The next time you have cheese, remember the French scientist Louis Pasteur who discovered that bad milk, and many diseases are caused by bacteria(细菌).
Louis Pasteur is known as the father of microbiology. In his lifetime, he not only proved that bacteria are the cause of diseases, but also discovered the process of vaccination (接种疫苗) which has saved billions of lives.
When Pasteur worked with chickens that were suffering from cholera(霍乱) during his experiments, he accidentally spread cholera to his chickens. Pasteur’s chickens became mildly sick but did not die. This was strange as every chicken that came near cholera earlier had died. He realized soon that the cholera had become weak. By the time he tried again, the chickens he had cured earlier did not get cholera anymore. He realized that a weak cholera helped his chickens develop an antibody against it.
Later, Pasteur went on to try this on cows, pigs and dogs. All his research helped him develop different vaccines. We now know that the process of vaccination introduces a weakened kind of bacteria into our body. Our body reacts by creating antibodies to fight the bacteria. Now, when our body comes across the same bacteria which are much stronger, it can fight them off.
Louis Pasteur received numerous awards for the advancement of biology, chemistry, and medicine. He founded the Pasteur Institute to study diseases. It was the first university to teach microbiology and today there are 32 institutes across 29 countries. For every child vaccinated against a deadly disease, we have Louis Pasteur to thank.
1. What do we know about Louis Pasteur?| A．His discoveries weren’t used at his time. |
| B．He discovered the connection between bacteria and diseases. |
| C．He was a professor at the Pasteur Institute. |
| D．His discoveries brought many profits and awards to him. |
| A．Cholera was not a deadly disease then. |
| B．Pasteur spread cholera to chickens on purpose. |
| C．All chickens suffered from cholera died at last. |
| D．The weakened cholera couldn’t kill the living creatures |
| A．It builds up people’s body. |
| B．Without it, people will die. |
| C．It improves people’s ability to avoid diseases. |
| D．It can kill all the diseases and make the sick bealthy. |
| A．Because he wants to honour Louis Pasteur and his contribution to the world. |
| B．Because he wants to show the discoveries of the vaccination. |
| C．Because be wants to call on children to learn from Louis Pasteur |
| D．Because he wants to introduce an important invention in microbiology. |
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【推荐1】Asthma (哮喘) is a condition that affects hundreds of millions of people worldwide. It is a lung disease that affects your airways—the tubes that carry air to and from your lungs. It causes the muscles in these tubes to contract, the tubes themselves to swell and sticky mucus to be produced. All of these factors can make it very difficult for a sufferer to breathe properly.
Shortness of breath, especially after exercise, coughing or difficulty breathing while sleeping are all common symptoms. These can be described as mild asthma attacks; however, they can usually be controlled by medication. A severe asthma attack, on the other hand, where a sufferer finds it very difficult to breathe, may require hospital treatment. How badly you are affected by these symptoms depends on what types of asthma you have—from mild to chronic—and how well you are able to control the disorder.
Mild or moderate asthma can be easily controlled through medication or lifestyle changes. Additionally, all attacks need a trigger, and if these triggers can be identified and avoided, the likelihood of an attack decreases. Triggers can include: pollution, smoking, dust, animal hair, stress, pollen, exercise and cold air. These triggers are personal to each individual sufferer, so if you have asthma, make sure you know what is causing your attacks.
In the last half-century there have been many developments in the treatment of asthma. There are presently two main types of medicine: preventers and relievers. A preventer is used every day and reduces the swelling of the airways, cutting the risk of an attack. A reliever is taken when breathing has become (or is going to become) difficult; this actually relaxes the muscles of the airways, reducing constriction and improving the airflow.
Prevention is also good treatment. So if you have asthma, remember to keep generally healthy, take regular exercise and lots of vitamin C to avoid colds and flu —which can be dangerous for asthma sufferers. A healthy diet is also important, and do watch what you eat, as certain foods or food additives can be asthma triggers.
1. What happens to the organs in an asthma attack?| A．Lungs expand. | B．Tubes tighten. |
| C．Airways narrow. | D．Muscles swell. |
| A．Common symptoms. | B．Types of attack. |
| C．Medical treatment. | D．Severity of disorder. |
| A．Cause. | B．Treatment. | C．Relief. | D．Result. |
| A．Advance prevention. | B．Healthy diet. |
| C．Proper medication. | D．Excessive exercise. |
【推荐2】One way to prevent anxiety from getting out of control is to recognize its benefits. It is a mistake to think that we can make better decisions if only we keep our feelings under control. Instead, a mix of feelings like anxiety and logical thinking leads to sound decisionmaking. It’s true that there is plenty of research showing that higher levels of anxiety can make us more likely to avoid risks in our decisionmaking. There is also evidence that anxiety can increase the attention you pay to relevant information.
Recent studies have shown that people who are anxious about their relationship (for example, they fear to be abandoned) tend to be better at recognizing people who tell lies and are more likely to raise the alarm when danger is present.
In the real world though, it’s worth realizing that feeling anxious once in a while is extremely common. It communicates to others that you care, and what’s more, it’s probably a sign that you are intelligent. At least two published studies have identified that people who score higher on measures of anxiety also tend to perform better on intelligence tests. This seems reasonable: if you’re a thinker, you are sure to be always thinking about the future and imagine possible plots, including bad ones.
The important thing, if you are a worrywart, is not to let your fear destroy your dreams. And don’t bury your head in the sand. Instead, act on your fears—do the research as well as preparation, so rather than walking blindly into what you fear, you meet the challenge in full readiness.
When anxiety beats you, or casts a shadow over your life, this is a serious problem. No one is denying that. But like everyday anxiety of this kind that you feel before a presentation or interview, you needn’t see it as your enemy. Anxiety is an important feeling, developed through evolution. As for people who are fairly anxious by nature, there is reason for cheer, too. Your nerves are a sign of your watchfulness. Listen to them and act on them. Then you can turn your nervousness into your advantage.
1. What can we infer from the first paragraph about anxiety?| A．It can enable us to be more focused. | B．It can stop us from thinking logically. |
| C．It can make us more willing to take risks. | D．It can be the only reason for all bad decisions. |
| A．Regard it as our enemy. | B．Take action to control it. |
| C．Avoid being defeated by it. | D．Treat it as a minor feeling. |
| A．Effective ways to prevent anxiety. | B．Unexpected benefits of anxiety. |
| C．Tips on how to keep a good mood. | D．Common misunderstandings about anxiety. |
【推荐3】This is an outbreak of disease that started in Wuhan, one of the central Chinese cities. It’s caused by a novel corona virus that means it’s brand-new.
What are the symptoms?
The virus is from a family called the corona viruses. The symptoms of this illness are pretty mundane ( 平 凡 的 ) on the face of it: it’s a dry cough fever and then breathing problems.
This brand-new coronavirus came from animals, and it’s believed that the source was actually a seafood market in Wuhan, which also sells wild animals. So far all the cases have come out of Wuhan. But somepeople haven’t picked it up there.
Should I be panicking about this outbreak?
As we can see, older people are ending up in hospital with the virus. They’re usually over 40, and the very youngest person diagnosed is about 13 or 14 years old. So it doesn’t appear to be affecting small children.
How is this virus transmitted?
We’ve only just discovered that the new corona virus is actually transmitted from one person to another. It was hoped at first actually that it just came from animals as all corona viruses do.
| A．It seems quite mild in lots of people. |
| B．Where have cases been confirmed so far? |
| C．So new that actually it doesn’t have a name yet. |
| D．People diagnosed with viral pneumonia will die. |
| E．It is a brand-new virus so we don’t know how it’s going to behave. |
| F．Those who have died tend actually to have heart disease or cancer already. |
| G．Now it looks as though it is actually passed from one human being to another, however. |
【推荐1】“Mirror mirror on the wall, who’s the fairest of them all?” An old tale tells seemingly unbelievable story of a magic mirror, but now the magic is no longer unachievable.
In August 2018, news went viral (广为传播的) that the police had caught criminal suspects who attended Chinese singer Jacky Cheung’s concerts. How did the police pick out the suspects among thousands of screaming fans? The helping hand is Al facial recognition technology. The low-key yet powerful tool is no longer far-fetched, but entering the world of China’s top investors and companies.
Facial recognition is a technology able to identify a person from digital image or a frame from a video source. Tang Wenbin, CTO of Face++, an Al computer vision technology company in China, vividly explained the workflow. According to him, facial recognition is the identification of our appearance, including knowing the sex, age and identity of a person. You may think it is like a brain or a neural network. You use data to train it, and then, it learns the pattern.
Facial recognition technology has been traditionally allied with the security work but today there is active expansion into other industries including mobile phones, marketing and finance.
Chinese start-ups have seen the potential of AI facial recognition for simplifying and speeding up tasks in multiple industries. And the market is now crowded and competitive.
China is starting the Al revolution and has made breakthroughs in facial recognition. “If applying AI to different industries is a marathon, the companies there probably have just got off the blocks.” said Tian Feng, director of Alibaba Cloud Research Center. He also thinks that in the future, everybody will be able to use AI as it will soon become a basic tool for work and life.
1. Why does the author mention mirrors in Paragraph 1?| A．To imply that such magical mirror is achievable. |
| B．To lead to the topic that such magic has become reality. |
| C．To prove that old tales are based on true stories. |
| D．To describe the background of facial recognition. |
| A．Content with. | B．Compared with. | C．Burdened with. | D．Associated with. |
| A．Favorable. | B．Pessimistic. | C．Indifferent. | D．Objective. |
| A．Breakthroughs of Chinese Technology | B．Effects of AI Technology |
| C．The Eye of AI in China | D．Facial Recognition in Security |
【推荐2】We do it from the worldly comfort of our bedrooms and offices and to observe a special occasion, like a beach vacation or the high school party. It has its own spot in the dictionary, right next to "selfhood" and "selfish." And this year it earned its place as the Oxford English Dictionary's 2013 Word of the Year. The selfie (自拍) has taken over our culture-and our smartphones.
The rise of the selfie has become universal-between presidents, celebrities (名人) and citizens alike-and the trend is only continuing to grow. A recent survey conducted by the Pew Internet & American Life Project found that 54 percent of Internet users have posted original photos online. And of those hundreds of millions of photos, many are of the self-descriptive variety. For example, currently there are nearly 62 million selfie photos on a social media tool that has significantly led to the personal photo's popularity. That figure, which continues to rise every day, doesn't even begin to include the selfies shared on other social media.
Despite its dictionary definition, which describes the selfie as "a photograph taken of oneself, typically with a smartphone or webcam and uploaded to a social media website," the first mention of the word can be traced back to an Australian online forum from 2002-long before the days of the iPhone's front-facing cameras and the popularity of social. media. What makes the selfie so fascinating- and why do we feel pressed to take one? According to Dr. Pamela Rutledge, the desire to take, post and get "likes" on selfies goes back to a biological behavior all humans are linked to.
"I think it influences our sense of social connection in the same way as it does when you go to a party and people say Oh I love your dress," Rutledge said. "Biological, social recognition is a real need and there is even an area of the brain that is devoted to social activity."
1. What does the underlined word "It" in paragraph 1 probably refer to?| A．Word of the year. | B．A special occasion. | C．The selfie. | D．Our culture. |
| A．The trend of the internet. | B．The rise of social media. |
| C．The figures of posted photos | D．The boom of the selfie. |
| A．Because we hope to satisfy our biological and social needs. |
| B．Because we want to get likes for our photography technique. |
| C．Because it has taken over our life since its origin in Australia. |
| D．because the internet makes it convenient to upload the selfies. |
【推荐3】Few businesses can run without computers, giving keyboard shortcuts an incredible importance. Schools view typing courses as necessary. But what are we giving up as handwriting loses its significance?
Brain power, according to science. Researchers from Princeton University and the University of California conducted a series of studies to demonstrate the differences between students who wrote out their notes and those who typed them. Study participants took notes on a lecture using one of the two methods and were tested 30 minutes after the lecture, and again a week later.
The results showed both types of notetakers did well on the first test. The longhand notetakers had a stronger grasp of the overall concept. Students with the handwritten notes were also able to better remember and understand the concept of the lecture a week later, and were more open to understanding new ideas.
According to Pam Mueller, lead author of the study, “Our findings suggest even when laptops are used as intended, they may still be harming academic performance.” Part of the reason is that it was faster to take notes on the laptop, using exactly the same words meant they weren’t truly engaged in the content. But notetakers using pen and paper tended to digest the material better and could rephrase it in their own words.
Although typing notes using exactly the same words can help in recalling facts in the short term, it takes the focus away from the main points of the lesson. “Ironically, the feature that makes their laptop notetaking so attractive— the ability to take notes more quickly —was what weakened learning,” educational psychologist Dr. Kenneth Kiewra told the Wall Street Journal.
Computers aren’t going away soon, but that doesn’t mean paper notebooks become outdated. In fact, it is best to start using them at an early age. University of Indiana researchers compared brain scans of five-year-olds -some who practiced the printing letters, and some who just looked at the letters. Those who wrote out the letters had more enhanced and adult-like brain activity.
1. In the study, what were the participants asked to do?| A．Compare typing and handwriting. |
| B．Take notes by typing or handwriting and take tests. |
| C．Take two tests right after taking notes on the lecture. |
| D．Take notes using exactly the same words on the lecture. |
| A．Fast. | B．Flexible. | C．Typing. | D．Handwriting. |
| A．Using the exact words. | B．Introducing modern tools. |
| C．Writing as quickly as possible. | D．Rephrasing the learning material. |
| A．Typing matters in a way. | B．A Pen is better than a keyboard. |
| C．Handwriting builds your brain power. | D．Handwriting or typing is a question. |
【推荐1】Compared with physicists such as Marie Curie or Richard Feynman, Wu Chien-shiung is not a household name in China but she was one of the most influential nuclear physicists of the 20th century, one that “completely” changed human’s view of the universe.
Wu’s father, Wu Zhongyi, founded the first school for girls in Taicang, aiming to break the old idea that it was women’s virtue to have no talents, which had the greatest influence on Wu Chien-shiung’s life. Working in the scientific world dominated (支配) by men, she never gave up or lowered her standards even if unequally treated. After graduating from the former National Central University in Nanjing in 1934, Wu registered at the University of California, Berkeley at the age of 24 to continue her study in physics.
During her 44-year career as a nuclear physicist, Wu’s pioneering achievements won her nicknames such as “Chinese Madame Curie”, “queen of nuclear research” and “first lady of physics”. She was the first woman to be president of American Physical Society, the first female winner of the Comstock Prize in physics given by the US National Academy of Sciences, the first person to receive the Wolf Prize in physics, the first honorary doctorate awarded by Princeton University to a woman, and the first female professor of physics in the history of Columbia University.
To get accurate results from experiments, she worked very hard day and night at a laboratory and gained a reputation (名声) for accuracy. There was a saying among physicists: If the experiment was done by Wu, it must be correct. She was always very careful in experiments, spending a great deal of time calibrating (校准) instruments. She didn’t start collecting data until she fully understood the instruments. Her experiments overturned many previous experimental results and theories, said Samuel Chao Chung Ting, American physicist and Nobel Prize winner.
On Feb 16, 1997, Wu died in the US. According to her will, she was buried in her hometown Taicang. She was a distinguished world citizen, and was forever a Chinese.
1. What influenced Wu Chien-shiung when she was young?| A．Her life in America. | B．Her love for physics. |
| C．Her family background. | D．Marie Curie’s achievements. |
| A．Awards are usually gained through great efforts. |
| B．Wu Chien-shiung was “a pioneer” in many ways. |
| C．No scientists were better than Wu Chien-shiung. |
| D．We cannot stress the importance of physics enough. |
| A．Caring and responsible. | B．Courageous and creative. |
| C．Stubborn and sensitive. | D．Cautious and hardworking. |
| A．An influential woman nuclear physicist. | B．An important contribution to physics. |
| C．The influence of modern education. | D．Nuclear researches in scientific world. |
【推荐2】Stephen Hawking was regarded as one of the most brilliant physicists in history. His work on the origins and structure of the universe, from the Big Bang to black holes, changed the field greatly. His best-selling books also appealed to a number of readers.
Stephen Hawking had a challenging life. He was born in England on Jan.8, 1942-300years to the day after the death of the astronomer Galileo Galilei. He attended University College, Oxford, where he studied physics, despite his father’s urging to focus on medicine. Hawking went on to Cambridge to research cosmology.
In early 1963, just before his 21st birthday, Hawking suffered from a serious disease more commonly known as Lou Gehrig’s disease. He was not expected to live more than two years. Completing his doctor’s degree did not appear likely. Yet, Hawking had overcome the great difficulties, not only attaining his Ph. D. but also building new roads into the understanding of the universe in the decades since.
Hawking continued at Cambridge after his graduation, serving as a research fellow and later as a professional fellow. In 1974, he was inducted（正式就职）into the Royal Society, a worldwide fellowship of scientists. In 1979, he was appointed Lucasian Professor of Mathematics at Cambridge, the most famous academic chair in the world.
As the disease spread，Hawking became less mobile and began using a wheelchair. Talking grew more challenging and, in 1985, an emergency tracheotomy（气管切开术）caused his total loss of speech. A speech-generating device was constructed at Cambridge, combined with a software program, serving as his electronic voice and allowing Hawking to select his words by moving the muscles in his cheek. Hawking died on March 14, 2018.
1. What greatly influenced the field Stephen Hawking studied？| A．Stephen Hawking’s best-selling books. |
| B．His research on the Big Bang and black holes. |
| C．Stephen Hawking’s talent. |
| D．The origins and structure of the universe. |
| A．A research on time. | B．A subject of medicine. |
| C．A study about universe. | D．A project in Cambridge. |
| A．He became world famous. | B．He achieved his doctor’s degree. |
| C．He was badly affected by a serious disease | D．He built new roads into the understanding of the universe. |
| A．By using a speech-generating device. | B．With the help of an operation. |
| C．By using body language. | D．With the help of some people. |
【推荐3】The third-generation hybrid rice which was developed by Yuan Longping, the “father of hybrid rice”, and his team went through its first public yield (产量) and achieved high output. The final yield of the tested variety, G3-1S/ P19, came to 1046.3 kg per mu (about 667 square meters), based on two lands in Qingzhu Village in central China’s Hunan Province.
“Some previous (先前的) high-yielding hybrid rice in China took 160 to even 180 days from sowing to harvesting, while the period was shortened to around 125 days for the new type. This is one of the most important characteristics (特征) of the third-generation hybrid rice that can reduce the use of pesticides and fertilizers, thus reducing cost and improving production efficiency (效率).’’ said Qian Qian, the deputy director of the China National Rice Research Institute.
Unlike the previous two generations that required a large amount of water and fertilizers as well as demanding growing conditions and technological support, the third-generation hybrid rice is easier to be cultivated (种植) by ordinary farmers. So the soil, altitude and climate of the test site were not “ideal conditions” carefully selected beforehand.
At present, Yuan’s team has nine third-generation hybrid rice under trial, which are expected to achieve commercial (商业性的) seed production in the following three to four years and hope to apply the technology into the research of sea rice. The third-generation hybrid rice has the strength to promote a greener development of China’s rice production with higher quality and yield.
1. How did the author convince the readers of the high output of the third-generation hybrid rice in paragraph 1?| A．By using statistic. |
| B．By comparing with previous generations. |
| C．By mentioning Yuan Longping. |
| D．By explaining cause and effect. |
| A．It needs less fertilizers. | B．It saves water. |
| C．Its growing period is shorter. | D．It costs less to grow. |
| A．It has a promising future. |
| B．It can be planted in the sea. |
| C．It has been cultivated by ordinary farmers. |
| D．It will not bring benefit in finance in the near future. |
| A．The Development of China’s Rice |
| B．The Road to Modern Hybrid Rice |
| C．Yuan Longping-The “Father of Hybrid Rice” |
| D．The Third-generation Hybrid Rice-The High Output Rice |
