1 . Hunting to Farming Is Not Necessarily Good

A. support          B. effectiveness             C. expanding       D. escape             E. reached          F. questioning          G. switched                 H. control             I. recording        J. allowed        K. inferring

Shifting from hunting to farming made life 50 percent more difficult for humans, a study by Cambridge University suggests. Although farming     1    previously wandering communities to stay put and grow, it came at a huge cost. Researcher Dr. Mark Dyble, lived with 10 Agta groups and found that those who still hunted and searched for their food spent around 20 hours working in the week to live, but those who had    2     to farming needed to work 30 hours for the same amount of food.

“For a long time, the shift from hunting to farming was assumed to represent progress, allowing people to    3    a laborious and uncertain way of life,” said Dr. Dyble, “But as soon as researchers started working with hunter-gatherers they began     4     this narrative, finding that hunters actually enjoy quite a lot of leisure time. Our data provides some of the clearest     5    for this idea yet.” The researchers followed 359 people from the Agta community     6     how much time they spent on leisure, childcare, domestic chores and out-of-camp work. As well as the overall difference in hours worked, the study also found that women living in the communities most involved in farming had half as much leisure time as those in communities which only hunted. Co-author, Dr. Abigail Page added: “We have to be really careful when     7     from contemporary hunter-gatherers to different societies in pre-history.” But if the first farmers really did work harder than hunters then this begs an important question-why did humans adopt agriculture?

Previous studies suggested the adoption of farming grew up to help cope with    8    societies, although other experts claimed that it was agriculture itself that allowed sedentary (定栖的) communities to expand, and once they    9     a certain size, it would have been impossible for groups to return to a hunter-gathering lifestyle, even if they had wanted to. Dr. Page says: “The amount of leisure time that Agta enjoy is evidence to the    10    of the hunter-gatherer way of life. This leisure time also helps to explain how these communities manage to share so many skills and so much knowledge within lifetimes and across generations."

2 . Questions are based on the following passage.
1.

A．A promotion of outdoor clothes.	B．An introduction of West Virginia.
C．A weekend vacation to a famous resort.	D．A free trip to an unknown destination.

2.

A．Regretful.

B．Frustrating.

C．Worthwhile.

D．Comfortable.

3.

A．Mystery trips.

B．Outdoor adventures.

C．Social media.

D．Travel destinations.

3 . Directions: Fill in each blank with a proper word chosen from the box. Each word can be used only once. Note that there is one word more than you need.

A. approach   B. architectural   C. captured   D. complicated   E. defensive   F. defined G. extension   H. houses   I. reflect   J. shades   K. status

Why India’s ‘Pink City’ is a Photographer’s Heaven

The city of Jaipur is one of India’s wonders. It     1     some of the country’s most decorative royal palaces—elegant structures designed hundreds of years ago that still attract visitors today. Largely built in the 1700s, Jaipur is surrounded by a city wall and several     2     castles. Considered as a commercial center, it was ahead of its time due to the use of grid iron (网格状)city planning.

A romantic dusty pink type—which has     3     the city since 1876, after it was painted pink to welcome Queen Victoria’s husband, Prince Albert—gives Jaipur its     4     as the “Pink City”. This     5     beauty is what first brought Hong Kong-based photographers Victor Cheng and Samantha Wong to Jaipur.

Walking in glass skyscrapers for century-old royal palaces and historic castles, the pair—who have 130,000 Instagram followers between them—said that the images they     6     in Jaipur received a lot of response online. “A lot of our followers hadn’t seen this side of India, so we’re happy we were able to show this side of the country.” Cheng said.

For the photographers, one of the city’s most fascinating features is the light pink coloring of its buildings. “The first gates you see when you enter are pink,” said Wong. “Once you’re through, everything around you varies in different     7     of the color—from bright pinks to reddish browns.”

The building is a(n)     8     of the City Palace, and its windows allowed royal women to observe street life without appearing in public. One of Cheng’s most striking photos shows a straight front of the building and its hundreds of windows. The building’s lively coloring also pushed Cheng to take a different     9     to editing than with images of other cities. “I toned down my usual editing process because the pink was so bright in reality,” he said, “I wanted the photos to     10     the actual color I was seeing myself and to maintain its tone.”

4 . Directions: Read the following passage. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need.

The road that led to 1,000 stories

In his new book Watling Street, John Higgs explores one of Britain’s oldest roads — and how it inspired countless stories, from the Canterbury Tales to Great Expectations to Star Wars.

Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales, written in the late 14th Century, tells the story of a group of medieval pilgrims travelling from London to Canterbury. Six hundred years later, the Star Wars movies were filmed on the same road.    1    .

We now think of Watling Street as the A2 and the A5 motorways, which run across Britain from Anglesey in north-west Wales to Dover in south-east England in a way that joins two opposite sides at an angle. But the road has existed throughout all of British history.     2    . It has been a Neolithic (新 石器时代的)pathway, a Roman road, one of the four medieval (中世纪的)royal highways, a main road in the age of coach travel and a road today usually with traffic jams.

It is a place that reflects its own history, always being rewritten.     3    . James Bond drives along the road in Ian Fleming’s novel Moonraker. Doctor Who appears suddenly at different points along it in different historical eras. It is part of Robin Hood’s plans in the medieval narrative poem A Little Geste of Robin Hood and his Meiny. Miss Havisham’s decaying Gothic house in Charles Dickens’ Great Expectations is based on Restoration House in Rochester, which stands just yards from Watling Street. In the 12th-Century Histories of the Kings of Britain, Geoffrey of Monmouth tells how a young Merlin released the dragons that caused King Vortigem’s tower to fall. This was at Dinas Emrys in Snowdonia, on the route of the original, pre-Roman road through Wales.

For many years it was believed that William Shakespeare wrote a play called The Widow of Watling Street', it was included in early collections of his work. It is now thought that the real author of that play was Thomas Middleton.    4    .Before the Romans bridged the Thames, the original route of Watling Street crossed the river where Westminster Palace now stands. The route would have run close to where Shakespeare’s Globe Theatre in Southwark later stood.

A．Watling Street’s origins are lost in prehistory.

B．But Shakespeare can still be connected to the road.

C．In fact, it is hard to find a character from the British imagination who cannot be linked to Watling Street in some way.

D．It is one of the few permanent fixtures of this island and one of the first lines on the map.

E．Here characters including Sherlock Holmes and Batman have been brought to life.

F．It is Watling Street — and there is no road in the English-speaking world more steeped in stories.

5 . Directions: Read the passage carefully. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need.

A new report by the World Bank shows that the effects of climate change could force 140 million people to move within their countries by 2050.

The report looked at three developing regions of the world-sub-Saharan Africa, South Asia and Latin America.     1    .

Climate migrants are people who are forced to move within their country because of water scarcity, crop failure, rising sea levels and storm surges due to climate change.

    2    It is important to help people make good decisions about whether to stay where they are or move to new locations where they are less vulnerable.

The report noted that the effects of climate change will often force people to move from rural areas suffering from droughts or crop failures to cities where there are different opportunities.     3     “Without the right planning and support, people migrating from rural areas into cities could be facing new and even more dangerous risks,” said Kanta Jumari Rigaud, the report’s team lead. “    4    ” Rigaud added.

The report recommends key actions to help prevent wide-scale climate migration: cutting global greenhouse gas emissions; improving development planning at the local level for climate migration; and investing in data to better understand climate migration trends in each country. The report notes that any rise in climate migration will be in addition to millions of other migrants within countries, moving for economic, social, political or other reasons.

A．We would see increased tensions and conflict as a result of pressure on scarce resources.

B．The report shows that with proper efforts the number of climate migrants could be reduced dramatically, from 140 million to 40 million by 2050.

C．Some measures that could help helpless people adapt to climate change were on the agenda.

D．However, it noted that cities must take the time to plan for the possibility for a flood of people.

E．Countries that are becoming more restrictive on migration are those who are largely responsible for global warming.

F．It found that unless urgent action is taken, the regions will likely have to deal with tens of millions of so-called climate migrants.

6 . ARCHAEOLOGISTS(考古学家) GUIDED BY laser images of a remote region of northern Guatemala have discovered 20-foot-high walls, watchtowers, and other evidence that ancient Maya societies had been annoyed by warfare threat over many years. The finds have upended long-established impressions of a civilization that it tamed the jungle and built thriving cities,then declined and disappeared quietly beneath the dense tropical forest.

Among the most surprising discoveries was a large stone complex now called La Cuemavilla. Built on a steep ridge, the heavily fortified site included high walls. Moats which serves as the largest defensive system ever discovered in the region.

This was surprising says an archaeologist, "because we had a tendency to romanticize Maya warfare as something that was largely ritualized. But the fortifications were seeing suggest an elevated level of antagonism over centuries. Rulers were so deeply alarmed that they felt the need to invest in all these hilltop fortifications. There is an almost visible sense of fear in this landscape.

All these findings owe credit to PACUNAM LIDAR Initiative, a laser survey of some 800 square miles of the Maya Biosphere Reserve in northern Guatemala. Using revolutionary Laser technology, the survey revealed the long-hidden ruins of a sprawling pre-Columbian civilization that was far more complex and interconnected than most Maya specialists had supposed.

Guided by the new Laser treasure maps, the LIDAR team deployed through the jungle over the past year to conduct hands-on investigations of more than a dozen of the most promising sites-most of which would have been imperceptible without LIDAR.

"You could walk over the top of a major ruin and miss it, "says an archaeologist who's part of the PACUNA project. But LIDAR picks up the patterns and makes the features pop out with surprising clarity.

Three-dimensional maps generated by the survey yielded surprises even at Tikal, the largest and most extensively explored archaeological site in Guatemala. The ancient city was at least four times bigger than previously thought, and surrounded by a massive ditch and fortified base stretching for miles.

Archaeologists stress that LIDAR, for all its utility, will never see below the ground or yield direct dates of occupation. “we still need to dig and hack our way through the jungle, but now we have a very accurate map to guide us.

1. How did people think of Maya before the discovery of the defense ruins?

A．It was the most advanced civilization in the history of mankind.

B．It was long under the threat of large-scale wars

C．Its rise and decline were under way peacefully

D．It was finally destroyed by a large-scale war

2. The underlined word antagonism is closest in meaning to ____.

A．misery

B．revolution

C．population decrease

D．opposition

3. Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the passage?

A．The military mechanism found in La Cuemavilla was intended for occupying more lands.

B．The new laser technology was mainly used to enlarge the original site size.

C．The LIDAR helps to avoid the traditional digging task in site exploration.

D．The Tikal site was found to be protected by certain defense works

4. The passage is mainly about ____.

A．people' s long-time misunderstanding of Maya civilization.

B．discovery of Maya military works aided by new explore technology

C．the finding of a big warfare resulting in the disappearance of Maya civilization

D．The various advantages of new technologies in the field of archaeology.

7 . Questions are based on the following passage.1.

A．Because of their durability.

B．Because they are symbols of status.

C．Because of the trend in fashion.

D．Because they look quite appealing.

2.

A．The man was the creator of jeans.

B．The man applied for a patent for jeans.

C．Levi’s led to the popularity of jeans.

D．Levi’s led to a flood of fake products.

3.

A．They are durable and wash easily.

B．They appear on sex and violence ads.

C．They win the favor of many women liberalists.

D．They are influenced by cowboy style and rebellious spirit.

4.

A．The advantages of jeans.

B．The culture of western America.

C．The history of jeans.

D．The change of jeans.

8 . Questions are based on the following speech.
1.

A．It sells things from ancient Egypt.	B．It looks like an Egyptian giant.
C．It brings a feel of a different world.	D．It offers a wide range of cheeses.

2.

A．Produced by the department store itself.	B．Supplied by a nearby small town.
C．Collected from the outside of the building.	D．Obtained from the numerous light bulbs.

3.

A．Customers spend £1.5 million or so per day.	B．Around 30,000 customers come per day.
C．There is a big increase in customers and sales.	D．Customer flow and sales are quite unsteady.

9 . Directions: Read the following passage, Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need.

Venice Carnival

The annual Venice Carnival is in full swing, with thousands of revelers (狂欢者) gathering the city’s canals and squares in elaborate costumes and extraordinary masks       1    .

The Carnevale di Venezia is thought to date back to the 11th century, making it one of the world’s oldest. Carnivals are held in many Catholic countries: such as Spain and Brazil, where they serve as a last chance to cat, drink end be merry before the deprivations or Lent, the 40 days of fasting (斋戒) that precede Easter.

It is thought that the masks allowed Venetians to hide their identities, allowing the poor to mix with the wealthy, breaking strict social order, even if only for a brief and controlled period.

    2     The theme of Carnival 2019 is “Tutta cope della Luna,” or “Blame the moon”, marking a half-century since man first walked on the satellite

To prevent overcrowding, authorities have installed turnstiles at the entrances to the historic St. Marks’Square, closing it off to new visitors once 23,000 revelers have entered. Costumed revelers are also searched as they enter the square.

Venice is situated across a group of 118 small islands that are separated by canals and linked by over 400 bridges. The islands are located in the shallow Venetian Lagoon, an enclosed bay that lies between the mouths of the Po and the Piave Rivers       3     The lagoon and a part of the city are listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Although most visitors stick to the traditional Carnival costumes of baroque gowns and be jeweled masks for women and black capes and threatening masks for men, more and more people are opting for their own unique interpretations.

Some visitors use Carnival as an opportunity to show off a fantastic creation they’ve always reamed of wearing. It doesn’t have to be Venetian       4     At Carnival, everybody is free to who-or what-they want to be. Perhaps a different gender-or even species. That’s the joy of the mask-nobody knows who or what the person wearing it was before Carnival.

A．This year’s Carnival festivities kicked off on February 16 and go on until March 5.

B．During the 18 days of Carnival, the city fills with thousands of tourists from across Italy and around the world.

C．Parts of Venice are well known for the beauty of their settings, their architectureand artwork.

D．The Italian government decided to bring back the history and culture of Venice by seeking to use the traditional Carnival.

E．It doesn’t have to be traditional.

F．Carnival virtually disappeared when Napoleon’s troops brought an end to the Venetian Republic in 1797.