1 . For about two months, Frank Gordon and his dog Casey have been in intensive training.
Casey is training to become a qualified service dog, and Gordon is training to use him to cope with what doctors have diagnosed as severe post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD 创伤后应激障碍).
And that alone is a huge step for Gordon, who says he feels trapped in the real-life nightmare he endured during his military service. After having lived with invisible wounds for more than 30 years, he's now got Casey, a new solution to a problem as old as war.
Casey and many other dogs at Wags for Warriors, a non-profit organization in northeast Ohio, are trained to sense when their veterans (老兵) become anxious, and to pull them out of panic attacks. That's what a dog named Sophie was doing as she sat next to her owner and Wags for Warriors co-founder Frank Delorenzo. Sophie reminds Delorenzo to take his medication, pulls him out of crowded areas, and wakes him up from nightmares.
Army veteran Olena Fergurson, who had a brain injury in a plane crash, says,“Before I got my dog Vata and started my training, I could not attend an appointment. ”
Since October of last year,Delorenzo and his wife have been training and providing service dogs to these veterans free of charge. They hold training classes between three and four days each week.
“Some veterans say that it improves their quality of life, but we haven't been able yet to determine whether these dogs provide a medical benefit to veterans with mental illness,” says Mark Ballesteros, a spokesperson for the U. S. Department of Veteran Affairs.
Dr. Heather Axtell, a clinical psychologist, says, “I believe that service animals provide a lot of comfort. They make people feel more secure, but they can't take away what happened. Service dogs give veterans companions, and unconditional love. ”
1. How many dogs are mentioned in the passage?| A．One | B．Two | C．Three | D．Four |
| A．It is a non-profit organization based in southeast Ohio. |
| B．One of its founders had a brain injury in a plane crash. |
| C．It provides service dogs to veterans with PTSD for free. |
| D．It offers veterans with PTSD medical treatment and training. |
| A．By improving their quality of life. | B．By getting medical benefits. |
| C．By receiving free training. | D．By leading them to attend appointments. |
| A．A Mental Health Disorder-PTSD | B．The Medical Benefits of Service Dogs |
| C．The Benefits of Having an Animal Companion | D．Service Dogs Help Veterans Heal Invisible Wounds |
2 . Six-year old Helen Keller sat on the floor, hugging her dog, Belle. An illness had made Helen blind and deaf. Trapped by her dark, silent world, she lost her
But dogs made her feel better. She buried her
To help Helen, the Kellers
For weeks, Annie talked into Helen's hands. Then one day, it all
Although deaf and blind, Hellen hiked, swam, and rode horses, with her dogs tagging along. And she was
College was
Helen
Helen once
| A．heart | B．mind | C．temper | D．face |
| A．speak | B．see | C．walk | D．communicate |
| A．exhausted | B．dead | C．excited | D．inspired |
| A．feet | B．sleeves | C．knees | D．nose |
| A．allowing | B．accepting | C．expecting | D．disgusting |
| A．invited | B．visited | C．hired | D．purchased |
| A．grasp | B．withdraw | C．draw | D．appeal |
| A．made it | B．made out | C．made sense | D．made up |
| A．committed | B．devoted | C．conscious | D．determined |
| A．sisters | B．classmates | C．children | D．dogs |
| A．difficult | B．colorful | C．delightful | D．satisfactory |
| A．classes | B．groceries | C．theatres | D．movements |
| A．married | B．graduated | C．existed | D．behaved |
| A．rarely | B．eventually | C．terribly | D．highly |
| A．it | B．one | C．that | D．any |
| A．silence | B．loneliness | C．unemployment | D．evidence |
| A．against | B．off | C．through | D．about |
| A．ashes | B．sheets | C．tears | D．bears |
| A．collected | B．lived | C．attended | D．left |
| A．moral | B．fixed | C．royal | D．loyal |
Last month Hong Kong officers found 131,000 kilograms of broken computers, TVs and phones
Things like these are called ewaste. Dealing with them is not
Luckily, the Chinese government presents a new environmental protection law, the
4 . The moon, which has experienced a distinct and complex geological history, presents a striking appearance. The moon may be divided into two major terrains: the Maria (dark lowlands) and the Terrace (bright highlands). The contrast in the reflectivity (he capability of reflecting light) of these two terrains suggested to many early observers that the two terrains might have different compositions, and this assumption was confirmed by missions to the moon such as Surveyor and Apollo.
One of the most obvious differences between the terrains is the smoothness of the Maria in contrast to the roughness of the highlands. This roughness is mostly caused by the abundance of craters: the highlands are completely covered by large craters, while the craters of the Maria tend to be much smaller. It is now known that the vast majority of the moon’s craters were formed by the impact of solid bodies with the lunar surface.
Most of the near side of the moon was thoroughly mapped and studied from telescopic pictures years before the age of space exploration. Earth-based telescopes can recognize objects as small as a few hundred meters on the lunar surface. Close observation of craters, combined with the way the moon diffusely reflects sunlight, led to the understanding that the moon is covered by a surface layer with strange, winding marks. Although various land forms were discovered, the majority of astronomers’ attention was fixed on craters and their origins.
Astronomers have known for a fairly long time that the shape of craters changes as they increase in size. Small craters have relatively simple shapes. They have round-edged tops that are raised above the surrounding terrain, smooth, bowl-shaped insides, and depths that are about one-sixth their diameters. The complexity of shape increases for larger craters.
1. What does the text mainly discuss?| A．The aim of the Surveyor and Apollo space missions. |
| B．Characteristics of the major terrains of the moon. |
| C．The origin of the moon’s craters. |
| D．Techniques used to discover the moon’s land forms. |
| A．To confirm earlier theories about the moon’s surface. |
| B．To reveal that previous ideas about the moon’s craters were unreasonable. |
| C．To provide detailed information about the moon’s surface. |
| D．To identify how the moon’s craters were made. |
| A．an aspect of the lunar surface discovered through lunar missions |
| B．a characteristic of large craters |
| C．a discovery made through the use of earth-based telescopes |
| D．features that astronomers observed to be common to the earth and the moon |
| A．some difference in the ways small and large craters were formed |
| B．the different shapes small craters can have |
| C．the reasons craters are difficult to study |
| D．the description of some features of large craters |
5 . Earthquakes are a natural disaster—except when they're man-made. The oil and gas industry has forcefully used the technique known as hydraulic fracturing (水力压裂法) to destroy sub-surface rock and liberate the oil and gas hiding there. But the process results in large amounts of chemical-filled waste water. Horizontal drilling (水平钻孔) for oil can also produce large amount of natural, unwanted salt water. The industry deals with this waste water by pumping it into deep wells.
On Monday, the US Geological Survey published for the first time an earthquake disaster map covering both natural and “induced” quakes. The map and a report show that parts of the central United States now face a ground-shaking disaster equal to the famously unstable terrain (不稳定地形) of California.
Some 7 million people live in places easily attacked by these man-made quakes, the USGS said The list of places at highest risk of man-made earthquakes includes Oklahoma, Kansas, Texas, Arkansas, Colorado, New Mexico, Ohio and Alabama. Most of these earthquakes are relatively small, in the range of magnitude (震级) 3, but some have been more powerful, including a magnitude 5.6 earthquake in 2011 in Oklahoma that was connected to waste water filling.
Scientists said they do not know if there is an upper limit on the magnitude of man-made earthquakes; this is an area of active research. Oklahoma has had prehistoric earthquakes as powerful as magnitude 7.
It's not immediately clear whether this new research will change industry practices, or even whether it will surprise anyone in the areas of newly supposed danger. In Oklahoma, for example, the natural rate of earthquakes is only one or two a year, but there have been hundreds since hydraulic fracturing and horizontal drilling, with the waste water filling, became common in the last ten years.
1. What kind of human activities can cause earthquakes?| A．The man-made produced waste water in the factories. |
| B．The process of digging deep wells in those poor areas. |
| C．The advanced techniques used to deal with waste water. |
| D．The oil or gas industry's work connected with the earth. |
| A．Man-made. | B．Reduced. |
| C．Newly-built. | D．Controlled. |
| A．It's been said as small as magnitude 3. |
| B．It has been said as high as magnitude 7. |
| C．It's being studied without a final conclusion. |
| D．It has risen by an average of magnitude 5. 6. |
| A．Natural Earthquakes in America Are Disappearing Now |
| B．7 Million Americans at Risk of Man-Made Earthquakes |
| C．Time for Oil and Gas Industry Change Their Working Practice |
| D．More Often Earthquakes as Powerful as Magnitude 7 in America |
6 . Some people will say that you can place a value on anything. We may know the price of milk. We can also find out the value of the most expensive building in the world. Do you think it is possible to put a price on the Earth or other planets?
You probably think this is impossible. Scientist Greg Laughlin thought differently. In March 2009, NASA sent the Kepler telescope (望远镜) into space to explore the Milky Way galaxy and to find Earth-sized planets orbiting (环绕) other stars. As there are billions of stars within the Milky Way, it could mean there were several thousand planets to discover. How could scientists decide which ones to study further and which ones to take no notice of?
Professor Laughlin used information received from the Kepler telescope to create a formula (公式) that puts a price on planets. The age and size of each planet, its temperature, and the energy (能量) it created were considered. Older planets were given a higher value. The most important consideration was whether or not it may be possible for life to live on the planet.
By using his formula, Professor Laughlin found that planet Earth was the most important. He gave it a value of five quadrillion (千的五次幂) dollars. Mars was given a value of US$16,500 and Venus was valued at zero. That’s because it’s impossible to support life on Venus because it is too close to the Sun. The professor said that any planet that had a value of more than US$100 million was worth studying further.
By November 2018, about 1,200 planets in total had been looked at. Most of them were worthless because of their unsatisfactory conditions. So should you run to the bank and borrow US$16,500 so you can buy Mars? Maybe not today. You should just enjoy the five quadrillion dollar planet you already live on — and learn how to look after it.
1. What purpose does the first paragraph serve?| A．To describe the prices of different things. |
| B．To bring up the topic of values of planets. |
| C．To introduce a scientific question. |
| D．To show a research result. |
| A．A planet’s temperature. |
| B．A planet’s age and size. |
| C．The amount of energy a planet creates. |
| D．The possibility for life to live on a planet. |
| A．Venus was valueless. |
| B．Venus is too close to the Sun. |
| C．Mars was much cheaper than Earth. |
| D．A planet was usually valued at over US$100 million. |
| A．To study space science. | B．To protect and love Earth. |
| C．To save money to travel in space. | D．To support scientific organizations. |
7 . The problem of global warming has caused a lot of people to get started on increasing their battles to save the Earth's ecological system. The trouble is that nearly all people think it even expensive to begin living green. Continue reading to see several immediate things you can do to get on the road to living green.
You can get on a great start by learning to recycle. While this appears really simple, there are many people who still throw glass bottles and aluminum（铝）cans into their common garbage. In the US, it's easy to locate a trash service that has glass and aluminum recycling alternatives. If you take a few seconds to wash the cans and bottles and put them in the recycle bin, you will be on the path to saving the Earth.
One more big waste product is newspapers. Majority of people will merely take their newspaper and throw it in the garbage when they finish reading it. Still there are many other things you can do with an old newspaper when you finish reading it. For instance, newspapers make terrific material for cleaning windowpanes. You can clean your windows with newspapers rather than paper towels and window cleaner for a streak-free shine.
What else you can do to get started living green is to start walking a bit more. Many people think nothing of getting in their car and driving one block to get soda at the local convenience store. If you merely walk to the store, not only could it take less time, because you won't have to try to find a parking place, but you will be saving money on petrol and helping to save the planet by not burning those fuels. If you wish to save even more on fuel, take the chance to join the car pool whenever you can and just mow your lawn twice a month instead of weekly.
1. What is the main purpose of Paragraph 1?| A．To tell us that many people are living green. |
| B．To express worries about global warming. |
| C．To call on people to live an easy life. |
| D．To advise people to learn how to live green. |
| A．many people can't recycle glass bottles properly |
| B．cans and bottles are usually washed before recycled |
| C．it is rather difficult to recycle cans and bottles |
| D．people would like to throw the wastes everywhere |
| A．a pool where cars can park |
| B．a good way to avoid traffic jams |
| C．a group of people sharing the same car |
| D．an organization to protect the environment |
| A．It may cost us much more to live a green life. |
| B．Going green is much simpler than people think. |
| C．A lot of things can be reused in our life. |
| D．People are living a much better life than before. |
8 . Summer floods are an annual occurrence for many cities across China. According to the State Flood Control and Drought Relief Headquarters, in 2012, urban flooding affected 184 cities, while in 2013 the number was 234, and last year it was 125, it said. Now, new measures are being introduced to reduce loss of life and the economic damage caused by flooding.
One of the most effective measures to increase the efficiency of storm drains in cities would be to reduce the storm-water runoff and raise the levels of water filtration（过滤）and conservation in urban areas, experts said. To solve the problem of urban flooding once and for all, the central government has decided to push forward the "Sponge City" program, which in part borrows the experiences of low-impact development from the United States and Canada in recent years.
The program will allow at least 60 percent of rainwater to soak into the ground, rather than being discharged into rivers. The level of filtration could be further raised in some areas with low levels of rainfall to increase the use of rainwater. The project includes the development of residential communities with storage ponds, filtration pools and wetlands, plus roads and squares built with materials that will allow storm water to soak into the ground more effectively, according to the guideline.
"It would require a major shift in ideas about urban construction. Rainwater should be regarded as a resource, rather than a burden to be dealt with. Concepts of urban construction should shift from the destruction of the ecosystem to its renewal," Chen Zhenggao, Minister of Housing and Urban-rural Development, told a work conference in May. "If the urban runoff cannot be effectively filtered into the ground, the floods that follow will cause the direct loss of life and property," he said. He also believes low-impact development represents the future of the country's urbanization drive. "It（the dealing with storm water）is an issue of public security. Thus it should be a compulsory requirement when new urban areas are being planned and built," he said.
1. The purpose to build a "Sponge City" is to________.| A．reduce the storm-water runoff in urban areas |
| B．raise the levels of water filtration and conservation |
| C．address the problem of urban flooding permanently |
| D．achieve low-impact development with borrowed experiences |
| A．At most 60% of rainwater is to soak into the ground. |
| B．The level of filtration could be increased in areas with more rainfall. |
| C．Residential communities should be replaced by ponds, pools and wetlands |
| D．Roads should be built with materials allowing water to soak into the ground |
| A．Floods take place because of the shift of the ecosystem |
| B．Floods will not happen when, urban runoff is filtered into rivers. |
| C．New urban construction concept means replacement of the ecosystem. |
| D．Low-impact urban development is a must to solve the issue of public security. |
| A．Summer floods have always been an issue for cities |
| B．"Sponge City" program is set to soak up urban floodwater. |
| C．Rainwater should be regarded as a resource rather than a burden. |
| D．Low-impact development can change the situation of urban ecosystem |
9 . In WALL-E, a science fiction movie, a little robot is responsible for cleaning a world covered in garbage; a world where there is no longer room for anything else, not even humans! The film encourages common people, worldwide leaders and businessmen to ask the obvious question: What can be done to prevent something like this happening? For some, microfactories could become the most promising answer.
Veena Sahajwalla, a materials scientist and engineer in Sydney, Australia, has discovered a solution to the challenging waste problem. Her one-stop approach could go beyond the existing recycling processes. Her invention, waste microfactories, mainly targets electronic waste and plastic. It can transform waste into new materials with the help of thermal (热工) technology.
“Using our green manufacturing (制造) technologies, these microfactories can transform waste where it is largely reserved and created, enabling local businesses and communities to not only deal with local waste problems, but to develop a commercial opportunity from the valuable materials that are created, she explains.
And the way these modular (模块化) microfactories work is fascinating too. Firstly, no more than 50 square meters are needed to operate them, so they can be located anywhere, reducing journeys between manufacturing plants and recycling processors.
In the first module, the thrown-away computers, mobile phones and printers are broken down. Next, in another module, a special robot is responsible for identifying useful parts. Once this process is completed, a third stage involves transforming those pieces into valuable materials using controlled heat.
Although the most effective solution to address the waste challenges would be not to create as much trash, Sahajwalla microfactories provide hope for all the waste that already exists. Her solution not only decreases the amount of waste, but it also improves its management and enables new manufacturing opportunities around the new materials created.
1. Why is WALL-E mentioned?| A．To introduce the main topic. |
| B．To advertise the science fiction movie. |
| C．To show the strength of technology. |
| D．To promote the convenience of robots. |
| A．The technology is an inspiration from a movie. |
| B．The technology deals with waste in small quantities. |
| C．The technology benefits both the environment and investors. |
| D．The technology is mainly of commercial value. |
| A．To break down thrown-away electronics. |
| B．To transform electronic waste into valuable materials. |
| C．To identify useful parts in the thrown-away electronics. |
| D．To reduce journeys between manufacturing plants and recycling processors. |
| A．Disapproving. | B．Skeptical. |
| C．Supportive. | D．Objective. |
Fifteen elephants are approaching the Chinese city of Kunming. Altogether the animals
Experts are now doing all they can
