2 . Walk along the streets of Beijing and listen carefully to the little babies calling for their mothers while out on an evening walk and what do you hear? mama.     1    . Italian and French babies want their mama and maman respectively. And in East Africa, Swahili-speakers say mama and Arab-speaking children often call their mothers yemma.     2    . In Malaysia, it’s not unusual for mothers to be addressed as mak. The sound ma is almost universal in Europe, and very common even among completely unrelated languages spoken in faraway places. How did this come about? How did one syllable (音节) become so universal in children’s vocabularies the world over?

    3    . Hungry babies only have to open their mouths wide and scream AAAAAAH to pronounce their first vowel-A. Later, as they start playing around with their mouths, all they have to do is to close and open their lips to make an M, their very first consonant (辅音).     4    , they’ve discovered another sound! Adults hearing babies making this charming string of mamama sounds might think that the babies are calling out to them. A mother would then naturally assume that she’s the one being addressed and so would refer to herself as mama!

Another theory is that babies naturally produce nasal (鼻的) sounds, like a very soft mhmh-mlmh while breastfeeding. Indeed mamma means “breast” in Latin.     5    .

A．That’s not all

B．That is to say

C．You can say “mom” in any country in the world

D．We have “mother” but we’ll accept “mama” as a first word

E．And this also happens to be the source of both “mammary” and “mammal”

F．On the other side of the world you’ll hear Spanish children crying for mama

G．Some experts believe that the simplest explanation lies in the very first sounds babies make

3 . 阅读下面材料，根据其内容和所给段落开头语续写两段，使之构成一篇完整的短文。

Jesse and I are good friends. But we have recently cooled off. It was last month that the story began in gym class.

“Come on. Emily!” Jesse sounded so impatient. “We’ll be late for class.” After math class was gym class, and I was a bit slow that day. Jesse kept urging me to hurry up.

Just then I found my wallet missing. I dropped my book bag to dig through my coat pockets. I was wet with anxiety.

“Someone took it.” Jesse said. As usual, she was quick to point away from the bright side of things.

Even though we were best friends. Jesse and I were just so different.

Jesse and I had to rush into the gym. Soon Jesse spread the news about the theft. By last period in gym class, I was tired of having to say over and over again, “I’m sure I just left it at home.”

After gym class, we went into the locker room. I was changing when I heard a gasp from Jesse. I looked at her and found her face was white with shock. There at her feet, was my wallet.

“It fell out of her locker!” Jesse pointed at Hellen a “new girl” in our class. “She stole it.” Everyone began to accuse Hellen at once.

“Jesse caught her red-handed.”

“Report it!”

Some people were beginning to wonder about Hellen.

I looked over at Hellen. She picked up the wallet and held it out to me. Her hands were trembling. “I found it in the parking lot. I was going to give it to you.”

Jesse spit the words “I’m so sure!” at her.

“Really, it’s true.” Hellen’s eyes began to fill with tears.

I reached for my wallet. I didn’t know what to think, but when I looked over at Jesse, her attitude made me sick inside. I looked at Hellen. She was scared but looked sincere.I knew I held her reputation in my hands.

“I am so glad you found it,” I smiled. “Thanks, Hellen.” The tension around us broke.

注意：
1.续写词数应为150左右：
2.请按如下格式在答题卡的相应位置作答。

“Good thing she found it,” everyone but Jesse agreed.

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Just then a folded piece of paper dropped from my wallet.

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

5 . Here are four small places in England, all packed with delightful scenery and more.

Lavenham. Suffolk   

In the town, ancient buildings lean casually into one another. As a result, wandering down the high street feels like walking through a fairy tale or a Hollywood movie as Lavenham has appeared in many Hollywood movies. Behind the high walls are several excellent restaurants, but first time visitors should go to the Lavenham Guildhall, where you can drink tea in a well-preserved Tudor room.

Shaftesbury, Dorset

Home to Gold I Hill, the cobblestone street known as “one of the most romantic sights in England”. Shaftesbury is a major charmer. The tiny Dorset town is also home to the ruins of Shaftesbury Abbey, built in 888 AD by King Alfred, a man well-known for creating England. Shaftesbury is also surrounded by a wealth of incredible countryside rich in picnicking potential including Duncliffe Wood and Melbury Beacon.

St Ives. Cornwall   

St Ives used to be little more than a traditional fishing village, but now it has developed into a popular coastal town. Its soft, sandy beaches regularly win awards and there are also plenty of top seafood dining options. The town has even gained a reputation as a serious arts center, with lots of outstanding galleries led by the Tate St Ives, which features attractive modern art exhibitions focusing on British artists.

Castle Combe. Wiltshire       

Recognized as the “pretticst village in England”. Castle Combe is famous for its handsome honey colored stone houses and flower-lined lanes (小巷) which have decorated countless postcards and magazine covers over the years.

1. What do Lavenham and Shaftesbury have in common?

A．They offer special local food.

B．They provide a sense of historical experience.

C．They are known as great film shooting bases.

D．They have many places suitable for picnicking.

2. Where will you choose to go if you enjoy seafood?

A．Lavenham, Suffolk.	B．Shaftesbury. Dorset.
C．St Ives. Cornwall.	D．Castle Combe, Wiltshire.

3. What attracts visitors to Castle Combe?

A．Its traditional culture.	B．Its interesting movies.
C．Its beautiful postcards.	D．Its unique architecture.

7 . I’ve never had a great sense of direction. And I often wander into shops and, upon coming back out, can’t remember which way I’ve come from — left or right? Many people are like me, and why do some constantly have no idea where they are?

The hippocampus (海马体) is a region of the brain associated with memory and involved in sense of direction. And a nearby region has also been associated with sense of direction. There are four known types of navigation-related neurons (神经元), found in these regions place cells, grid cells, border cells and head direction cells.

In short, you can think of place cells as an internal cognitive (认知的) map; they identify where you are. Grid cells are like a GPS system in our brain; they tell us about the relationship of this place to other places we’ve been to. Border cells respond to the presence of environmental boundaries at a specific direction and distance from us. Lastly, head direction cells are activated when our head faces a specific direction. These cells will fire electrical impulses when we enter familiar locations, with each group of cells relating to a specific place.

Our reliance on GPS and smartphones may have decreased the ability to use our internal maps. Older adults who regularly used GPS had less activity in their hippocampus, compared with those who did not use GPS. They also performed slightly worse in a cognition test. In contrast, a study involving London taxi drivers found they significantly larger hippocampus than ordinary people.

You can improve your way-finding ability specifically by practicing the skill, according to Aziz, PhD of neurology at Temple University School of Medicine. “The more you get out and go to places, the better,” he says. Physical exercise improves the blood flow to the brain, while mental exercise, such as doing puzzles or learning a new language, stimulates the development of new nerve cells and connections in your brain.

1. How does the author introduce the topic of the text?

A．By raising a question.

B．By making a comparison.

C．By stating personal opinions.

D．By referring to scientific research.

2. What can we learn about the four types of navigation-related neurons?

A．They depend closely on each other.

B．They are responsible for different jobs.

C．They will decrease in numbers as one ages.

D．They will fail to function in unfamiliar situations.

3. What will happen it we rely too much on GPS?

A．We will easily be misled.

B．Our hippocampus will get enlarged.

C．Our cognitive ability will be affected.

D．We will have our hippocampus relaxed.

4. What are we advised to do according to the last paragraph?

A．Build up our body.	B．Take training courses.
C．Try different brain exercises.	D．Get out to connect with people.

9 . 阅读下面材料，根据其内容和所给段落开头语续写两段，使之构成一篇完整的短文。

I’ll call him Pete because I didn’t take the time to ask his name. A nameless hero who found his way into my heart.

I had taken Robert, my eight-year-old son, to a restaurant to celebrate his birthday. Lil’ Bob, we called Robert, wore his brand-new cowboy boots into the hall, his face shining with pride and joy. This was Lil’ Bob’s special day.

We approached the counter, where Pete greeted us with a clear warmth. His brown eyes twinkled with kindness.

“Welcome,” he said with a smile. “Wow, you look happy, little fellow.” Pete brought his face close to Lil’ Bob’s level.

“I got cowboy boots,” Lil’ Bob boasted. “I picked them out myself.” Lil’ Bob lifted his right foot in the air so Pete could see the hand-stitched leather.

“Those boots look amazing, like fresh leather,” Pete said. He opened his eyes and looked directly into Lil’ Bob’s eyes. “Thank you for sharing your treasure with me.”

Lil’ Bob laughed happily at Pete’s reaction. Then, Pete returned to the register.

“What does the birthday boy want to drink? It’s on me,” Pete offered.

Lil’ Bob shuffled back and forth in excitement since soda was a rare treat in our home. Now, he could order any soda he wanted. Lil’ Bob considered the many possibilities, taking more time than a fast-food customer should. Eventually, he settled on root beer.

“Excellent choice, my friend. It’s what I would have picked myself.”

Pete’s confirmation brought a massive smile to Lil’ Bob’s face. We ordered our meals and watched as Pete assembled the drinks and food on the tray (托盘) before us. When everything was on it, I reached for the tray, but Pete said, “Let me carry it out for you.” Pete followed us to the hall as the birthday boy took a considerable amount of time picking the perfect table. Pete patiently held our tray until we were seated.

注意：
1. 续写词数应为150左右：
2. 请按如下格式在答题卡的相应位置作答。

“Wow, he is nice,” Lil’ Bob observed after Pete had walked away.

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Toward the end of our stay, Pete came to our table.

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

10 . The first cellphone was invented fifty years ago. The man who ________ that phone, Martin Cooper, is now 94 years old.

In the early 1970s, Cooper worked for an American technology company. At the time the company and other manufacturers were ________ to create wireless phones that could work in vehicles and also be carried. There was ________ between manufacturers to build the first truly ________ phone.

Cooper made the first public call from a handheld portable telephone on April 3, 1973. The device, called Dyna TAC, ________ about 1.1 kilograms and was 23 centimeters long.

Today while Cooper is pleased that his ________ has opened up a series of technological possibilities for cellphone users, he thinks many people are just too ________ with their devices. “I am   ________ when I see some people crossing the street and ________ their cellphones. They are out of their minds.” Cooper said.

The modern progress of cellphones is sure to continue long into the future. Cooper ________ cellphone batteries could even be replaced by body ________ . “You ingest food, and you create energy. Why not have this receiver for your ear embedded under your skin, powered by your body?” he imagined.

Cooper also expressed ________ about how the device has created serious risks for ________ especially in the area of privacy. He hopes cellphones will continue to ________ in ways that can greatly help humanity. “Each generation is going to be smarter... They will learn how to use the cellphone more ________ ,” Cooper said.

1.

A．operated

B．applied

C．built

D．showed

2.

A．attempting

B．refusing

C．fearing

D．choosing

3.

A．discussion

B．waste

C．competition

D．trade

4.

A．available

B．suitable

C．changeable

D．portable

5.

A．added

B．weighed

C．lost

D．remained

6.

A．dream

B．advice

C．fame

D．invention

7.

A．obsessed

B．satisfied

C．impressed

D．careful

8.

A．thankful

B．excited

C．sad

D．lucky

9.

A．turning off

B．aiming at

C．cleaning up

D．focusing on

10.

A．predicts

B．disagrees

C．warns

D．doubts

11.

A．consumption

B．behavior

C．experience

D．energy

12.

A．plans

B．worries

C．surprises

D．decisions

13.

A．users

B．students

C．designers

D．colleagues

14.

A．show

B．progress

C．fight

D．decrease

15.

A．individually

B．differently

C．effectively

D．constantly