1 . For more than half a century, scientists have sought to understand X-rays from space and what they reveal about our galaxy and the universe beyond it. As it turns out, lobsters can help astronomers do just that.
Lobsters (龙虾) have developed specialized eyes to see in their dark habitats located up to around 2,300 feet below the ocean surface. Unlike humans, whose eyes consist of rounded lenses that bend light, lobsters’ eyes depend on reflection. Each of their two eyes is packed with up to 10,000 square-shaped tubes. Each tube is lined with a flat, reflective surface that acts like a mirror to direct incoming light down to the retina (视网膜). This setup affords lobsters a full 180-degree view, compared with humans’ 120-degree vision.
The breakthrough idea connecting lobster eyes to astronomy came in 1978 when Roger Angel, an astronomer at the University of Arizona, drew inspiration from an article on animal vision. Angel envisioned creating instruments imitating lobster eyes to enhance the capture of cosmic X-rays during missions beyond Earth’s orbit. In 1992, researchers from Columbia University ran the first successful X-ray measurements using lobster-eye instruments. It took another 15 years before the tech was adapted for spacecraft missions. “This is a technology that’s been around a long time in astrophysics,” says Scott Porter, an astrophysicist at the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center.
Today, Porter’s team has developed specialized instruments to better understand how solar wind interact with Earth’s magnetic (磁的) field. Researchers pack thousands of tiny glass tubes and then heat and curve them to create a ball shape that can concentrate the X-rays into a singular point. Plus, many of these tools are much lighter and smaller than traditional X-ray instruments, and therefore easier to incorporate into multi-instrument missions.
Porter says that the number of applications for lobster-based instruments have increased in recent years. As projects receive funding, lobster eye instruments may become a key tool in our quest to better understand the vast, mysterious universe.
1. How does the structure of lobster eyes contribute to their vision capabilities?A.The square-shaped lenses help the eyes focus better. |
B.Tubes in the eyes can refract light in multiple directions. |
C.The shape of the eyes can provide a clearer field of vision. |
D.Reflective surfaces of tubes in the eyes direct light to the retina. |
A.They were first invented by Roger Angel. |
B.They are developed for deep-sea exploration. |
C.They were first introduced in space missions in 2007. |
D.They helped researchers capture cosmic X-rays in 1992. |
A.Skeptical | B.Positive. | C.Indifferent. | D.Confused. |
A.The application of lobster-eye instruments in various fields. |
B.The unique setup of lobster eyes adapted for deep-sea vision. |
C.The development of lobster-eye instruments for space X-rays. |
D.The difference between lobster-eye instruments and traditional ones. |
Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) has evolved over thousands of years. It is a comprehensive healthcare system
TCM came into being in the primitive (原始的) society, and its theory
Ancient wisdom and modern research have enabled Chinese medicine to find its place alongside Western medicine,
For many years, people have been worried that one day, robots could take their jobs. Now, it
ChatGPT is
However, one of the biggest
5 . It was a beautiful day for sightseeing around downtown Portland. We were a bunch of advisers on our day off, away from the campers, just out for some fun. The weather was perfect for a picnic, so when lunch time came, we set our sights on a small park in town. Since we all had different desires, we decided to split up (分组), get what each of us wanted, and meet back on the grass in a few minutes.
When my friend Robby headed for a hot dog stand, I decided to keep her company. We watched the vendor (小贩) put together the perfect hot dog, just the way Robby wanted it. But when she took out her money to pay him, the man surprised us. “It looks a little flat on one side,” he said, “so never mind paying me. This will be free of charge.” We said our thanks, joined our friends in the park, and dug into our food.
But as we talked and ate, I was distracted by a man sitting alone nearby, looking at us. I could tell that he hadn’t showered for days. Another homeless person, I thought, like all the others you see in cities. I didn’t pay much more attention than that.
We finished eating and decided to head off for more sightseeing. But when Robby and I went to the garbage can to throw away my lunch bag, I heard a strong voice ask, “There isn’t any food in that bag, is there?” It was the man who had been watching us. I didn’t know what to say. “No, I ate it already.” “Oh,” was his only answer, with no shame in his voice at all. He was obviously hungry, couldn’t bear to see anything thrown away, and was used to asking this question. I felt sorry for the man, but I didn’t know what I could do.
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At the sight of this, Robby ran off and went across to the hot dog stand.
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With the hot dog in his hand, the homeless people was too choked to speak.
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