2 . New research from the University of Portsmouth has shown a marked increase in shipping in the North East Atlantic. Scientists now warn that more monitoring is required to help protect sea life.

Researchers at the University of Ponsmouth have discovered that rates (率) of shipping in the North East Atlantic area rose by 34 per cent in a five-year period. The research is the first detailed survey of shipping activity in the North East Atlantic. Researchers used data from over 530 million vessel (船) positions recorded by Automatic Identification System(AIS). They looked at the change in shipping between 2013 and 2017 across ten different vessel types. In total the study area covered 1.1 million km², including waters off Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany,Iceland, Ireland, The Netherlands, Norway, Portugal. Spain, and the UK.

Lead author, James Robbins said: “This change is likely to put more pressure on the marine (海洋的) environment, and may influence the protection of at-risk species. Renewed monitoring effort is needed to make sure that protective measures are enough to save species under threat in a changing environment.”

Some of the greatest shipping increases were found in areas close to the Spanish coast. The Espacio Marino de la Costa da Morte saw a rise of 413 percent in vessel activity. It is an area used to protect seabirds.

Dr. Sarah Marley, Visiting Researcher at the University of Portsmouth, said: “Shipping is the most widespread human activity in our oceans, carrying a set of threats-from unnoticeable effects like underwater noise pollution to serious results when ships hit whales.”

Professor Alex Ford. from the University’s Institute of Marine Sciences, said: “Given the well-documented effects that shipping can have on the marine environment, it is necessary that this situation continues to be monitored-particularly in areas used to protect vulnerable (脆弱的) species which may already be under pressure.”

1. What can we say about the new research?

A．It started in 2013.	B．It is the first of its kind.
C．It was carried out by AIS.	D．It covers the whole Atlantic.

2. What do the underlined words “This change” in paragraph 3 refer to ?

A．Rapid population growth.

B．Rising global temperatures.

C．The huge increase in shipping.

D．The disappearance of marine life.

3. What does Dr. Sarah Marley want to tell us in paragraph 5?

A．Shipping plays an important role in the local economy.

B．Shipping can be a danger to the marine environment.

C．Noise pollution is closely related to human activity.

D．Marine areas should be monitored more carefully.

4. Which of the following can be the best title for the text?

A．New waterways across the Atlantic

B．The shipping industry in the North East Atlantic

C．New research opens windows into life under the water

D．Sea life needs better protection from an increase in shipping

3 . Landscaping (人造景观) refers to man-made features of a landscape such as driveways, walls, steps, and other human-made structures. It has many sustainability benefits.

Replace Lawns (草坪)

Fertilizers and pesticides (化肥和杀虫剂) help establish a beautiful lawn.     1     If you replace lawns with landscape, you’ll use fewer chemicals and do less harm to the environment.

Use Less Water

    2     So it can save hundreds of gallons of water and reduce the carbon emissions (排放) used to provide that water cleanly.

Use Locally-Produced Materials

Materials for landscaping are almost all produced locally, due to the high shipping cost.     3    

Lower Garden Maintenance (维护)

Usually, Americans spend two hours per day on lawn and garden care.     4     That often means less energy used to run some garden equipment.

Reduce Ice Build-up

Sustainable landscape allows stormwater to drain (流) into the soil.     5     This means safer walkways or driveways, and a reduced need for salt for de-icing (除去……上的冰).

A．Landscaping is a form of landscaping.

B．This means lower carbon emissions for transportation.

C．Yet little maintenance is needed for a landscaped area.

D．The water landscaping uses mainly comes from nature.

E．There are ways to lower your impact on the environment.

F．So there is often less ice formation on landscaping in cold winters.

G．But they can run into the water system and harm both humans and wildlife.

4 . 听下面一段较长对话，回答以下小题。
1. How many acres (英亩) of rainforest did Tom and his friend buy?

A．One.

B．Two.

C．Three.

2. What does Tom want to be when he grows up?

A．A geography teacher.

B．The owner of an organization.

C．An environmental lawyer.