1 . In the Beijing Winter Olympics, we were treated to incredible displays of athletic talents ascompetitors took to the snow and ice. As a popular sport at the Winter Olympics, ski jumping is oneof the best examples to showcase the “superhuman” power of athletes.
Ski jumpers soar into the air and appear to be almost flying in the sky. How do they achieve this? Physics call offer us an explanation of how they make it. It involves the use of the laws of aerodynamics(空气动力学)to fight against gravity and increase lift while reducing drag.
To understand how ski jumping works, we need to consider three elements: gravity, lift and drag. Gravity is the force that pulls us towards an object. Lift occurs when an object is moving through the air—as its surface comes into contact with air particles(微粒), the particles are pushed down and away from the object, allowing it to move up. At the same time, this interaction createsdrag, and slows down an object’s movement.
While there is nothing that the skiers can do about gravity, they can twist their bodies into positions to allow them to achieve greater lift and avoid as much drag as possible. According to the Smithsonian Magazine, “To do this, athletes try their best to make their skis and body nearly parallel to the ground and place their skis in a V-shape just outside the form of the body. This position increases the surface area that produces lift and puts them in the ideal angle that will also maximize(最大化)lift.”
Because of how the sport works, athletes’ equipment is strictly controlled according to weight and height in order to avoid any unfair advantages. This means suits must be tight in order to ensure athletes cannot use them as a way to gain more lift. For athletes, minor day-to-day waterweight changes as little as 300 grams. It can mean that suits will not be tight enough according to their body mass indexes(体重指数).
1. What does the underlined word “It” refer to in the second paragraph?| A．Athletic talent. | B．Ski jumping. |
| C．Physical science. | D．Superhuman power. |
| A．The interaction between force and drag. |
| B．The interaction between gravity and balance. |
| C．The interaction between skiers and air particles. |
| D．The interaction between air particles and gravity. |
| A．Standardized equipment. | B．Specially made suits. |
| C．Strict control of athletes’ height. | D．Much daily water intake. |
| A．The techniques used by ski jumpers. |
| B．Rules of the ski jumping competition. |
| C．Excellent performances in ski jumping. |
| D．The scientific principles behind ski jumping. |
2 . Some earlier studies had found no clear color preference among mosquitoes. One study found they prefer blue, another that they prefer yellow-green. What should people make of such conflicting results?
The apparent color of an object doesn’t just depend on the wavelengths of light it gives off, Claire Rusch explains, who studies mosquitoes for years. It also can be affected by the brightness of that light and its contrast against surrounding colors. Humans see an object’s color largely in terms of the wavelengths of light it gives off. But other creatures’ eyes may be more sensitive to contrast or brightness. “We needed to control all of those variables to really be sure a mosquito’s preferences came from the wavelength of the object,” Rusch says.
To do this, she designed a test chamber (室) that was 450 mosquito-body-lengths long in her experiment. Lined with cameras, it recorded the insects’ flight patterns. Two small colored disks laid on the floor of the chamber.
Since the researchers wanted to know if mosquitoes were attracted to certain colors, the disks couldn't be the darkest or brightest objects in the chamber. Otherwise, it would be unclear if the mosquitoes were attracted to the disks’ color, contrast or brightness. So, the researchers projected a chessboard pattern onto the floor of the chamber and gray along the walls. That way, if the mosquitoes went to the colored disks, it could only be due to the disks’ color.
The researchers released about 50 starved mosquitoes into the chamber at a time. Because mosquitoes don't start hunting until they’ve sensed CO2, so the team sprayed (喷) CO2 inside the chamber. They found before CO2 was sprayed, the mosquitoes ignored all the colored disks. With CO2, mosquitoes ignored any disk that was green, blue or purple. But the insects did fly toward disks that were red, orange or light blue. They seemed to especially like red.
To further investigate that, the team placed disks with different skin tones. But the mosquitoes didn't seem to prefer any particular skin colors. All were equally attractive.
1. What can be inferred about mosquitoes from the first two paragraphs?| A．The wavelengths determine the color of an object. |
| B．The background color affects mosquitoes’ eyesight. |
| C．Mosquitoes’ eyes are not sensitive to color contrast. |
| D．Testing their color preference is not so easy. |
| A．The length of the chamber. | B．The number of mosquitoes. |
| C．The brightness of the disks. | D．The pattern of the chessboard. |
| A．To take clearer photos of mosquitoes. | B．To stimulate mosquitoes to look for food. |
| C．To slow down the speed of mosquitoes. | D．To raise the temperature in the chamber. |
| A．Cool colors can drive mosquitoes away. |
| B．Skin colors are mosquitoes’ favorite. |
| C．People in red may attract most mosquitoes. |
| D．All colors are equally attractive to mosquitoes. |
Every afternoon I had to go to the store with my father, and the people there would give us things that were past the expiration date（有效期）but hadn't gone bad. Usually we received things like sliced vegetables, pieces of fruit, bread, and slices of cake or pie. We gave these to the homeless along with the sandwiches and tea.
My father and several volunteers from the church gathered every day in the park to feed the hungry. I was glad I didn't have to go to the feedings. It was enough trouble just getting everything ready. I really didn't understand why my father bothered with it. I couldn't wait for him to leave. I looked forward to a whole Saturday by myself. I planned to watch some television, talk with my friends on the phone, and maybe do some shopping during the afternoon.
It didn't take long for my plans to change and my happiness to disappear. Dad came in while I was finishing and stood behind me.
"I'm going to need your help today. Some of the others that usually help me won't be able to make it."
"Dad, I can't today," I complained. "I have plans, television, friends, shopping, and I was maybe going to go to the pool."
He just gave me the you-should-be-ashamed-of-yourself look.
"Fine." I had to give in. "It's not like I have a life."
I was really upset my day was now ruined. I finished packing the sandwiches and followed Dad out to the van. I wanted to cry. This was going to be the worst day ever. My dad always drove the church van, which also contained clothes and small bags filled with personal items as well as some chairs and a long table.
He pulled out of the driveway to head downtown. I looked out the window and watched as we drove past kids playing in their front yards. I felt like a prisoner forced to perform community service.
注意：1. 续写词数应为150左右；
2. 请按如下格式在答题卡的相应位置作答。
When we arrived at the park, people were already gathered under a tree waiting for us.
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Seeing their smiles, I understood why my father did so much to help them.
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A Respectable Watermelon Expert
China
Admitted to Southwest Agricultural College in Chongqing in the late 1940s, Wu is an alumnus (校友) of Yuan Longping, the “father of hybrid rice”. After two years of application failures, Wu succeeded in
Wu’s efforts to grow quality melons began paying off in 1973,
Wu’s contribution has won her many praises. She became
Now suffering from Alzheimer’s (阿尔兹海默) disease, Wu is often
5 . As a child, I was crazy about flying. I spent hours watching birds fly, noting how the angle of their
One day, I decided to
As I grew older, my inner
I began to
Working on the project, I saw the raw power of engineering — a/an
Thirteen years have passed since that first flight, and I have yet to
| A．eyes | B．wings | C．tails | D．heads |
| A．take off | B．make up | C．put on | D．test out |
| A．jump | B．dive | C．float | D．fly |
| A．breaking | B．burning | C．crashing | D．turning |
| A．doubts | B．sense | C．drive | D．conflicts |
| A．passion | B．priority | C．patience | D．praise |
| A．convince | B．behave | C．confuse | D．challenge |
| A．By the way | B．Most of all | C．In other words | D．As a result |
| A．developed | B．changed | C．advocated | D．reminded |
| A．vital | B．traditional | C．urgent | D．official |
| A．abstract | B．basic | C．funny | D．random |
| A．remembering | B．transporting | C．questioning | D．seeking |
| A．claim | B．reserve | C．overcome | D．register |
| A．problem | B．failure | C．honour | D．success |
| A．record | B．draw | C．fix | D．raise |
6 . World history has seen three ancient dramas: Greek tragedy and comedy, Indian Sanskrit drama and Chinese opera. The first two have become historical and only Chinese opera has survived.
Chinese opera took shape in the 12th century. After developing for more than 800 years, its abundant local styles of opera are still enjoying great popularity, of which Qingiang is one of the most ancient operas.
Qinqiang opera is a thousand-year-old local opera originating in China’s inland northwestern region. It has established a unique tradition as an“opera shouted out”with its high-pitched arias(高音唱腔). LiMei has won a reputation as one of the four greatest Qinqiang actresses. She’s also known for her passionate commitment to exploring the theatrical possibilities offered by Qinqíang.
LiMei and her workmates are halfway through an afternoon rehearsal(排练) and most have broken into a sweat Singing in a near whisper, the forty-year-old opera star performs the stylized movements for the leading role the bitter dead Lady Li Huiniang in Ghost’s Hate.
Little wonder that LiMei is such a powerful presence on stage. She’s the greatest contributory actress who’s able to interpret a character so persuasively and tell a story so convincingly that European audiences warmly hug this unfamiliar art form.
Li Mei said,“We performed this opera in the Netherlands to celebrate the tenth anniversary of the founding of Holland’s National Theater. We enjoyed e fifteen-minute curtain call and the audiences applauded wildly for a long time. The local press entitled me the ‘Nemesis of the Orient’ and ‘the Chinese Venus’, Why is that so?Because they’ve fully understood what the opera implied—the loyalty towards love, and dead as she maybe, her love persists. The reason why this opera was able to touch millions of hearts is that it has a beautiful story presented by a beautiful art form.”
1. What can be inferred about Chinese opera from the passage?| A．It made history with ancient Greek operas. |
| B．It has a history shorter than Indian Sanskrit drama. |
| C．It consists of various dynamic local operas. |
| D．It originated from the most ancient local Qinqiang opera. |
| A．The popular curtain call | B．The northwestern origin. |
| C．The stylized movement. | D．The spirited high tone. |
| A．Because it has a perfect combination of touching plot and attractive form. |
| B．Because its leading role Li Mei is famous as the ‘Chinese Venus’. |
| C．Because it conveys the popular messages of loyalty towards love. |
| D．Because the story is easy to be fully understood by foreigners. |
| A．She won a reputation as one of the four greatest Qinqiang actresses. |
| B．She brought Li Huiniang, the bitter dead Lady in Ghost’s Hate to life. |
| C．She explored many theatrical possibilities offered by Qinqiang opera. |
| D．She spread one of Chinese traditional cultures to the other side of the world. |
7 . Stanford University researchers have developed a device called a nature-inspired aerial grasper, or SNAG, which can be attached to a quadcopter drone (四轴无人机) to give it feet and legs like those of an eagle. When equipped with the device, the drone is able to fly around catching and carrying objects and perching (栖息)on various surfaces, according to a Stanford news release dated Dec. 1, 2021, describing the work.
But copying the flexibility of birds wasn’t easy to do. The researchers shot videos of small parrots flying back and forth between special perches that contained sensors to measure the physical forces of landing, perching and takeoff.
“What surprised us was that they did the same aerial military exercise, no matter what surfaces they were landing on,” one of the researchers, William Roderick, explained in the news release. “They let the feet handle the variability and complexity of the surface texture itself,” he said.
Giving a drone similar abilities required technological feat. SNAG has a 3D-printed structure that imitates an eagle’s lightweight bones, and each of its legs is equipped with a motor for moving back and forth and a second one for grasping.
Mechanisms in the robot’s legs are designed to absorb impact energy and passively change it into grasping force, the way that a bird’s muscles would. As a result, a drone equipped with the device can grasp something strongly in just 20 milliseconds. Once the robot’s feet are wrapped around a perch, its ankles lock and an accelerometer—a device that measures vibration-detects the landing and activates a balancing algorithm (算法)to stabilize it on the perch.
Elsewhere, researchers at other institutions also have been working for years on giving drones the ability to land and hang onto something. As this 2019 Smithsonian article explains, being able to land in various places helps drones to conserve energy that would expend by having to remain in the air. That’s important, because the flight time of robotic aircrafts is limited by their battery power.
1. What inspired the SNAG’s development?| A．The way parrots perch. | B．The military exercise. |
| C．The 3D-printed technology. | D．The eagle’s lightweight bones. |
| A．The powerful battery. |
| B．Their ability to imitate parrots’ taking off. |
| C．The application of advanced flying techniques. |
| D．The mechanical devices modeling a bird’s muscles. |
| A．Flight time is not vital to the drones. |
| B．After 2019, researchers quit efforts to improve flight time. |
| C．Flight time has been a problem before this study. |
| D．Researching the ability to land and hang onto something is meaningless. |
| A．Drones, an application to the military |
| B．Robotic drones, really like birds |
| C．Robotic drones, a comparison of birds |
| D．Quadcopter drones, advanced technology |
8 . Today’s birthday gift was to my friend Oscar in Portland who is unhoused. I got him a $50 Kroger
I
I want him to
Oscar’s page on Twitter is @MyHomelessMeals. More than anything, he shows
| A．card | B．cake | C．book | D．dinner |
| A．medicine | B．treatment | C．nutrition | D．communication |
| A．splendid | B．incredible | C．impossible | D．difficult |
| A．turned in | B．given out | C．sorted out | D．focused on |
| A．worse | B．better | C．easier | D．healthier |
| A．definitely | B．desperately | C．endlessly | D．hopefully |
| A．introduced | B．distributed | C．presented | D．devoted |
| A．making up for | B．taking hold of | C．making room for | D．taking advantage of |
| A．packaged | B．preferred | C．ordered | D．searched |
| A．family | B．apartment | C．plants | D．friends |
| A．emerge | B．recover | C．shine | D．tolerate |
| A．passes | B．varies | C．happens | D．updates |
| A．affection | B．passion | C．confidence | D．gratitude |
| A．basis | B．range | C．target | D．pursuit |
| A．content | B．concerned | C．consistent | D．familiar |
Karie double-checked the words on her spelling test .If she got 100 percent today, she’d win her class’ First-Quarter Spelling Challenge and a brand new dictionary.
Three more words to go. N-i-c-e-l-y. Q-u-i-c-k-1-y. H-o-n-e-s-t-y. Wait! She had spelled honesty, not honestly. She hurriedly erased the t-y and wrote l-y before handing in her paper.
Ms. McCormack graded the test papers at the break. Meanwhile, Karie sat restlessly in her seat with her fingers crossed. Then, Ms. McCormack walked to the front of the room and cleared her throat, “Congratulations. Karie! You did it!” she announced.
The whole class burst into applause! Ms McCormack presented Karie with her prize. Karie grinned as she read the label on the box: To Karie Carter; for her perfect first-quarter score in spelling.
“Everything OK?” Mom asked as Karie burst through the front door after school. Karie didn’t answer. As if by magic, she took out her spelling test paper and prize and showed them to her mother, Mom hugged her, asking her to put the test paper on the fridge so that Dad could see it when he got home.
Karie took another look at the test paper before putting it on the fridge. Her hands stopped in the midair. She just couldn’t believe her own eyes. Honesly? YES! H-O-N-E-S-L-Y.
Mom sensed something unusual and asked why. Karie stuffed the test paper into her backpack and explained that she was just too excited. Mom brought her some tea. Yes, a “t” was exactly what she needed.
After drinking a little, Karie plodded(重步走) down the hall, lost in thought How could she tell the class she hadn’t earned the prize after all?
注意：
1.续写词数应为150左右;
2.请按如下格式在答题卡的相应位置作答。
Later Dad came in with excitement.
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The next morning, Karie went to school earlier than usual.
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10 . When the host announced that my choir (合唱队) won the second place of the World Choir Game, I couldn’t believe what I heard. All the
In the semi-finals (半决赛), we were supposed to sing four songs. When we played the third song, I suddenly heard an unexpected
After the competition, I was disappointed. Just because of one person’s fault, the whole choir must afford the fact that we might lose the game. I cried, but then I found nothing would change no matter how hard we
Never blame a person when she makes a mistake, but help her to solve the problem when you are struggling
| A．promises | B．efforts | C．requirement | D．differences |
| A．considered | B．forgot | C．learned | D．explained |
| A．name | B．shout | C．voice | D．song |
| A．driven away | B．led away | C．given out | D．turned down |
| A．similarly | B．easily | C．happily | D．immediately |
| A．failed | B．succeeded | C．arrived | D．agreed |
| A．busy | B．wrong | C．warm | D．slow |
| A．quit | B．stop | C．complete | D．end |
| A．conductor | B．singer | C．dancer | D．worker |
| A．late | B．only | C．first | D．last |
| A．blamed | B．encouraged | C．called | D．asked |
| A．Otherwise | B．Therefore | C．However | D．Besides |
| A．bad | B．common | C．perfect | D．rude |
| A．up | B．on to | C．for | D．in |
| A．mistake | B．surprise | C．sadness | D．laughter |
