2 . The next time you have cheese, remember the French scientist Louis Pasteur who discovered that bad milk, and many diseases are caused by bacteria(细菌).

Louis Pasteur is known as the father of microbiology. In his lifetime, he not only proved that bacteria are the cause of diseases, but also discovered the process of vaccination (接种疫苗) which has saved billions of lives.

When Pasteur worked with chickens that were suffering from cholera(霍乱) during his experiments, he accidentally spread cholera to his chickens. Pasteur’s chickens became mildly sick but did not die. This was strange as every chicken that came near cholera earlier had died. He realized soon that the cholera had become weak. By the time he tried again, the chickens he had cured earlier did not get cholera anymore. He realized that a weak cholera helped his chickens develop an antibody against it.

Later, Pasteur went on to try this on cows, pigs and dogs. All his research helped him develop different vaccines. We now know that the process of vaccination introduces a weakened kind of bacteria into our body. Our body reacts by creating antibodies to fight the bacteria. Now, when our body comes across the same bacteria which are much stronger, it can fight them off.

Louis Pasteur received numerous awards for the advancement of biology, chemistry, and medicine. He founded the Pasteur Institute to study diseases. It was the first university to teach microbiology and today there are 32 institutes across 29 countries. For every child vaccinated against a deadly disease, we have Louis Pasteur to thank.

3 . Donna Strickland was awarded the 2018 Nobel Prize in Physics jointly with Arthur Ashkin and Gérard Mourou.It’s the first time in 55 years that a woman has won this famous prize, but why has it taken so long? We look at five other pioneering female physicists — past and present — who actually deserve the prize.

Jocelyn Bell Burnell

Perhaps the most famous snub (冷落): the student Bell discovered the first radio pulsars in 1967, when she was a PhD student at Cambridge.The Nobel Prize that recognised this landmark discovery in 1974, however, went to her male supervisor, Antony Hewish.Recently awarded a £2.3 million Breakthrough Prize, which she gave away to help under-represented students, she joked to The Guardian, “I feel I’ve done very well out of not getting a Nobel Prize.”

Lene Hau

Hau is best-known for leading the research team at Harvard University in 1999 that managed to slow a beam of light, before managing to stop it completely in 2001.Often topping Nobel Prize prediction lists, could 2019 be Hau’s year.

Vera Rubin

Rubin discovered dark matter in the 1980s, opening up a new field of astronomy.She died in 2016, without recognition from the committee.

Chien-Shiung Wu

Wu’s “Wu experiment” helped disprove the “law of conservation of parity”.Her experimental work was helpful but never honoured, and instead, her male colleagues won the 1957 Nobel Prize for their theoretical work behind the study.

Lise Meitner

Meitner led groundbreaking work on the discovery of nuclear fission.However, the discovery was acknowledged by the 1944 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, which was won by her male co-lead, Otto Hahn.

4 .

At age 5，Lin Qiaozhi lost her mother，    1     death affected her deeply. So at age 18, she decided to study medicine despite     2     (complain) from her brother. After graduating from Peking Union Medical College with the Wenhai Scholarship, the     3     (high) prize given to     4     (graduate), she     5     (hire) as a resident physician in the OB-GYN department of the PUMC Hospital and later was named     6     chief resident physician. Several years later, she was sent to study in Europe and then the US where she was invited to stay by her colleagues but she     7     (reject) their offer.

In1941, Lin Qiaozhi became the first Chinese woman ever     8     (appoint) director of the OB-GYN department of the PUMC Hospital. In1954, she was elected to the first National People's Congress. However, despite all these important positions, she was more interested in tending patients,     9     (publish) medical research on care for women and children, and training the next generation of doctors. Though Lin Qiaozhi never married, she was known     10     the “mother of ten thousand babies", having delivered over 50,000 babies in her lifetime.

6 . Stephen Hawking was born in Oxford, England on 8th January,1942.He went to school in St. Albans-a small city near London. Although he did well, he was never top of his class. After leaving school, Hawking went first to Oxford University where he studied physics, and then he went to Cambridge University where he studied cosmology(宇宙学). As he himself admitted he wasn’t very serious about studying. He was a very lazy student, and did very little work. However, he still achieved extremely good marks.

Hawking first noticed something was wrong with him at the age of 20. He started to bump into things, and often fell over for no reason. When he visited his family at Christmas time, his father was so worried that he was sent to hospital for a test. Finally, the result came back. Hawking had motor neurone disease(运动神经元病), an incurable illness which causes the muscles of the body to waste away. Doctors said he would die before he was 23.

At first, Hawking became extremely depressed. After a while, though, he began to see his life in a different way. As he later wrote, “Before my illness had been diagnosed(诊断),there had not seemed to be anything worth doing. But shortly after I came out of hospital, I suddenly realized that there were a lot of worthwhile things I could do.” Hawking married, found a job at Cambridge University, where he worked all his life, and had three children. He also went to do some of the most important scientific research ever carried out.

His story shows that nobody, however bad their situation is, should lose hope. “Life is not fair,” he once said.“You just have to do the best you can in your own situation.”

7 . By 2019, the People’s Republic of China (PRC) had founded for 70 years. Over the past decades, many people had made great contributions to the country’s development. On Sept 17, Chinese President Xi Jinping signed a presidential decree (主席令) to award (授予) national medals and honorary titles to forty-two of these contributors, including both Chinese citizens and foreigners. Eight people received the Medal of the Republic, six foreigners received the Friendship Medals, and 28 people received the National Honorary Titles (国家荣誉称号). Now let’s learn about four of the persons who got the Medal of the Republic (共和国勋章).