1 . Alan Turing is acknowledged as the father of the computer. He was also one of the most_________British figures of the 20th century. In 1936, Turing_________the computer as part of his attempt to_________a difficult problem — a big headache for_________at the time. Turing attacked the problem by _________a machine with a(n) extremely long tape. The tape is_________symbols that feed instructions to the machine, telling it how to_________other symbols. Technically, this universal Turing machine is a mathematical_________of the modern computers we all use today. However, Turing also_________that not all mathematical problems can be solved by the machine.

Turing’s contributions to the modern world were not merely__________. During the second world war, Turing invented a machine that could__________German code, which was supposed to be__________to track. After the war, Turing continued to__________his ideas about computer science. His most famous work came in 1950 when he published a paper asking “can machines think?”.__________, the Turing test that a machine could imitate human conversation came into being.

What is far less known about Turing is that he was a long-distance__________and finished fifth in the AAA Marathon Championships, the British trial race for the Olympic Games in London in 1948. Although__________individuals like Turing are often__________to physical exercise to__________their deeply intellectual work, few__________as good at their sport as he did.

His real passion in life, apart from the computer, was to run in the Olympic Games, in the marathon. “I was probably 20 at the time, but I sometimes felt a lot older,” He said. Because he had this extraordinary naivety, like a 15 year old, he bounced when he talked, and he had tremendous__________.

3 . Wang Zhenyi (1768-1797)

Born at a time when girls were prevented from getting a formal education, Wang Zhenyi got encouraged from her father to read books including works on astronomy, mathematics, geography, medicine, as well as poetry. She conducted experiments at home, in one of which she used a round table as the Earth, a lamp as the Sun, and a mirror as the Moon to understand their motions and finally revealed the mystery of lunar eclipse (月食). Wang often expressed in her poetry inequalities in society and fought for the rights of women.

Jocelyn Burnell (1943-)

Jocelyn Burnell was born in Northen Ireland, whose father Philip was an architect. In 1965, Burnell began her graduate studies in physics at Cambridge University, building a telescope to look for radio signals from space. Later, she found signals from space and was the first to confirm the existence of neutron stars (中子星). In 1974, she missed out on the winning of a Nobel Prize for this discovery. But in 2018, she won a Breakthrough Prize for it.

Mercedes Richards (1955-2016)

Mercedes Richards grew up in the capital of Jamaica. At 11, she knew she wanted to be an astronomer, Her father, who was a police detective, taught her the skills of observation and inference, while her mother, an accountant, taught her the importance of precision, Richards studied astronomy at York University and the University of Toronto, and investigated binary star (双子星) systems to determine how gas flows between the paired stars to create enormous explosion of energy called novae (新星).

The Medal of the Republic, the Friendship Medal and other national honorary titles have gone to 42 outstanding individuals     1     background are varied for their contributions to the People’s Republic of China (PRC) to celebrate the 70th anniversary of its founding.

Pharmaceutical chemist Tu Youyou was one of the eight who     2    (award) the Medal of the Republic. She was the co-winner of the 2015 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. Yuan Longping, a Chinese agronomist (农学家) and     3    (educate), was another of the eight. Yuan is well-known for developing the first hybrid rice verities. His breakthrough led to     4    (grow) hybrid rice in Africa, South America and Asia, which could provide a     5    (rely) food supply for high-risk famine (饥荒) regions.

The six foreigners     6    (present) with the Friendship Medal included Raul Castro, first secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Cuba, and Princess Maha Chakri Sirindhorn of Thailand. Canadian Isabel Crook was also     7    them. 104-year-old Crook who was born in China has been     8    witness to China’s development. After the founding of PRC, she insisted     9    (firm) on staying in China and working at Beijing Foreign Studies University (BFSU). As a teacher at BFSU, she     10    (lay) foundations for foreign-language education in China.

Born in China in 1911, Qian Xuesen majored in railroad engineering at Jiaotong University in Shanghai but switched to aeronautics(航空学)in 1935     1     he came to the United States to pursue graduate studies. He     2     (earn) a master's degree in 1936 from MIT and then a PhD in 1939.

Shortly thereafter, he worked in America and played a contributing role in the American space program. In 1950,     3     (he) request to return to China was denied. Eventually, he left with his family for China in 1955 as a result of diplomatic negotiations in Geneva. Upon his return to China, Qian     4    (appoint) as director of the Institute of Mechanics in the Chinese Academy of Sciences in Beijing. In the late 1950s and early 1960s, he helped China conduct the first test of an atomic (原子的)bomb     5    (deliver) by a medium range missile in 1966. He furthermore contributed     6     China launching its first satellite in 1970.

In his later years, Qian was also credited in China for     7     (provide) critical support of the human space flight program when it faced cutbacks. He was     8     (especial) influential in his promotion of systems engineering in aerospace (航天航空)projects and other     9     (area) until his death in 2009. Qian is regarded as     10     pioneering and foundational figure in the history of China's space program.

Thomas Edison was famously opposed to sleeping. In an 1889 interview published in Scientific American, the ever energetic     1     (invent) of the lightbulb claimed he never slept more than four hours a night. Sleep was, he thought, a waste of time.

Yet Edison may have relied on sleep     2     (advance) his creativity. Edison is said to have napped while     3     (hold)a ball in each hand, thinking that, as he     4     (fall) asleep, the balls would fall to the floor and wake     5     (he). This way he could remember the sorts of thoughts that come to us as we are nodding off,     6     we often do not remember.

Sleep researchers now suggest that Edison might have been on to something. Published     7     (recent) in Science Advances, a new study reports that we have a brief period of creativity and insight in the half awake state that occurs just as we begin to fall into sleep,     8     sleep stage called N1, or non-rapid-eye-movement sleep stage 1. The     9     (discovery) show that if we can use that liminal haze between sleep and wakefulness — known     10     a hypnagogic (催眠的) state — we might recall our bright ideas more easily.

8 . Igor Sikorsky was born on May 25th, 1889. Sikorsky developed an interest in natural sciences in his youth. He began studying at the Saint Petersburg Maritime Cadet Corps at the age of 14. In 1906, he decided that his future lay in engineering, so he left to study in Paris. In 1907, he returned home to complete his studies at the Mechanical College of Kyiv Polytechnic Institute.

A year later on a trip to Germany with his father, he learned of the achievements of the Wright Brothers and Ferdinand von Zeppelin’s airships. Sikorsky later said about this: “Within twenty-four hours, I’d decided to pursue aviation.”

Sikorsky then started his work on designing a helicopter. The first two attempts failed in 1909 and 1910 so he stopped and turned to fixed-wing aircraft (飞行器). His first attempt, the S-l, also failed. But his second attempt, the S-2, was a success. He continued to develop his knowledge to improve his airplane models. During this time，he also got his pilot’s license(执照). His fifth plane, the S-5, won him national attention. His sixth plane, the S-6-A, won him the highest award at the 1912 Moscow Aviation Exhibition. He built the first four-engine plane in 1913.

To continue to seek his dream, Sikorsky went to the United States in 1919, where he began teaching mathematics. He worked day and night and saved enough money to establish his own aviation company in Long Island in 1923. The company did pretty well but Sikorsky was dreaming big.

All this time his dream of building a helicopter had just grown bigger and he never stopped writing down his designs and ideas. In 1939 his dream came true. Sikorsky finally completed the VS-300 and piloted its first flight himself. It was the first successful helicopter of the United States and by 1940 served as the model for all single-rotor (单旋翼)helicopters.

Sikorsky’s work contributed greatly to the aviation industry and he was recognized as the father of helicopters because of his pioneering designs. He officially retired in 1957, but he continued to work as a consultant (顾问)until his death in 1972 at the age of 83.