed in writing. The screenplay requires so much “filling in” by our imagination that we cannot really obtain the experience of a film by reading a screenplay, and reading a screenplay is worthwhile only if we have already seen the film. Thus, most screenplays are published not to read but rather to be remembered.
Still, film should not be ignored because studying it requires extra effort. And the fact that we do not generally “read” films does not mean we should ignore the principles of literary of dramatic analysis when see a film. Literature and films do share many elements and communicate many things in similar ways. Perceptive（精辟的）film analysis rests on the principles used in literary analysis, and if we apply what we have learned in the study of literature to our analysis of films, we will be far ahead of those who do not. Therefore, before we turn to the unique elements of film, we need to look into the elements that film shares with any good story.
Dividing film into its various elements for analysis is a somewhat artificial process, for the elements of any art form never exist in isolation. It is impossible, for example, to isolate plot（情节）from character. Events influence people, and people influence events; the two are always closely interwoven in any fictional（虚构的）, dramatic, or cinematic（电影的）work. Nevertheless, the analytical method uses such a fragmenting（碎片）technique for convenience. It does so with the assumption（假设）that we can study these elements in isolation without losing sight of their interdependence or their relationship to the whole.
1. In the writer’s opinion, the reason why it is not handy to study film lies in ________.| A．screenplay is not as well written as literary works |
| B．publishers prefer to publish literary works |
| C．a film is too complicated |
| D．a film cannot be effectively represented by a printed screenplay |
| A．the means by which we analyze a literary work cannot be applied to analysis of the film |
| B．we should not pay extra effort to study films |
| C．a good film and a good story have many elements in common |
| D．using the principles of literary analysis makes no difference in film analysis |
| A．Film. | B．The fragmenting technique. |
| C．The analytical method. | D．Convenience |
| A．The unique charm of film. |
| B．The importance of film analysis. |
| C．The relationship between film analysis and literary analysis. |
| D．How to identify the techniques a film uses. |
3 . “Who can ever have imagined someone like me would make it this far?” asked Chad Wood last week during his high school graduation speech as the best student. Chad offered
Chad didn’t start to
Chad, 17, worked hard throughout school,
Chad spoke for about four minutes, after which he received a standing applause from the class and
| A．advice | B．description | C．warning | D．information |
| A．recognized | B．analysed | C．meant | D．described |
| A．needed | B．faced | C．consisted | D．forecast |
| A．cry | B．write | C．smell | D．hear |
| A．at | B．for | C．under | D．by |
| A．kindly | B．differently | C．cruelly | D．similarly |
| A．harm | B．trouble | C．reason | D．conclusion |
| A．failed | B．organized | C．succeeded | D．blamed |
| A．appealing | B．receiving | C．possessing | D．operating |
| A．set off | B．dropped off | C．took off | D．paid off |
| A．give in | B．give out | C．give up | D．give away |
| A．waited | B．fallen | C．walked | D．gone |
| A．up | B．off | C．in | D．out |
| A．impossibility | B．failure | C．victory | D．chance |
| A．awkward | B．negative | C．doubtful | D．supportive |
| A．reward | B．detail | C．power | D．source |
| A．defeated | B．exposed | C．educated | D．puzzled |
| A．unwilling | B．amazing | C．shocking | D．embarrassing |
| A．actually | B．suddenly | C．strangely | D．extremely |
| A．astonished | B．cautious | C．confused | D．wonderful |
