What Can One City Do?
People around the world are concerned about global warming and are talking about ways to stop it. The city of Cambridge, Massachusetts, in the United States, is doing more than just talking. Cambridge wants to become a world leader in energy-efficient buildings.
Today, Naema Omar is improving her 80-year-old house in Cambridge. To keep the heat inside in the winter, she is filling the space inside the walls with insulation(绝缘). Insulation is usually made from chemicals, but in her house, she is using
But eco-friendly insulation and lighting are much more expensive than the usual kind
It was ten years ago that the city of Cambridge decided to try to reduce its carbon emissions. More than 80 percent of the carbon dioxide
A. stem B. dot C. attributable D. exceeded E. overlook F. exposed G. drainage H. emerging I. sinking J. access K. established |
The Mega-City Environment
Mega-cities suffer from a catalog of environmental ills. A World Health Organization(WHO)/United Nations Environment Program(UNEP)study found that seven of the cities-Mexico City, Beijing, Cairo, Jakarta, Los Angeles, Sao Paulo and Moscow-had three or more pollutants that
According to the World Resources Institute, “Millions of children living in the world’s largest cities, particularly in developing countries, are
Almost all of the mega-cities face major fresh water challenges. Johannesburg, South Africa, is forced to draw water from highlands 370 miles away. In Bangkok, saltwater is invading aquifers(地下蓄水层). Mexico City has a serious
More than a billion people, 20 percent of the world’s population, live without regular
Mega-city residents, crowded into unsanitary slums, are also subject to serious disease outbreaks. Lima, Peru(with population estimated at 9.4 million by 2015)suffered a cholera outbreak in the late 1990s partly because, as the New York Times reported, ”rural people new to Lima...live in houses without running water and use the outhouses(屋外厕所)that
It’s worth looking at some of these
3 . More than a score of Australian rare mammals have been killed by wild cats. These predators, which arrived with European settlers, still threaten native wildlife — and are too plentiful on the mainland to eliminate, as has been achieved on some small islands which were previously filled with them. But Alexandra Ross of the University of New South Wales thinks she has come up with a different way to deal with the problem. As she writes in a paper in the Journal of Applied Ecology, she is giving feline (猫科的) — awareness lessons to wild animals involved in re-introduction programs, in order to try to make them cat-conscious.
Many Australian mammals, though not actually extinct, are restricted to fragments of cat-free habitat. This will, however, put the forced migrants back in the sights of the cats that caused the problem in the first place. Training the migrants while they are in captivity, using stuffed models and the sorts of sounds made by cats, has proved expensive and ineffective. Ms Ross therefore wondered whether putting them in large natural enclosures with a scattering of predators might serve as a form of training camp to prepare them for introduction into their new, cat-ridden homes.
She tested this idea on a type of bandicoot (袋狸) that superficially resembles a rabbit. She and her colleagues raised two hundred bandicoots in a huge enclosure that also contained five wild cats. As a control, she raised a nearly identical population in a similar enclosure without the cats. She left the animals to get on with life for two years, which, given that bandicoots breed four times a year and live for around eight years, was a considerable period for them. After some predation (扑食) and probably some learning, she abstracted 21 bandicoots from each enclosure, attached radio transmitters to them and released them into a third enclosure that had ten hungry cats in it. She then monitored what happened next. The outcome was that the training worked. Over the subsequent 40 days, ten of the untrained animals were eaten by cats, but only four of the trained ones. One particular behavioral difference she noticed was that bandicoots brought up in a predator-free environment were much more likely to sleep alone than were those brought up around cats. And when cats are around, sleeping alone is dangerous. How well bandicoots that have undergone this extreme training will survive in the wild remains to be seen. But Ms Ross has at least provided reason for hope.
1. What can be learned from the first paragraph?A.The feline-awareness lessons have proved ineffective. |
B.There are too many wild cats to be killed in Australia. |
C.Different ways have been tried to hunt and kill wildlife. |
D.Native wildlife has been threatened by a growing population of wild cats. |
A.Australian mammals restricted to certain areas |
B.The wild cats tracking down the mammals |
C.Wild animals involved in the program |
D.The predators captured by the animal trainers |
A.They were both closely monitored. | B.They had 200 bandicoots in total. |
C.They had similar natural environment. | D.They both had wild cats in them. |
A.Untrained bandicoots failed to identify cats. |
B.Training bandicoots prepared them to fight cats. |
C.Sleeping alone in the wild was dangerous. |
D.Bandicoots could be trained to avoid predators. |
4 . Why Do Cats Love Boxes So Much?
There is an object that’s pretty much guaranteed to arouse your cat’s interest. That object, as the Internet has so thoroughly documented, is a box. Any box, really. Like many other really strange things cats do, science hasn’t fully cracked this particular feline (猫科的) mystery.
The box-and-whisker plot
Understanding the feline mind is extremely difficult. Still, there’s a sizable amount of behavioral research on cats who are, well, used for other kinds of research. These studies have been taking place for more than 50 years and they make one thing quite clear:
This is likely true for a number of reasons, but for cats in stressful situations, a box or some other type of separate enclosure can have a strong impact on both their behavior and physiology.
Ethologist Claudia Vinke of Utrecht University in the Netherlands is one of the latest researchers to study stress levels in shelter cats. Working with domestic cats in a Dutch animal shelter, Vinke provided hiding boxes for a group of newly arrived cats while keeping another group from them entirely.
The ‘If it fits, I sits’ principle
Some feline observers will note that in addition to boxes, many cats seem to pick other odd places to relax. Some curl up in a bathroom sink.
So there you have it: Boxes are insulating, stress-relieving, comfort zones—places where cats can hide, relax, sleep, and occasionally launch a surprise attack against the huge, unpredictable apes they live with.
A.Your furry companion obtains comfort and security from enclosed spaces. |
B.Others prefer shoes, bowls, shopping bags, coffee mugs, empty egg cartons, and other small, enclosed spaces. |
C.She found a significant difference in stress levels between cats that had the boxes and those that didn’t. |
D.A box, in this sense, can often represent a safe zone, a place where sources of anxiety, hostility (恶意), and unwanted attention simply disappear. |
E.So rather than work things out, cats tend to simply run away from their problems or avoid them altogether. |
F.Thankfully, behavioral biologists and veterinarians have come up with a few interesting explanations. |
Venice—The Risk of the Disappearance of an Entire City
Venice is a stunning oddity. It is a city built atop around 120 islands, crisscrossed by 177 canals, and is best explored via the use of its 391 bridges. But the city is not well recently. Indeed,
This is far from hyperbole(夸张): Venice is at very real risk of
Globally, a lot of cities
In November 2019, Venice suffered its second-worst flooding. It created headlines around the world, with onlookers
The tide reached a peak height of 187cm above sea level,
The worst ever flooding event, which happened in 1966,
6 . More than half the world’s population live in cities, and by 2050 the UN expects that proportion to reach 68%. This means more homes, roads and other infrastructure. Such a construction
As it happens, Chicago might become part of the
As the AAAs meeting heard this week, wood is one of the most
All this
If building with wood takes off, it does raise concern about there being enough trees to
A.project | B.ambition | C.boom | D.security |
A.expand | B.reform | C.contract | D.survive |
A.rebel | B.outcome | C.answer | D.issue |
A.greener | B.friendlier | C.lighter | D.taller |
A.overbalanced | B.overshadowed | C.overlooked | D.overstated |
A.domestic | B.promising | C.debatable | D.artificial |
A.beauty | B.strength | C.friction | D.dimension |
A.nevertheless | B.instead | C.moreover | D.meanwhile |
A.deliveries | B.checkouts | C.purchases | D.payments |
A.adds value | B.gives credit | C.gives a boost | D.makes a difference |
A.cement | B.timber | C.concrete | D.synthetics |
A.positive | B.negative | C.friendly | D.resistant |
A.go round | B.go away | C.go over | D.go down |
A.advocates | B.strategies | C.forests | D.farmers |
A.imposing | B.visible | C.universal | D.structural |
Health Warning as UK Swelters
People across the UK have enjoyed the sunshine this week, but they have also been advised to be careful as a heat wave hits much of the country.
A heat wave is defined
However, climate change (long-term changes to weather patterns, mostly
Heat waves can be a danger to people’s health, especially for vulnerable groups such as the elderly, children and people
The Met Office, the UK’s national weather service, has issued an amber warning. Temperatures are expected
To cope with hot weather, the NHS (National Health Service) says people should try to keep out of the Sun between 11 am and 3 pm,
8 . In the 1966 science-fiction movie One Million Years B. C., the movie characters had a time travel and arrived in an ancient landscape inhabited by dinosaurs and early humans. The movie was low on science and high on fiction: by then dinosaurs were long dead and modern humans were millions of years away.
A more accurate picture of Earth’s inhabitants at the time is now being revealed. In research published in Nature, a team of scientists led by Anders Gotherstrom at the University of Stockholm, and Love Dalen at the Centre for Palaeogenetics (古遗传学), also in Sweden, describe sequencing (测序) DNA samples from mammoths (猛犸象) that lived and died in north-eastern Siberia around a million years ago.
The team’s work represents a new record, for their mammoth DNA is, by some half a million years, the oldest ever successfully reconstructed. Extracted (提取) from horses, bears and even Neanderthals and Denisovans, two close cousins of modern humans, such ancient DNA has proved an invaluable tool for investigating the past. Although fossils preserve the basic physical features of extinct animals, they are silent about many crucial details that even an incomplete genome (基因组) can help to fill in.
The trouble with DNA is that it breaks down after death. The more broken down it is, the harder it is to sequence. Scientists think that, after about 6m years, all that would be left would be individual base pairs (碱基对), the equivalent of trying to reconstruct a book from several letters. Under the right conditions, however, such as the extreme cold of Arctic permafrost (冻土层) this decay can be slowed.
Dr. Dalen and his colleagues were interested in three mammoth molars (臼齿) extracted in the 1970s from Siberian geological layers that suggested great age. Samples from each were sent to Dr. Dalen’s laboratory in 2017. Having checked they had not been contaminated by bacteria or the shaking hands of Paleontologists, the DNA were extracted, sequenced, and dated. Whereas DNA samples from a living animal can run to several hundreds of thousands of letters, the ancient mammoth samples yielded merely dozens of letter long. This is close to the limit of what is scientifically usable, says a biologist named Ludovic Orlando.
1. What does the underlined word “contaminated” probably mean?A.Protected. | B.Polluted. | C.Estimated. | D.Discovered. |
①the limited number of DNA in mammoth samples
②the break-down of mammoth’s DNA after death
③the wide spread of mammoth samples
④the damage done to the mammoth samples from external environment
⑤the difficulty in extraction of the mammoth’s DNA
A.①②④ | B.②④⑤ | C.②③④ | D.①③④ |
A.The fact that DNA can break down makes it easier to sequence. |
B.The incomplete genome can’t give any details of the extinct animals. |
C.Mammoths’ DNA samples are invaluable for their extremely long history. |
D.The research team created a new record for reconstructing an ancient book. |
A.The movie One Million Years B. C revealed the early human civilization. |
B.Scientists have uncovered the secrets of life by studying mammoths’ DNA. |
C.The mammoths’ DNA may give a clearer picture of ancient inhabitants on earth. |
D.Discoveries of mammoths’ DNA samples help the development of DNA reconstruction technology. |
9 . Ecotourism is a combination of ecology (the study of systems of living things) and tourism. It is defined as “responsible travel to natural areas that preserves the environment and improves the welfare of the local people” by the International Ecotourism Society. Actually, ecotourism can mean travel to far-off places of great natural beauty, but not always in a(n)
Costa Rica, once a Spanish colony, and independent since 1821, has an ecotourism industry worth over one billion dollars yearly, and thousands of jobs have been
While tourists can have a negative impact on ecosystems, the same areas might have been
Unfortunately, while their effect may not be
It is easy to be critical of the ecotourism industry, but it is important to be
A.attractive | B.natural | C.different | D.responsible |
A.alone | B.accountable | C.open | D.out |
A.lost | B.created | C.abandoned | D.shifted |
A.mainly | B.comparatively | C.unfortunately | D.barely |
A.fertilized | B.destroyed | C.reserved | D.stimulated |
A.liberty | B.hardness | C.welfare | D.value |
A.uncertain | B.noticeable | C.rigid | D.special |
A.appreciating | B.discovering | C.sheltering | D.pressuring |
A.positive | B.creative | C.effective | D.sensitive |
A.feasible | B.reasonable | C.unrealistic | D.inevitable |
10 . Biodiversity is a concept that's commonly referenced, yet regularly misunderstood. The complex
“If biodiversity disappears, so do people,” says Dr. Stephen Woodley, field ecologist and bio-diversity expert with the International Union for Conservation of Nature. “We are part of the
Preventing such a catastrophe, says Woodley, begins with understanding why biodiversity is declining, and then taking action to
“The two greatest
That's the mission of the global Campaign for Nature, a partnership of the Wyss Foundation and the National Geographic Society. Instead of simply protecting 30 percent of the Earth, the
The campaign also recognizes the importance of
“Biodiversity is stability,” says Sala. “Trees, wetlands, grasslands, peat bogs(泥炭沼泽), salt marshes(盐沼), healthy ocean ecosystems, mangroves(红树林), and plants
A.argument | B.term | C.structure | D.problem |
A.altering | B.developing | C.stabilizing | D.worsening |
A.ecosystem | B.threat | C.cycle | D.procedure |
A.affect | B.change | C.reverse | D.continue |
A.aspects | B.causes | C.consequences | D.occasions |
A.acquiring | B.protecting | C.exploiting | D.possessing |
A.management | B.announcement | C.campaign | D.competition |
A.consume | B.destroy | C.lose | D.contain |
A.denying | B.enjoying | C.ignoring | D.respecting |
A.essential | B.simple | C.temporary | D.profitable |
A.Besides | B.However | C.Thus | D.Otherwise |
A.witness | B.detect | C.confirm | D.avoid |
A.measure | B.absorb | C.survive | D.prevent |
A.mission | B.decision | C.option | D.exploration |
A.worried about | B.confident in | C.responsible for | D.good at |