1 . You may think your dog likes you more than it does. Dog owners tend to overestimate the bond they have with their pets, which could have implications for preventing dogs from roaming (walking) far from home or attacking other animals.
“As caregivers, we need to develop better bonds with our dogs, not only for our own well-being and the dogs’ well-being, but also for nature,” says Lorena Saavedra-Aracena at the University of Magallanes, Chile.
Previous research has shown that unsterilized (未杀菌的) male dogs and undernourished dogs tend to roam longer distances, but it isn’t always the case. Saavedra-Aracena wondered if the dogs’ attachment to their caregivers also played a role, so she and her colleagues equipped 41 free-roaming pet dogs with GPS collars, tracking their journeys on Navarino Island in southern Chile for about 3 weeks.
Although most of the dogs stayed within a 200-meter radius (半径) of home, Some travelled up to 28 kilometres away. One even swam in a near-freezing canal for an hour while chasing native water birds, says Saavedra-Aracena. The dogs regularly brought home carcasses (动物的尸体) of native birds, and 80 per cent of them harassed other animals, mainly local cattle and sheep.
The researchers asked owners to complete a standard survey about the dog-human bond. Then, to get the “dog’s point of view”, they ran a behaviour test adapted from evaluations of children’s bonds with their parents.Each dog was reunited with its owner in a new place addressed by strangers, left alone in an unfamiliar room and given free access to a second, empty room. The team found that lower scores on the bonding test correlated with greater roaming distances.The owners of these dogs had assessed their pets’ attachment to them as much stronger than the bonding tests suggested, says Saavedra-Aracena. Is it possible that people place too much weight on their dog’s enthusiastic greetings as a sign of bonding, she says. Dogs that roamed the most often showed the most exuberant (energetic and excited) responses to seeing their owners again. They may have simply become accustomed to carrying out an “evolutionary” ritual (仪式) of bond re-establishment that is typical among pack members after long absences, says Saavedra-Aracena.
Relationships with other humans may have weakened the dog-owner bond in far-roaming dogs, she says. Neighbours sometimes give them food, and tourists hiking on the island offer walks and companionship, potentially reinforcing the roaming problem.
Outside opportunities for food, exercise and socialisation could all affect bonding, says Paul McGreevy at the University of New England in Australia. These aspects are critical to dog welfare and represent needs that must be met by its caregiver, both for building attachment and for controlling roaming behaviour. “If any one of those three key resources is lacking, then the dog can be justified in going elsewhere.” he says.
Although it has become less common to see roaming dogs in industrialised nations, they continue to roam freely in most societies, says Saavedra-Aracena. Even when owners restrain their pets, some dogs can escape their ropes.
“Unlike children who loosen bonds with their parents as they grow older, dogs can become more attached to their caregivers throughout their lives,” she says. “So, it’s never too late to work on building that bond, playing with your dog and just spending time with him, getting to know him better, just like you would with a human partner.”
1. From the research done by Saavedra-Aracena and her colleagues, we can learn that .| A．almost all the dogs were mistreated or didn’t have the ability to breed |
| B．the healthier the dog is, the farther it can escape |
| C．most of the dogs didn’t travel very far away |
| D．the researchers follow the wandering dogs in the flesh |
| A．threatened | B．generated | C．sheltered | D．avoided |
| A．food, sport and company are the three key factors when forming a bond with your dog |
| B．dog owners are more likely to consider their relationship with their dogs as close |
| C．the more energetically a dog responds to you, the closer the relationship you have with it is |
| D．dogs can become attracted by other people, which can result in them raveling farther than they otherwise would |
| A．inform us of the potential risks between dogs and their owners |
| B．remind dog owners to give more attention and time to their pet dogs |
| C．warn us to restrict the activities of dogs |
| D．present us with a piece of research that discuses how a relationship is formed between a dog and its owner |
1. 史上两次大灭绝的原因（至少两点），后果
2. 第六次可能发生的大灭绝的原因，后果
3. 发出倡议：我们应该在生活，工作，旅行，畜牧方面采取哪些行动。
提示词：火山爆发：volcanic eruptions；行星撞击地球：asteroids hitting the Earth from space；
海洋里氧气的减少：the decrease of the oxygen content of the sea
字数80字左右
4 . Production of bottled water has grown over the past thirty years from nothing into a $16 billion-per-year business. However, more and more people have been against bottled water use, and environmentalists are
The first reason why you should seriously think about
Secondly, the
Finally, bottled water isn’t even better for your health. Tap water rules in many countries are far
To sum up, by stopping the use of bottled water, and encouraging others to do so, you will be doing the planet an enormous favor and
| A．allowing | B．training | C．calling on | D．commanding |
| A．giving up | B．turning to | C．preparing for | D．believing in |
| A．creates | B．attracts | C．requires | D．shares |
| A．sold | B．recycled | C．found | D．limited |
| A．answer | B．solution | C．contributor | D．service |
| A．test | B．design | C．competition | D．transportation |
| A．shipped | B．wasted | C．developed | D．collected |
| A．older | B．fewer | C．stricter | D．simpler |
| A．dropped | B．changed | C．increased | D．disappointed |
| A．damaging | B．benefiting | C．challenging | D．respecting |
5 . Millions of migratory(迁徙的)birds occupy seasonally favorable breeding(繁殖)grounds in the Arctic, but scientists know little about the formation, maintenance and future of the migration routes of Arctic birds and the genetic determinants of migratory distance. In a new study, a multinational team of researchers under the leadership of Dr. ZHAN Xiangjiang from the Institute of Zoology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences integrated two state-of-the-art techniques-satellite tracking and whole genome sequencing(基因排序)-and established a continental-scale migration system of peregrine falcons in Eurasian Arctic.
The researchers tracked 56 peregrine falcons from six Eurasian Arctic breeding populations and sequenced 35 genomes from four of these populations to study the migration of this species. They found that the birds used five migration routes across Eurasia, probably established between the last Ice Age 22, 000 years ago and the middle-Holocene 6, 000 years ago. “Peregrine falcons initiated their autumn migration mainly in September, and arrived at their wintering areas mainly in October, " said Professor Mike Bruford, an ecologist at Cardiff University. “Peregrine falcons that depart from different breeding grounds use different routes, and winter at widely distributed sites across four distinct regions. Individual birds that were tracked for more than one year exhibited strong path repeatability during migration, complete loyalty to wintering locations and limited breeding dispersal(扩散). ”
The researchers quantified the migration strategies and found that migration distance is the most significant differentiation. They used whole genome sequencing and found a gene-ADCY8, which is known to be involved in long-term memory in other animals in previous research- associated with differences in migratory distance. They found ADCY8 had a variant at high frequency in long-distance migrant populations of peregrine falcons, indicating this variant is being favorably selected because it may increase powers of long-term memory thought to be essential for long-distance migration.
“Previous studies have identified several candidate genomic regions that may regulate migration-but our work is the strongest demonstration of a specific gene associated with migratory behavior yet identified, ”Professor Bruford said. The researchers further looked at models of likely future migration behavior to predict the impact of global warming. If the climate warms at the same rate as it has in recent decades, they predict peregrine populations in western Eurasia have the highest probability of population decline and may stop migrating altogether.
“Our work is the first to begin to understand the way ecological factors may interact in migratory birds, ” said Dr. ZHAN Xiangjiang. “We hope it will serve as a cornerstone to help conserve migratory species in the world. ”
1. What can we learn from the first two paragraphs?| A．Five birds’ historical migration routes were rebuilt. |
| B．Peregrine falcons stick to the areas where they winter. |
| C．Two novel research methods of migration were invented. |
| D．Peregrine falcons leave for Arctic regions in September. |
| A．It is a newly-discovered gene in the new study. |
| B．It serves as a fundamental part of long-distance migration. |
| C．It could be strengthened by the power of long-term memory. |
| D．It turned out to be more favored by birds than the other animals. |
| A．It has discovered a new genomic region of birds. |
| B．It has predicted the rate at which the climate warms. |
| C．It analyses the reasons for the decrease of peregrine falcons. |
| D．It encourages attention to environmental effects on migratory birds. |
| A．Researchers Help Conserve Migratory Species |
| B．Biologists Find Evidence of Migration Gene in Birds |
| C．How Long-term Memory Helps Long-distance Migration |
| D．How Ecological Factors Affect Birds’ Migratory Distances |
6 . Afroz Shah, a lawyer in Mumbai, hasn’t had a weekend off in four years. But he hasn’t spent this time preparing for court. His mission is to save the world’s oceans from plastic pollution.
It’s a calling he found in 2015 after moving to a community in Mumbai called Versova Beach. He had played there as a child and was upset to see how much it had changed. The sand was no longer visible because it was covered by a layer of garbage more than five feet thick — most of it was plastic waste. The unsightly(难看的)mess Shah had stumbled upon is part of a global environmental crisis. It’s predicted that by 2050, there will be more plastic than fish in the ocean.
In October 2015, Shah began picking up trash from the beach every Sunday morning. At first, it was just him and a neighbor, and then he began recruiting others to join in. Word spread and with the help from social media, more volunteers got involved. He’s now spent 209 weekends dedicated to this mission, inspiring more than 200,000 volunteers to join him in what’s been called the world’s biggest beach clean-up. By October 2018, Versova Beach was finally clean and Shah’s clean-up expanded to another beach, as well as a stretch of the Mithi River and other regions of India. So far, the movement has cleared more than 60 million pounds of garbage — mostly plastic waste — from Mumbai’s beaches and waterways.
While he continues to work as a lawyer during the week, Shah now devotes nearly all of his free time to this cause. He also works with coastal communities to tackle plastic pollution at one of the sources. In areas lacking sufficient waste management systems, Shah and his volunteers educate and assist villagers in reducing, managing, and recycling their plastic waste.
1. What has kept Shah busy at weekends over the four years?| A．Handling legal cases. | B．Cleaning up the beach. |
| C．Swimming in the ocean. | D．Fishing on the coast. |
| A．The beach no longer existed. |
| B．The community was in a mess. |
| C．Many fish in the ocean were killed. |
| D．There was severe plastic pollution. |
| A．By raising money to recycle plastic waste. |
| B．By encouraging others to join his clean-up. |
| C．By appealing to people not to throw garbage. |
| D．By devoting all his time to collecting garbage. |
| A．Report. | B．Predict. | C．Deal with. | D．Cover up. |
One day, my two brothers and I were coming back from the islands
During the polar time of 1910-1911, both teams organized food bases in preparation
Amundsen was the first to leave on 8 September, 1911. He had teams of dogs
8 . A researcher with the Australian Antarctic Division left a camera near a large group of emperor penguins. Then two of the birds walked over to check the camera out. The camera was rolling when the penguins started to look into its lens (镜头), resulting in a very cute penguin "selfie (自拍)". That's according to Amy B. Wang of the Washington Post.
Explorer Eddie Gault placed the camera near the Auster Rookery during his visit to Australia's Mawson research station. The Australian Antarctic Division posted a short video from the camera—happy penguins on its social media pages. They wrote that it offered a "bird's eye view of life in Antarctica"!
At the start of the video, we can only see the feet of a penguin. It appears to kick the camera over so its lens faces the sky. As the penguin looks into the camera, another comes into view. The buddies come towards the lens and cock their heads. Then they straighten up and shake their heads. It is as though they have decided that this strange object is not worth their time.
Penguins are "naturally curious" animals, the Australian Antarctic Division writes on its Facebook page.
Other animals have also been known to get involved in the art of the selfie. An eagle in Western Australia once picked up a camera that was supposed to be recording fresh-water crocodiles. It filmed itself flying and touching at the lens.
Then there is a monkey that accidentally started a year-long lawsuit (诉讼) when it took a funny photo of itself with a camera owned by David Slater. He is a British wildlife photographer. Slater published the image of the monkey in a book, which caused People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals to take him to court for breaking the copyright of the so-called "selfie monkey".
Slater said himself that the monkey had pressed the shutter on his camera, which proved to be the heart of the case against him.
As for the Antarctic penguins, the camera was already rolling when they decided to "strike a pose", so the Australian Antarctic Division should be able to avoid a possible lawsuit. But if you happen to be in the Antarctic and see two penguins taking top-down Instagram shots of their latest meal, you know who is responsible.
1. The underlined word "rolling" in Paragraph 1 probably means _____.| A．flashing | B．moving | C．recording | D．turning |
A． | B． |
C． | D． |
| A．he used the monkey's selfie in a book |
| B．the monkey pressed the button on his camera |
| C．the monkey took a photo of him with his camera |
| D．he published a photo of the monkey on the Internet |
| A．In a law book. | B．In a research report. |
| C．In a photographer's diary. | D．In a wildlife magazine. |
9 . The cumulative rainfall in Henan province during the four days was the highest since the province has records, the provincial meteorological service said. The rain was heaviest in the provincial capital, Zhengzhou, for a short period on Monday and Tuesday. Northern, western and central parts of Henan also experienced downpours, the service said. Zhengzhou's biggest one-hour precipitation (降水量) —201. 9 mm between 4 and 5 pm on Tuesday—was also the highest on the Chinese mainland. The previous record was 198. 5 mm in the village of Linzhuang in Zhumadian in August 1975, the National Meteorological Center said. The city's precipitation during the four days exceeded that of its average annual precipitation, the center said.
Chen Tao, chief forecaster at the National Meteorological Center, said abundant water vapor (水蒸气) brought by Typhoon In-Fa and the province's special geographical features led to Henan's rain. “Partly affected by the typhoon, large amounts of water vapor have been transported to China's inland areas, including Henan,” he said.
From Thursday to Monday, rain was forecast to continue in Henan. However, rainfall will gradually subside in Zhengzhou and the province's northern and central regions, though the storms will increase the risk of mountain torrents and other geological disasters. By Monday, lighter rain is forecast for parts of Henan, the provincial weather service said. However, local authorities are still urged to be vigilant and prepare to prevent or cope with flooding and other possible disasters.
Predicting such weather events remains a challenge worldwide because it involves many meteorological phenomena, the center said. “The formation of this kind of extreme weather, including rainstorms and high temperatures, is complex,” Chen said. “We still lack effective solutions and methods for such forecasting”, he said. “We are now putting a lot of effort into tackling the difficulty. We believe that as the technology improves, we can better forecast the events.”
1. What message does the author mainly want to convey in the first paragraph?| A．heavy rain fell in Zhengzhou. |
| B．The rain in Henan lasted four days. |
| C．Zhumadian also suffered the similar heavy rain. |
| D．Henan experienced the biggest rainfall of all time. |
| A．It is not easy to forecast the extreme weather. |
| B．The rain of Henan is mainly caused by Typhoon In-Fa. |
| C．The center hasn't put a lot of effort into solving the problem. |
| D．Rainstorms and high temperatures can account for the heavy rain. |
| A．Relaxed. | B．Alert. | C．Reluctant. | D．Communicative. |
| A．history book. | B．A novel. | C．A news report. | D．A science magazine. |
10 . In January 1958, Rachel Carson received a letter from her fiend Olga Owens Huckins. Huckins lived in an area of Massachusetts where the state was trying to get rid of mosquitoes. They had used planes to spray a mixture of fuel oil and DDT (a pesticide, which can kill pests such as insects, weeds and rodents) all over the area around Huckins home. DDT was supposedly harmless but the morning after the spraying. Huckins found several of her favorite birds dead outside her house. And the spraying did not even kill all of the mosquitoes, in fact that summer there were more of them than ever before. Huckins asked Carson if she knew someone in Washington that could help prevent future spraying.
Carson had been hearing about DDT since a Swiss chemist discovered it could be used to kill insects in 1939. To many people, DDT seemed like a miracle substance. Farmers were excited about saving their crops from pests. Doctors and others were excited about saving people's lives by killing disease-carrying insects. But to Carson. DDT appeared to be dangerous to all living creatures.
The more Carson found out about DDT and other pesticides, the more she realized that she needed to help stop future spraying. Carson decided to write a book about pesticides. She said, “There would be no future peace for me if I kept silent.” She called her book Silent Spring.
Carson had spent her life studying, observing, and writing about nature. She was a trained biologist and a talented writer who knew how to present scientific information in compelling stories. Before Silent Spring, she had written other books from the perspective of fish birds, islands and oceans. Carson knew that all things in nature exist in a delicately balanced ecosystem. In Silent Spring, Carson wrote that. although the ecosystem can adjust to changes, it needs time. Carson believed that people u the 1950s were using pesticides carelessly Nature didn’t have time to adjust, wrote Carson, because so any pesticides had been used in such large quantities in such short tame.
1. Why did Huckins write a letter to Rachel Carson?| A．To tell her some bad news. | B．To turn to her for help. |
| C．To advise her to write a book. | D．To ask her some questions. |
| A．It killed pests such as insects, weeds and rodents around Huckins' home. |
| B．It killed all of the mosquitoes. |
| C．There were more birds than ever before |
| D．It had bad effects on ecosystem. |
| A．Gardeners. | B．Farmers. | C．Doctors. | D．Biologists. |
| A．Rachel Carson's research on nature | B．Rachel Carson's life |
| C．Rachel Carson's Silent Spring | D．DDT's bad effects on ecosystem |
