1 . It is that time of the year, when a handful of world’s leading scholars, social activists and researchers are rewarded with what is often cited as the most prestigious acknowledgement of human effort-the Nobel Prize. Here’s a look at who has won the prize and for what.
Physiology or Medicine
Swedish geneticist Svante Peabo won the first Nobel of the year, for starting the field of ancient DNA studies. He is well-known for extracting, sequencing, and analyzing ancient DNA from Neanderthal bones.
Physics
Alain Aspect, John F. Clauser and Anton Zeilinger’s work in quantum (量子) technology landed them the second Nobel Prize announced in 2022. Although Aspect is from France, Clauser from the U.S, and Zeilinger from Austria, the three separately performed “groundbreaking experiments” as one team. “Their results have cleared the way for new technology,” the committee stated.
Chemistry
The Nobel Prize for chemistry went to another trio, Carolyn R. Bertozzi from the U.S., Morten Meldal from Denmark and K. Barry Sharpless from the U.S. “for the development of click chemistry and biorthogonal chemistry,” the committee stated. Dr. Bertozzi is the eighth woman chemist to be awarded the prize, while Dr. Sharpless is the fifth scientist to be awarded two Nobel Prizes.
Economics
The Prize in Economic Sciences was awarded to three American economists, Ben S. Bernanke, Douglas W. Diamond and Philip H. Dybvig “for research on banks and financial crises,” the Nobel Prize committee announced on Monday. By studying the history of American economics, particularly the Great Depression of the 1930s,they improved how we understand the role of banks during times of hardship and the bank’s impact on societal functions.
1. What prize is related to the research with bones?| A．Physiology. | B．Chemistry. | C．Physics. | D．Economics. |
| A．About societal functions. | B．About the history of America. |
| C．About banks and financial crises. | D．About the Great Depression of the 1930s. |
| A．Their winners are from different countries. | B．They have three winners. |
| C．They improve new technology. | D．They help people understand hardship. |
2 . Experts often tell students to center their efforts on a narrow field to get a job after school.
One of the winners of this year’s Nobel Prize in Chemistry was Danish scientist Morten Meldal, who is 68 years old and works at the University of Copenhagen. When describing his career, Meldal said he started out as an engineer but changed to chemistry because he “wanted to understand the world.”
Nobel winners are nine times more likely to have experience in working with wood, metal or in the arts than most scientists. The researchers also found that the Nobel winners have an open mind about their life experiences. Unlike many people who spend long hours at work and give up their outside interests,
The researchers say that, even among people who do not win big prizes, those with many interests are often successful. They pointed to a 2022 report about students who study two major fields in college.
| A．That study plan is called a “double major”. |
| B．What we believe is of great benefits to them. |
| C．Meldal’s experience may come as a surprise to students. |
| D．They discovered that if they helped each other afterwards, |
| E．Nobel winners believe their hobbies are important to creativity. |
| F．They found that when the students of winners went on to win Nobel Prizes, |
| G．But recent research into Nobel Prize winners suggests that wider interests are important. |
3 . Alan Turing is acknowledged as the father of the computer. He was also one of the most
Turing’s contributions to the modern world were not merely
What is far less known about Turing is that he was a long-distance
His real passion in life, apart from the computer, was to run in the Olympic Games, in the marathon. “I was probably 20 at the time, but I sometimes felt a lot older,” He said. Because he had this extraordinary naivety, like a 15 year old, he bounced when he talked, and he had tremendous
| A．hopeful | B．ambitious | C．humorous | D．influential |
| A．used | B．operated | C．invented | D．analyzed |
| A．solve | B．raise | C．discover | D．search |
| A．mathematicians | B．engineers | C．designers | D．conductors |
| A．copying | B．imagining | C．exchanging | D．checking |
| A．involved in | B．added to | C．trapped in | D．covered with |
| A．attract | B．control | C．attack | D．trust |
| A．pattern | B．form | C．model | D．guess |
| A．conducted | B．asked | C．reflected | D．determined |
| A．favorable | B．theoretical | C．strange | D．passionate |
| A．break | B．remember | C．remind | D．delete |
| A．necessary | B．dangerous | C．unfortunate | D．impossible |
| A．develop | B．recover | C．plan | D．separate |
| A．Generally | B．Certainly | C．Eventually | D．Actually |
| A．traveller | B．driver | C．runner | D．player |
| A．responsible | B．outstanding | C．optimistic | D．disciplined |
| A．recommended | B．forced | C．drawn | D．advised |
| A．access | B．escape | C．resign | D．close |
| A．turn out | B．turn over | C．turn back | D．turn into |
| A．tolerance | B．patience | C．persistence | D．enthusiasm |
4 . Women scientists around the world have made significant contributions to Stem (science, technology, engineering, and maths). Here are four who pushed boundaries and changed the world.
Wu Chienshiung (1912—1997)
Born in Taicang, Jiangsu province, Wu took part in the Manhattan Project which helped create the world’s first nuclear weapon. Her famous Wu experiment overturned the theory of parity in physics. This breakthrough led to a Nobel Prize that was awarded to her male colleagues, but Wu’s critical role in the work was overlooked.
Hedy Lamarr (1914—2000)
Austria-born Lamarr starred in a lot of Hollywood films and made great success. She was also super smart and a self-taught inventor. During the second world war, Lamarr together with George Antheil, a composer, developed a radio guidance system. The principle of their work is part of the basis of Bluetooth and wireless technology.
Katherine Johns (1918—2020)
African American NASA mathematician Johnson’s calculations were critical in getting the first US astronauts to space and back safely. During her 33-year career at NASA, Katherine earned a reputation for mastering complex calculations and was referred to as a “human computer”.
Tu Youyou (1930—)
Born in Ningbo, Zhejiang province, Tu shared the 2015 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with two other foreign scientists, for her work in discovering artemisinin, a drug used to treat malaria. Her work has saved millions of lives all over the world. Tu is the first Chinese Nobel winner in physiology or medicine and the first female citizen of the PRC to win a Nobel Prize.
1. Besides being an inventor, Hedy Lamarr is also a(n) ________.| A．composer | B．producer | C．actress | D．mathematician |
| A．She treated people for cancer. | B．She is the first Chinese Nobel winner. |
| C．Her discovery helped save millions. | D．Her research project is one of a kind. |
| A．They shared the same interest. | B．They each constructed a theory. |
| C．They were all awarded the Nobel Prize. | D．They all made a difference to the world. |
1.人物的简介；
2.对你的影响；
注意：
1.词数100左右
2.可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯
My Role Model
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6 . Scientists regularly make vital new discoveries, but few can claim to have invented an entirely new field of science. Chemist Carolyn Bertozzi is one of them. Her discovery of biorthogonal chemistry (生物正交化学) in 2003 created a brand-new discipline of scientific investigation, which has enabled countless advances in medical science and led to a far greater understanding of biology at a molecular (分子的) level. On October 5, Bertozzi was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, jointly with two other professors. She is also the only woman to be awarded a Nobel Prize in science this year, after an all-male line-up in 2021.
Bertozzi was the middle daughter of an MIT physics professor and a secretary. Few predicted that Bertozzi would be the most famous person in the family. While her academic performance was not bad in high school, she was fond of playing soccer. She end ed up being admitted to Harvard University. Despite her talent in soccer, she found it too time-consuming and quit the sport to devote herself to academics.
But before becoming a rock star scientist, Bertozzi almost became an actual rock star. When she started at Harvard, she was tempted to major in music. That idea was “unpopular” with her parents, and she was timid about defying them. Instead, she chose the premed (医学预科的) track that included classes in math and sciences, and declared herself a biology major at the end of her first year of college.
Her interest in music did not completely fall by the wayside, however. Bertozzi played keyboards and sang backup vocals for a hair metal band. Bertozzi, however, did not play with the band for long. Once the band’s practices and performances conflicted with her labs and classes, there was only one outcome.
Plus, she’d soon have organic chemistry to think about a course which is infamous for weeding out pre-meds. Without any clear career ambitions up to that point, Bertozzi had been thinking about possibly becoming a doctor when, in her sophomore year (大二学年), she suddenly fell so head over heels in love with her chemistry course that she couldn’t tear herself away from her textbooks long enough to go out on Saturday nights. A torture to many was pure pleasure for her. Bertozzi changed her major from biology to chemistry a year later.
Bertozzi has sometimes joked about her having missed out on her chance to follow Morello to LosAngeles. “I didn’t get on that bus, and my playing is now limited to ‘The Wheel's on the Bus Go Round,’ I’m waiting for my sons to get old enough to appreciate 1980s heavy metal!”
1. Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the passage?| A．Bertozzi is one of those scientists who made significant new discoveries. |
| B．Bertozzi was the only female to win a Nobel Prize in science in 2021. |
| C．Bertozzi played keyboards and sang backup vocals throughout her college years. |
| D．Bertozzi initially planned to become a doctor. |
| A．tell | B．disobey | C．approach | D．threaten |
| A．easy and enjoyable |
| B．difficult to pass for pre-med students |
| C．popular among hair metal band players |
| D．a required course for all college students |
| A．Brave and sympathetic. |
| B．Athletic and critical. |
| C．Humble and passionate. |
| D．Talented and creative. |
7 . The year 2023 marks the 102th anniversary of Noether’s ring theory, a branch of theoretical mathematics that is still fascinating and challenging numerous mathematicians today.
Neother was born in 1882 in Germany, whose father was a math professor, but it must have seemed unlikely to a young Neother that she would follow in his footsteps because women were banned from academia and few took classes at universities. After Neother graduated from a high school for girls, Erlangen University started to let women enroll. She signed up and earned her doctorate in mathematics, which should have been the end of her mathematical journey. Teaching at a university for women was still out of the question. But Neother stuck with mathematics anyway, staying in Erlangen and unofficially guiding doctoral students without pay.
In 1915, she applied for a position at the University of Gottingen. Bill Nicholl, the dean at the university, also a mathematician, was in favor of hiring Neother, although his argument was far from feminist (女权主义). “The female brain is unsuitable for mathematical production,” he wrote, “but Neother stood out as one of the rare exceptions.”
Unfortunately for Neother,the Ministry of Education would not give the university permission to have a woman as their teacher. Neother stayed in Gottingen and taught courses listed under the name of a male faculty teacher. During those years, she kept doing research and made important contributions to theoretical physics and Einstein’s theory of relativity. The university finally granted her lecturer status. Two years later, Neother published revolutionary discoveries in ring theory, which is the study of mathematical objects called rings. Neotherian rings show up all the time in modern mathematics. Mathematicians still use Neother’s map today,not just in ring theory,but in other area such as number theory and algebraic geometry.
1. What do we learn about Neother from paragraph 2?| A．She taught at university as a teacher. | B．She earned a degree in mathematics. |
| C．She was taught by her father at home | D．She quit her mathematical journey early. |
| A．He was struggling for feminist. | B．Females’brains differed from males’. |
| C．Neother was a giant in mathematics. | D．Women mathematicians were superb. |
| A．It is still used by mathematicians today. |
| B．It opens up a new field in modern physics. |
| C．It is based on Einstein’s theory of relativity. |
| D．It lays the foundation for modern mathematics. |
| A．Gifted and generous. | B．Sensitive and determined. |
| C．Committed and creative. | D．Hardworking and honest. |
8 . Louis Pasteur was born on December 27, 1822, in Dole, France, into a poor family. The French chemist and microbiologist made remarkable scientific
The family was on a very tight
He was not a (n)
Pasteur’s
As he became famous gradually, he was able to
He was highly respected and won just about every award
| A．predictions | B．discoveries | C．methods | D．performances |
| A．turn | B．schedule | C．relationship | D．budget |
| A．valued | B．overestimated | C．sharpened | D．assigned |
| A．demand | B．temptation | C．passion | D．inspiration |
| A．unavoidable | B．unlikely | C．unexpected | D．uneventful |
| A．geography | B．arithmetic | C．politics | D．chemistry |
| A．considerate | B．intelligent | C．lifelong | D．intimate |
| A．desired | B．approved | C．engaged | D．varied |
| A．fame | B．routine | C．perseverance | D．blessing |
| A．fundraising | B．tackling | C．motivating | D．occupying |
| A．overnight | B．joint | C．monthly | D．early |
| A．actively | B．objectively | C．humbly | D．nobly |
| A．turn down | B．cope with | C．work out | D．take up |
| A．dedicate | B．treat | C．find | D．commit |
| A．available | B．memorable | C．favorable | D．knowledgeable |
9 . Gerty Cori, the first American woman to win the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine, was born Gerty Theresa Radnitz in Prague in 1896. Gerty decided at the age of sixteen to study medicine. She entered the Realgymnasium at Tetschen, from which she graduated in 1914, and then went to the Medical School of the German University of Prague. While in medical school, Gerty met Carl Cori, a classmate who shared both her love of skiing and mountain climbing and her interest in laboratory research. In 1920, the two published the results of their first joint research, received their medical degrees, and married each other.
Gerty’s first research position was as an assistant in the Karolinen Children’s Hospital in Vienna. In 1922, Carl Cori moved to the United States to join the staff of the New York State Institute for the Study of Malignant Diseases in Buffalo, New York. Gerty Cori moved a few months later, starting as an assistant pathologist ( 病理学家) at the Institute and later rising to an assistant biochemist. In 1928, the Coris became US citizens.
In 1931, Carl Cori accepted the position of chairman of the Department of Pharmacology of the Washington University School of Medicine (WUSM), while Gerty Cori was hired as a research fellow. In the early 1940s the Coris moved to the Department of Biological Chemistry. Gerty Cori was made an associate ( 副) professor of Research Biological Chemistry and Pharmacology in 1943. She was elevated to the rank ( 级别) of professor of Biological Chemistry in July 1947, the same year she and her husband were awarded the Nobel Prize for their work on the metabolism of glycogen (糖代谢).
In 1947, Gerty Cori began showing the signs of myelofibrosis, an unusual blood disease. She fought the disease for ten years, refusing to give up her research until the last few months of her life. Gerty Cori died on October 26, 1957.
1. What can we learn about Gerty’s husband?| A．He shared the same interests with Gerty. |
| B．He moved to the USA later than Gerty. |
| C．He married Gerty while in medical school. |
| D．He studied pathology under the influence of Gerty. |
a. She moved to the USA.
b. She won the Nobel Prize.
c. She met her husband Carl.
d. She got a job in the WUSM.
e. She received her medical degree.
| A．e, a, c, b, d | B．c, e, a, d, b |
| C．e, c, a, d, b | D．c, a, e, b, d |
| A．Adapted. | B．Defeated. | C．Promoted. | D．Committed. |
| A．She was satisfied with her later life. | B．She was in poor health all her life. |
| C．She died of a common disease. | D．She was very mentally strong. |
注意：
1. 词数80左右：
2. 可适当增加细节，以使行文连贯：
3. 题目已给出，不计入总字数。
What qualities should a scientist have?
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