1 . When hurricanes left a path of destruction in Puerto Rico, Pennsylvania College of Technology student Natascha G. Santaella felt a variety of painful emotions.
“I spent around six days stressing and having a very hard time with me having all the luxuries I currently do and my family not having any,” the Guaynabo, Puerto Rico, resident said. Santaella said that her hometown is without power and water, and people there are scared of what is to come.
To reduce her stress, Santaella, who is studying for an associate degree in baking and pastry arts, immersed (沉浸) herself in what she knows best: baking. “It started out as just baking bread and shipping it to the island to then be dispersed to the people, but I found that was very expensive for me to do alone, so I spoke with Chef Charles Niedermyer, our instructor of baking and pastry arts about a sale of baked goods in the college’s Bush Campus Center.”
“Natascha is a bright, energetic young lady with a big heart,” Niedermyer said. “I was not surprised to find her in my office, looking for ways to help the people of Puerto Rico.”
To prepare, Santaella had multiple meetings with Niedermyer, spent hours finalizing recipes, designed signage (标志) and decorations, and got friends to staff the sale table with her. And then there was the baking: Santaella and two friends in the baking and pastry arts major spent six hours baking 90 loaves of bread, 24 dozen dinner rolls and 30 cheesecakes in a variety of flavors.
During the six-hour sale, Santaella and her friends raised more than $1,000 for United for Puerto Rico, an initiative designed to provide aid and support to those affected in Puerto Rico by the passage of Hurricane Irma and Hurricane Maria.
“I hope to mainly increase awareness of what has happened, and to show people that there are Puerto Rican students at this school,” Santaella said. “I hope that others had the great experience I had with all my teachers and how understanding they were with me.”
1. Why did Santaella feel very stressed?A.Because a big hurricane was approaching. |
B.Because she was left without power and water. |
C.Because her folks were suffering due to hurricanes. |
D.Because she lost all her belongings in the hurricane. |
A.Exposed. | B.Connected. | C.Distributed. | D.Contributed. |
A.Puerto Rico might be stricken by hurricanes frequently. |
B.Niedermyer responded to Santaella’s ideas coldly. |
C.Santaella organized the sale at her college all alone. |
D.Pennsylvania College has few students from Puerto Rico. |
A.Hurricane Causes Huge Losses to Puerto Rico |
B.Student Puts Skills to Use to Help Her Hometown |
C.College Student Shows Baking Skills Through Sales |
D.Teacher and Students Work Together in Fund Raising |
2 . A new kind of hybrid wheat now available to American farmers may help reduce fears over genetically engineered crops. The new hybrid wheat is being introduced as seed companies worldwide seek to increase production because of reducing grain supplies. The hybrid wheat was developed by a Chinese-owned agriculture company. The product was created without genetic engineering. The first seeds to grow the wheat will be released on 2, 000 to 2, 800 hectares of American farmland next year, according to Reuters reports.
Developers or breeders create hybrid wheat by taking away the natural ability of plants to pollinate (授粉) themselves. Instead, female wheat plants in a field are pollinated by male plants of a different line. The goal of the process is to create seeds that can produce bigger crops and better resist harmful environments. The fertilized female plants produce a new kind of hybrid. Using this hybrid technology permits breeders to choose the best elements from two parent seeds to produce new seeds containing the best characteristics of both.
Producers say when seed companies produce hybrid wheat seeds, some female plants often fail to become fertilized because they depend on unpredictable winds to carry pollen (花粉). Pollen is a substance produced by plants when they reproduce. During some seasons, pollen is released into the air and carried to other plants to be fertilized. Producers say the fertilization of each plant is more certain during wheat’s natural process of self-pollination.
Researchers say the new hybrid wheat has to take long to come to market because the development process is more costly and complex. It could be important in increasing wheat yields and avoiding being linked to GMO development. GMO stands for genetically modified (改进的) organism. Genetically modified wheat has never been grown for industry purposes because of fears that allergens or poisons might be created. Wheat is used to make numerous major foods worldwide.
Dave Hankey owns a seed company in Park River, North Dakota. He told Reuters, “Because of the resistance to genetically modified stuff, the hybrid wheat would be considered better and safer.” He added it would certainly be the public view.
1. Which of the following leads the new hybrid wheat to be developed?A.The existing unsafe grain. |
B.The decreasing output of food. |
C.The application from American farmers. |
D.The Chinese agriculture company’s proposal. |
A.Requiring less fertilizer. |
B.Producing more but smaller crops. |
C.Improving their natural ability of self-pollination. |
D.Having better adaptability to the environment. |
A.It is simple and fruitful. | B.It is complex but low-cost. |
C.It is challenging but worthwhile. | D.It is temporary and limited. |
A.Critical. | B.Tolerant. |
C.Supportive. | D.Cautious. |
3 . When peanuts are dropped into a glass of beer, they sink to the bottom before floating up and “dancing” in the glass. Scientists investigated this process in a study involving the alcoholic drink beer. The research helped them understand mineral extraction (提炼) or magma (岩浆) in the layer of Earth called the crust.
Brazilian researcher Luiz Pereira told the media that he first had the idea when passing through Argentina’s capital Buenos Aires to learn Spanish. It was common for barkeepers to take a few peanuts and drop them into beers. Because the peanuts are denser (密度大的) than the beer, they first sink to the bottom of the glass. Then each peanut becomes what is called a “nucleation site”. Hundreds of tiny bubbles (气泡) of CO2 form on their surface. The bubbles act as floatation devices that carry the peanuts upward. The bubbles prefer to form on the peanuts rather than on the glass. When the bubbles reach the surface, they burst. The peanuts sink again before newly formed bubbles send the peanuts up again. Like a dance movement, the peanuts continue sinking and floating until the CO2 runs out, or someone drinks the beer.
In the experiments, the team of researchers examined how peanuts acted in the “beer-gas-peanut system”. They found the larger the “contact angle” between the curve of an individual bubble and the surface of the peanut, the more likely it will grow. But it cannot grow too much—less than 1.3 millimeters across is best.
Pereira said he hoped that by deeply researching this simple system, we could understand a system that would be useful for industry or explaining natural processes. For example, the floatation process is similar to the one used to separate iron from ore. Air is added into a mixture in which a mineral, such as iron, will rise because bubbles attach themselves more easily to it, while other minerals sink to the bottom. The same process can also explain why volcano scientists find that the mineral magnetite rises to higher layers in Earth’s crust than expected.
1. When did Luiz Pereira first notice peanuts dancing in a glass of beer?A.Early in his childhood. | B.During one of his experiments. |
C.On his way to study abroad. | D.When he first threw peanuts into a glass of beer. |
A.Their special surface. | B.The bubbles on their surface. |
C.Their reaction with the beer. | D.The bubbles existing at the bottom of the bottle. |
A.Its feature. | B.Its principle. | C.Its process. | D.Its significance. |
A.Why Peanuts “Dance” When Dropped in Beer |
B.Brazilian Researchers Found Peanuts Dropped in Beer |
C.The Function of CO2 in Beer |
D.The Principle in Mineral Extraction |
4 . Warmer oceans can cause coral (珊瑚) bleaching. Bleaching happens when the coral, colonies of tiny animals called polyps, lose colored algae (藻类) living in their bodies and turn completely white. Without the algae, the coral loses its main food source and can die.
In 2021, the United Nations reported a 14 percent loss of corals across the world largely from rising sea temperatures in the previous 13 years. Australia declared mass bleaching events in 2022 across large parts of the Great Barrier Reef, the fourth since 2016.
Reefs in Hawaii, Florida, and the Caribbean were all severely affected, but thankfully some coral areas were not. Scientists looked into the characteristics of these corals and their ecosystems to see how others could be protected. Warm water reefs in the tropics are the worst affected by bleaching, but they also contain corals with better heat resistance.
Research is focused on finding genes for heat tolerance so that they can be passed on to future generations. Biologists mix corals that are more resilient to higher temperatures with those that are not and the resulting hybrid generation has a better chance of survival.
Researchers in Florida’s reefs have been using ocean nurseries to replant coral with batches that contain genes resistant to heat, acidification, and disease. Those areas have recovered within a year.
Other projects like Revive and Restore are using methods like preserving older coral populations’ sperm and eggs (biobanking) and using corals with better adaptability characteristics in breeding. The project also believes that boosting biodiversity by restoring (恢复) seabirds to islands, and ridding them of invasive species like rats, helps coral reefs thrive.
Ultimately, scientists say that without a serious reduction in greenhouse gas emissions, 99 percent of the world’s coral reefs will be gone by the end of the century. There is a limit to how quickly coral can adapt, especially given the rate of climate change. Computer simulations have shown that mild or moderate warming allows coral to adapt, but if temperatures rise rapidly then extinction is certain.
1. What mainly causes coral bleaching?A.Loss of algae. | B.Lack of food. |
C.Warm oceans. | D.Ocean pollution. |
A.Coral reefs in tropics are easier to bleach. |
B.Some corals are found better to resist heat. |
C.Coral reefs in some areas are badly affected. |
D.Ecosystems in some coral areas are destroyed. |
A.Breeding hybrid generation with heat resistance. |
B.Replanting batches of corals containing diseases. |
C.Restoring seabirds of islands and invasive animals. |
D.Setting no limitation of greenhouse gas emissions. |
A.Botany. | B.Culture. | C.Nature. | D.Education. |
5 . On any given day Damon Carson will deal with lots of inquiries from large companies looking to unload massive amounts of stuff that would otherwise go to the landfill (废物填埋场). For example, twenty-eight plastic boxes from a store were just waiting for him to repurpose them. And a recreation company wanted to know if Carson was interested in 360 kilograms of blue ropes
“They don’t want to just throw it away,” he explains. “Nor should they. Because it has value. ”The question of what value, and to whom, is what occupies Carson’s days.
For nearly a decade, his company, Repurposed Materials, has been devoted to this. He’s not looking to recycle the stuff he gets—breaking it down to make something new—but rather finding new homes for abandoned goods in their original forms.
In the late 1990s, Carson was on break from business school, when he discovered the profitable world of waste. He and a friend started a small business near construction sites. Working in construction, Carson had become familiar with an almost-everyday phenomenon: “You’d open up one of these big construction dumpster (大垃圾箱) and stuff would start falling out,” he says. He would find perfectly good wood, or a window still wrapped in plastic from the factory. “You can’t wrap your mind around how wasteful America is until you run a waste company,” he says
There is a solid environmental case for repurposing, or upcycling. “When people call, I say we don’t chip, grind, melt.” “Carson notes. Recycling, however noble, still takes energy. “Why melt something down, if it still has value?” he asks. An old oil-field pipe might be melted down and turned into a car bumper, but it still takes a fair amount of power to finish the transformation. Why not put it straight up and turn it into a fence post on a farm? The only cost is transport.
Carson recently opened two new warehouses (仓库), bringing the total to six. “Corporations(企业) are,” he says, “becoming increasingly focused on sustainability, so we’re upping (使升级) our capabilities. You never know when the next 20,000-kilogram spool of 10-centimeter-thick rope might come along, or where it might go.”
1. What does Carson’s company Repurposed Materials do?A.It helps large companies bury waste. |
B.It warns people against throwing away waste. |
C.It brings new lives to abandoned stuff. |
D.It changes the original form of abandoned stuff. |
A.It is more logical | B.It is more systematic |
C.It is more formal | D.It is more energy-saving |
A.Current trend of using heavier ropes. |
B.Fast development of his warehouses. |
C.Natural process of treating waste materials. |
D.Increasing environmental concerns of corporations. |
A.Generous and hard-working | B.Intelligent and humorous |
C.Devoted and forward-looking | D.Independent and responsible |
6 . This fall, students at the University of Massachusetts found a new menu at their dining commons: the “diet for a cooler planet” menu. This meant herb-roasted lamb, raised with a carbon-friendly approach. It included sweet potatoes that had been picked from a local farm’s field post-harvest. The options were plant-heavy, locally grown, and involved little to no packaging.
“We wanted to let students participate in climate action by making choices about their food,” says Kathy Wicks, sustainability director for UMass Dining. The university is not alone in this effort. Increasingly, American consumers and institutions are thinking about how their food choices factor into climate change. For many, small choices at the grocery store, dining hall, and restaurant can feel more accessible than big-ticket options like buying a fuel-efficient car or installing home solar panels.
Small changes in dietary habits may make a big difference. Climate activists often target fossil fuels and transportation systems, but studies point to the food system as a significant contributor to global warming. According to Project Drawdown, a research organization that evaluates climate solutions, the way food is grown, transported, and consumed accounts for about a quarter of the world’s greenhouse gas emissions. Beef is a regular target. “If, on average, Americans cut a quarter pound of beef per week from their diet, it’s like taking 10million cars off the road a year,” says Sujatha Bergen, director of health campaigns for the Natural Resources Defense Council. Food waste ranks third among climate solutions. While much waste occurs before consumers are involved—food left on the field or “chucked” because it does not fit appearance standards, Americans also throw out a lot of food they have purchased: about $1, 600 worth a year per family of four.
“People are beginning to understand that their food choices make a big impact on climate,” says Megan Larmer, director of regional food at the Glynwood Center for Regional Food and Farming in New York. But, she cautions substantial change will need to come from the wholefood system.
1. What is the purpose of the new menu at the University of Massachusetts?A.To market the cold dishes. | B.To reduce the cost of packaging. |
C.To popularize the plant-heavy diet. | D.To promote low carbon awareness. |
A.Food is a decisive factor for climate change. |
B.Food choices matter much to global warming. |
C.Universities are working together in climate action. |
D.Fuel-efficient cars are not affordable for consumers. |
A.Fossil fuels are contributors to global warming. |
B.Global warming are directly correlated with transportation. |
C.Dietary habits can have a great influence on climate change. |
D.Dietary habits have no effect on global warming. |
A.It has great influence on carbon reduction. |
B.It is popular among millions of car drivers. |
C.It has a close relationship with gas emission. |
D.It plays a significant role in American’s diet. |
A.Food System Reform: A Successful Trial |
B.Global Warming: An Approaching Danger |
C.Carbon Emission: A Killer, or Healer? |
D.Low Carbon Diet: A Craze, or More? |
7 . As a young girl growing up in France, Sarah Toumi dreamed of becoming a leader who could make the world a better place. Her passion to help others was awakened when, from the age of nine, she accompanied her Tunisian father to his birthplace in the east of the country during holidays. There she organized homework clubs and activities for children.
Toumi witnessed first-hand the destructive effect of desertification (沙漠化). “Within 10 years rich farmers became worse off, and in 10 years from now they will be poor. I wanted to stop the Sahara Desert in its tracks.” A decrease in average rainfall and an increase in the severity of droughts have led to an estimated 75 percent of Tunisia’s agricultural lands being threatened by desertification.
Toumi recognized that farming practices needed to change. She is confident that small land areas can bring large returns if farmers are able to adapt by planting sustainable crops, using new technologies for water treatment and focusing on natural products and fertilizers rather than chemicals.
In 2012, Toumi consolidated (巩固) her dream of fighting the desert. She moved to Tunisia, and set up a programme named Acacias for All to put her sustainable farming philosophy (理念) into action. “I want to show young people in rural areas that they can create opportunities where they are. Nobody is better able to understand the impact of desertification and climate change than somebody who is living with no access to water.”
By September 2016, more than 130, 000 acacia trees had been planted on 20 pilot farms, with farmers recording a 60 percent survival rate. Toumi estimates that some 3 million acacia trees are needed to protect Tunisia’s farmland. She expects to plant 1 million trees by 2018. In the next couple of years, Toumi hopes to extend the programme to Algeria and Morocco.
1. How did Toumi’s holiday trips to Tunisia influence her?A.They made her decide to leave the country. |
B.They helped her better understand her father. |
C.They aroused her enthusiasm for helping others. |
D.They destroyed her dream of being a teacher. |
A.Low rainfall. | B.Soil pollution. | C.Cold weather. | D.Forest damage. |
A.To create job opportunities for young people. |
B.To help the children obtain a basic education. |
C.To persuade the farmers not to use fertilizers. |
D.To promote the protection of their farmland. |
A.Saving Water in Tunisia | B.Holding back the Sahara |
C.Planting Trees of Native Species | D.Fighting Poverty in North Africa |
8 . How to Survive a Flood: Flood Safety Tips
Flooding is a common natural disaster in the world. It is usually caused by heavy or sudden rainfall. Review the following flood safety guidelines to know what you should do to increase your chances of survival.
Pay close attention to official flooding updates. And know the difference between a flood “watch” and “warning”.
Have an emergency survival kit on hand.
Be aware that flash flooding can occur.
Do not walk through moving water. Six inches of moving water can sweep you off your feet. If you have to walk in water, walk where the water is not moving.
Turn around, and don’t drown! If you come upon a flowing stream where water is above your ankles, stop, turn around and go another way. People often underestimate the force and power of water.
A.Make preparations in advance. |
B.Actually, these two words are quite different. |
C.That’s why the moving water is dangerous. |
D.It should be filled with at least three days of supplies. |
E.A flood watch means a flood is possible in your area. |
F.Use a stick to check the firmness of the ground in front of you. |
G.If there is possibility of such a flood, move at once to higher ground. |
9 . On Feb. 23, an environmental advocacy group “Grassroots” led by students hosted its monthly clothing exchange. The clothing exchange is a free activity on campus where students can donate clothes in exchange for new ones.
“One of the key things about sustainability (可持续性) is to reuse,” Crystal Tynon, Co-president and Clothing Exchange Chair, said. “Instead of throwing away old clothes and buying new clothes, you can donate them and give them a new purpose. You might be done with those clothing items, but someone else might not be.”
According to Tynon, “Grassroots” is hoping to expand the activities to other schools. In order to do so, the team is brainstorming new ways to get the word out about donations, hours and events. Now, the clothing exchange is one of the club’s most well-known activities. “Throughout the semester when people realize we have these exchanges, they genuinely bring clothes and participate a lot more. So it does make a difference to clothing sustainability and it does create a community where everyone can share their clothes,” she added.
As “Grassroots” is an initiative dedicated to sustainability, paper advertisement is not an option. Instead, the center relies mostly on word-of-mouth and e-mail announcements. It is bringing speakers to campus to talk about sustainability and environmental advocacy. It also has partnerships with local organizations such as “the Sunrise Rochester”, working together to have volunteers become more involved in local sustainability.
Chloe Mendoza has been a volunteer since her freshman year. Not only does Mendoza appreciate the intended mission of promoting sustainability, but she also thinks the center has transformed into a safe and accepting community space for all students. Those who have come in looking for something practical often end up leaving with an armful of clothing and a heart full of warmth.
“My favorite part about working there is that we get to help people find things that they need for free. Just providing a place for students to go where there isn’t pressure to spend money is really important. A lot of students love saving, so it’s something that students can relate and engage with easily, so I think it’s a really easy way to get students more involved in sustainability,” says Mendoza.
1. Which of the following best describes Tynon’s feelings about their clothing exchange?A.Impressive. | B.Innovative. |
C.Demanding. | D.Rewarding. |
A.It relies heavily on paper advertisements. |
B.It cooperates with local institutions. |
C.It invites speakers to be volunteers. |
D.It earns instant fame in the community. |
A.It brings spiritual comfort. | B.It widens the circle of friends. |
C.It reduces academic pressure. | D.It gives a sense of achievement. |
A.Saving Up Through Clothing Exchange |
B.Engaging Students in “Grassroots” Events |
C.Clothing Exchange Is the Only Way for Sustainability |
D.Environmental Advocacy — “Grassroots” Catches On |
10 . Scientists have found that floating solar panels could provide a huge amount of electricity if they were placed on lakes and other bodies of water around the world. Floating solar panels could also help save water and protect land.
Solar panels — also known as “photovoltaic” panels — are used to turn sunlight into electricity. Most solar panels are placed on land in large collections called solar farms. But recently people have begun to explore putting floating solar panels on water. Because these panels float, some people call them “floatovoltaies (浮动光伏)”.
The researchers behind the new study looked at 114,555 reservoirs (水库) worldwide. They used computer programs to figure out how much electricity could be produced yearly by covering 30% of these reservoirs with floating solar panels. The answer was surprisingly large — more than twice the amount of energy the United States generates in a year. And 10 times as much energy as all the solar power currently being generated in the world. The researchers described the results as “remarkable”.
The scientists found that floatovoltaies would be especially useful when reservoirs were near smaller cities (50,000 people or less). The researchers say there are about 6,256 cities around the world where floating solar panels could provide all the electricity the cities need.
Floatovoltaies can also help save water by limiting evaporation (蒸发) from reservoirs. The scientists say that solar panels covering just 30% of the reservoirs’ surfaces could save as much water as 300 million people would use in a year. There are several other reasons that make floatovoltaies a good idea. Photovoltaic panels work better when they’re not extremely hot. The water helps cool the panels so that they create more energy. Putting solar panels on water also means that there’s no need to clear land for a solar farm. That’s more and more important as countries work to fight climate change and protect natural spaces for wild animals.
1. What did the researchers think of the study results?A.Skeptical. | B.Amazing. | C.Worrying. | D.Interesting. |
A.In small cities with more rain and less sunshine. |
B.In huge cities with many small lakes and rivers. |
C.In tiny cities near reservoirs with less than 50,000 people. |
D.In large cities far from reservoirs with more than 50,000 people. |
A.It can help reduce water evaporation. |
B.It can prevent water from being polluted. |
C.It purifies the water available for consumption. |
D.It provides enough sunlight for the solar panels. |
A.The methods of using floatovoltaies |
B.The prospects of the power industry |
C.Solar Farms —Turning Sunlight into Electricity |
D.Floating Solar Panels — Making Energy, Saving Water |