1 . Many people can’t learn any lessons from the mistakes they’ve made __________ they get hurt somehow.

A．whether

B．unless

C．if

D．as

2 . We needed a new cupboard for the kitchen. So Peter made _____ from some wood we had.

A．it

B．one

C．himself

D．another

3 . Do you feel a little sleepy after lunch? Well, that’s normal. You body naturally slows down then. What should you do about it? Don’t reach for a coffee!     1    , take a nap.
It’s good to take a daily nap. First of all, you are more efficient after napping. You remember things better and make     2    mistakes. Also, you can learn things more easily after taking a nap. A nap may increase your self-confidence and make you more creative.     3    may even cheer you up.
    4    , there are some simple rules you should follow. First, take a nap in the middle of the day, about eight hours after you wake up.     5    , a 20-minute nap is enough.     6    you sleep longer, you may fall into a deep sleep. After waking from a deep sleep, you will feel worse. Finally, you should set     7    alarm clock. That way, you can fully relax during your nap. You won’t have to keep looking at the clock so you don’t oversleep.
Now, the next time you feel sleepy after lunch, don’t get stressed. Put your head down, close your eyes     8    catch forty winks.

4 . Motherhood may make women smarter and may help prevent dementia(痴呆) in old age by bathing the brain in protective hormones(荷尔蒙) , U.S. reseachers reported on Thursday.

Tests on rats show that those who raise two or more litters of pups do considerably better in tests of memory and skills than rats who have no babies, and their brains show changes that suggest they may be protected against diseases such as Alzheimer’s(老年痴呆症). University of Richmond psychology professor Craig Kinsley believes his findings will translate into humans.

“Our research shows that the hormones of pregnancy are protecting the brain, including estrogen(雌激素), which we know has many neuroprotective (保护神经的) effects,” Kinsley said.

“It’s rat data but humans are mammals just like these animals are mammals,” he added in a telephone interview. “They go through pregnancy and hormonal changes.”

Kinsley said he hoped public health officials and researchers will look to see if having had children protects a woman from Alzheimer’s and other forms of age-related brain decline.

“When people think about pregnancy, they think about what happens to babies and the mother from the neck down,” said Kinsley, who presented his findings to the annual meeting of the Society of Neuroscience in Orlando, Florida.

“They do not realize that hormones are washing on the brain. If you look at female animals who have never gone through pregnancy, they act differently toward young. But if she goes through pregnancy, she will sacrifice her life for her infant—that is a great change in her behavior that showed in genetic alterations(改变) to the brain.”

1. What can protect the brain of a woman according to the passage?( within 4 words)
________________
2. How do scientists know “Motherhood may make women smarter”?( within 8 words)
________________
3. “It’s rat data but humans are mammals just like these animals are mammals.” What does the sentence suggest? ( within 13 words)
________________
4. What’s the main idea of this passage? (within 10 words)
________________