1 . Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.

A. authorities   B. conflicts   C. increasingly   D. infected E. invisibly F. oddly G. outbreaks   H. present   I. subjected   J. suspected   K. unexpected

Deadly virus approaches tigers

India’s most important tiger conservation body is to investigate growing concern that Asia’s wild tigers are     1     to a deadly new disease.

The National Tiger Conservation Authority is to fun d a study of Canine Distemper Virus(CDV) in six of the most important areas for the species, which could confirm a problem that a few experts have     2    for a number of years.

There have been     3    of CDV in wild tigers in other areas. According to Dr Dale Miquelle of the Wildlife Conservation Society, quite a few tigers were either killed or seriously affected by a disease that was probably CDV in 2010. And the Sikhote-Alin Biosphere Reserve has also reported a(n)     4     decline in tiger numbers.

CDV may also exist in the tiger population in Sumatra, where animals have been reported to be behaving     5    and losing their fear of humans.

Dr John Lewis of the British charity Wildlife Vets International is helping the Sumatran    6    to fight the risk by training local vets in what he calls “the world’s first tiger- disease monitoring program”.

Lewis also believes that the way CDV changes tigers’ behavior could be a factor where tiger- human     7    are an issue. This could be true of the Sundarbans, a large area shared by India and Bangladesh where man-eating is spreading.

Perhaps we should not be surprised that tigers are     8    with CDV. In 2004, it killed 1,000 lions in the Serengeti in Tanzania, and as wildlife reserves are    9    surrounded by people with dogs, the problem is only likely to get worse.

But as Miquelle told BBC Wildlife, “Very few people were aware of the potential threat, let alone looking for it, even if it is     10    in the system. But at least now they are.”

2 . 在村民们的共同努力下，这个曾经的贫困村面貌焕然一新，脱贫取得显著成效。(With) （汉译英）

3 . Directions: Read the passage carefully. Then write an English summary within 60 words in your own words according to the passage given below.

Say Thanks

If writing thank-you letters is a task you readily dismiss, you aren’t alone. However, saying thanks could be the best gift you can give, to yourself and others.

The benefits of gratitude have long been championed in philosophical thinking. In recent years, the science has been catching up: it shows that people who feel most grateful generally get a psychological boost (促进) as a result. They also have greater life satisfaction, fewer visits to the doctor and better sleep. This has led to gratitude being a part of our culture, inspiring an explosion of gratitude journals, in which you record things you are thankful for. It has also led to renewed interest in the neuroscience and psychology of gratitude.

However, the benefits of actually expressing this gratitude have received less attention. Now evidence is piling up that shows turning our inner gratitude into action can make our lives even better.

For instance, a simple thank you can build relationships, even with strangers. Take people who have received a note of thanks for something they have done from a peer they don’t know. They are more likely to share their contact details with that person in an attempt to continue the relationship than people who receive a note that doesn’t contain thanks. A simple thank you seems to signal interpersonal warmth.

But the benefits go further than just strengthening social relationships, they can have an impact on health, too. A study of more than 200 nurses working in two Italian hospitals found that gratitude expressed by patients could protect nurses from burnout. That was especially so in the emergency room, where personal interactions with patients are typically shorter and less rewarding. This positive feedback from patients reduced feelings of exhaustion among nurses, says Mara Martini at the University of Turin, who carried out the work.

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

4 . As is often the case, technology eliminates old jobs, but it also creates new ones---the job title radiology technician(放射技师), for example, has been included in data only since 1990. Transitioning to a new type of work is never easy, however, and it might be particularly difficult for many in the service industry. New jobs that arise due to the development of technology tend to require skills that laid-off workers don’t have. A college education helps protect workers from automation, enabling them to develop the kind of skills, judgment, and problem-solving abilities that robots can’t match. Yet nearly 80 percent of workers in food preparation and service-related occupations have a high-school diploma or less, according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics.

The better hope for workers might be that automation helps the food-service industry continue to develop. Because of its app that allows online ordering, Panera is now processing more orders overall, which means it needs more total workers to fulfill customer demand. Starbucks customers who use the chain’s app return more frequently than those who don’t, and the greater efficiency that online ordering allows has increased sales at busy stores during peak hours. Starbucks employed 8 percent more people in the U.S. in 2016 than it did in 2015, the year it launched the app.

Of course, whether automation is a net positive for workers in restaurants, and not just a competitive advantage for one chain over another (more business for machine-enabled Panera, less for the Luddites at the local deli), will depend on whether an improved customer experience makes Americans more likely to dine out, rather than brown-bagging it.

That could be the case. James Bessen, an economist at Boston University School of Law, found that as the number of ATMs in America increased fivefold from 1990 to 2010, the number of bank tellers (出纳员) also grew. Bessen believes that ATMs drove demand for consumer banking: No longer restricted by a branch’s limited hours, consumers used banking services more frequently, and people who were unbanked opened accounts to take advantage of the new technology. Although each branch employed fewer tellers, banks added more branches, so the number of tellers grew overall. And as machines took over many basic cash-handling tasks, the nature of the tellers’ job changed. They were now tasked with talking to customers about products---a certificate of deposit, an auto loan---which in turn made them more valuable to their employers. “It’s not clear that automation in the restaurant industry will lead to job losses,” said Bessen.

1. What can be learned about workers in food preparation and service-related occupations from the first paragraph?

A．They are not fully informed of the development of technology.

B．Most of them could hardly afford to go to college while young.

C．Their education may not prevent them being replaced by robots.

D．They have not been aware of the potential impact of automation.

2. What can be concluded from paragraph 2?

A．Automation can do good to employment rate.

B．Efficiency decreases with the increase of sales.

C．Customer demand is not easy to fulfill these days.

D．Starbucks offered the most positions in the year of 2016.

3. What can be inferred from paragraph 3 about the Luddites?

A．It used to be much more popular than Panera.

B．It hasn’t introduced automation into its business.

C．It hasn’t tried to improve customer experience.

D．It used to provide customers with brown bags.

4. Why is the story of ATMs mentioned in the last paragraph?

A．To describe how tellers’ tasks changed.

B．To show that automation may not cause job losses.

C．To explain why we should take advantage of technology.

D．To suggest what employees can do to make themselves more valuable.

5 . Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.

A. adjustments B. emit C. hit D. lanes E. players   F. preventing G. semi-autonomous H. shift I. supervising J. traditional   K. worn-out

Baby Steps Toward Autonomy…

Companies, like Google and Tesla, didn't even exist when Toyota introduced the Prius in1997. However, they have become major     1     in the auto industry recently. Both of them aim to introduce fully autonomous cars ---that is, cars that drive themselves---within the next several years.

Self-driving cars are expected to be much safer than human-driven ones. But even if the first robot cars     2     the roads in the next few years, most of us probably won't give up driving entirely for at least another 15 or 20 years. In the meantime,     3     cars will gradually take over certain aspects of driving.

Companies have been adding     4     features to cars since the 1990s---things like adaptive cruise control, which uses sensors to adjust a car's speed based on the traffic in front of it, and automated parallel parking. Some cars automatically stop—or at least slow down—if a driver doesn't step on the brake in time to avoid a crash. In a certain model developed in 2017, the driver will be able to change     5     simply by hitting the turn signal for two seconds (the car will take care of the rest). Within a few years, cars may be able to determine when an accident is likely and make     6    to the cabin---moving seats, closing windows , retracting the steering wheel.

Even better than preparing for a crash, of course, is     7    one. Some vehicles     8     warnings when they detect, through cameras and sensors, that a driver is getting sleepy. Future cars might take over for     9     drivers---or automatically pull to the side of the road and shut down. Biometrics(生物识别技术）could aid this process. If a car has sensors that can measure a driver's breath and heart rate, it could     10     into self-driving mode when a driver has a heart attack.

6 . Digital assistants such as Siri are increasingly common on phones and computers. Developing an emotional relationship with a piece of software can, however, bring discomfort to some people.

As a study published in Psychological Science by Park Daeun, of Chungbuk National University in South Korea, and her colleagues, shows, one emotion sometimes involved in machine-human interaction is embarrassment.

Dr Park and her team recruited 187 participants into their study. To start with, each was presented with a series of statements like “you have a certain amount of intelligence, and you can’t really do much to change it”, and “you can always substantially change how intelligent you are”. Participants rated their responses to these statements on a six-point scale, on which one meant “strongly disagree” and six meant “strongly agree”. The reason for this initial test was that Dr. Park knew from previous work that, in academic settings, those who believe intelligence to be changeable are comfortable asking for assistance while those who believe it to be fixed often feel ashamed to do so.

The initial test done, the researchers presented their volunteers with a second test, which involved looking at 16 sets of three words and trying to think of a fourth word that linked them. For example, when offered “room, blood, salts” , a correct answer would be “bath”. Sometimes the first three words were accompanied by an unrequested hint (in the example given, this was “tub”). Sometimes they were not.

Hints appeared as the written form of the word in question,accompanied bya computer-shaped icon (图形). For half of participants this icon had a humanlike face, and the hint was placed inside a speech bubble originating from that face, thus anthropomorphising (赋予人性) the presentation to some degree. For the other half the icon lacked a face and there was no speech bubble. After the final set of words had been displayed, participants were asked to agree or disagree with follow-up statements about their experience, such as “it was embarrassing to receive help during the task”, and “others might think I am incompetent (无能的) because I received help during the task.” This time, they quantified their feelings on a seven-point scale, with high scores representing greater feelings of unease.

The researchers found that participants who believed intelligence to be unchangeable (the top sixth of the sample) felt more embarrassed and more incompetent after the tests. They averaged 3.2 when measured for feelings of shame and embarrassment if the computer icons they had seen giving the hints had had faces and speech bubbles. But only 2.7 if not. In contrast, people who strongly believed that intelligence could be changed over time (the bottom sixth of the sample) felt the same level of discomfort (around 2.5) whether or not the icons had been anthropomorphised.

1. The initial test is meant to classify the participants according to ________.

A．how intelligent they are in academic settings

B．how familiar they are with previous research

C．how much they agree with Dr Park’s viewpoint

D．how much they believe intelligence is unchangeable

2. In the second test, the participants were required to ________.

A．request a useful hint at a proper time

B．link the four words given with a key word

C．tell computer-shaped icons from face-shaped ones

D．answer whether they feel comfortable to receive help

3. What can be inferred from the results of Dr. Park and his team’s study?

A．Those who believe intelligence can change are more likely to refuse computers’ assistance.

B．Those regarding intelligence as fixed may feel less at ease when turning to computers.

C．Those regarding intelligence as fixed are more likely to feel embarrassed in real life.

D．Those who believe intelligence can change are more capable than those who don’t.

4. What conclusion can be drawn from the passage?

A．How machine-human interaction will develop remains to be seen.

B．People need to change their understanding of artificial intelligence.

C．Sometimes, computer programs seem too human for their own good.

D．So far, the digital assistants have not taken human emotion into account.

7 . Have We Forgotten How to Enjoy Our Free Time?

Leisure is the price, right? We work hard, so we want to play hard, we look forward to our time off, believing that the more leisure time we have, the better life will be. Enjoying that time—or savoring that end goal—should come naturally.

However, research shows that both having and deciding how to spend leisure time can be very stressful.    1    This pressure to maximize our fun might be getting in the way of our enjoyment of the leisure itself. What’s wrong?

In fact, the way we perceive and value leisure has changed, problematically. Understanding this evolution and finding ways to change our attitudes surrounding leisure could help people to start enjoying themselves once again.

    2    In ancient Greece, most of the labor was outsourced to slaves, while wealthier parts of society pursued other activities. Leisure was an active state of mind. Good leisure meant playing sports, debating qualified peers, and doing philosophy. Leisure was not easy, but it was supposed to be rewarding.

Today, however, a lack of leisure time operates as a powerful status symbol. In the workplace, being part of the long-hours working culture is seen by many as a badge of honor. This fuels the idea that we must maximize leisure's enjoyment value and make every hour count when we actually do get some time off. This might not necessarily be a bad thing.    3    New research shows that we judge future positive events as both farther away and shorter than negative or neutral ones, leading us to feel as if a holiday is over as soon as it begins.

Fortunately, there are ways to help out.    4    For holidays, do one thing that is “completely crazy” in the middle, such as bungee jumping and one equally insane thing at the end, say, an extravagant meal, to elevate the entire experience. For most people, the persistent fear that we are not using our time “right” can derail the very purpose of leisure, because the only “right” way to have leisure is to relax, let your guard down, make good memories, and trust the pieces will fall into place.

A．But too much anticipation might set us up for a seemingly zero-duration holiday.

B．Experts recommend using the peak-end rule, which influences the way we remember events.

C．Equally, the way we chase the best leisure experiences has made recreation more stressful than ever.

D．People of today tend to feel enormous pressure to make the best use of their downtime by making the best choices.

E．Two thousand years ago, concepts of “work” and “leisure” was respectively associated with servitude(奴役)and freedom.

F．Some people work to acquire collectable experiences that are unusual, novel or extreme to make our leisure time productive.

8 . When Storms Hit Cities, Poor Areas Suffer Most

Severe storms fall on the rich and poor alike, but low-income neighbourhoods suffer more damage from urban flooding, according to a new study.

The report notes that the gaps include an underestimation of the historic damage caused by urban floods and the inability of governments to_________where damage will occur. It stresses a need for stronger_________among local, state and federal agencies.

The scientists conducted interviews in four cities and found that the poor, racial and ethnic minorities, the elderly, and the disabled were "disproportionally_________" by floods.

"Low levels of citizen engagement"_________to the problem, it says. The report notes that urban flooding damaged not only homes, but also schools and medical centers used by low-income families._________, in nearby neighbourhoods, "residents of valuable properties" received additional federal flood insurance to restore their homes.

The scientists visited a frequently flooded neighbourhood where middle-income African-American residents_________they were given a lower priority on major flood relief projects than wealthier neighbourhoods.

Among the basic problems faced by all four cities: Historical records of flooding contained gaps that_________previous flooding damage. The records don't include the costs of more frequent small floods and uninsured damage, including resulting health problems and unemployment in areas where businesses are_________.

Factors related to climate change, such as record rainfall, also make it more_________to predict both the extent and locations of future flood damage. The report notes that before Hurricane Harvey hit Texas, the worst storm__________flooded about 73,000 homes. Harvey damaged 208,353 homes, 59 percent were outside the areas where record flooding was estimated to occur once in 500 years.

The report__________ "a new generation of flood maps and visualizations" that better integrate storm damage predictions with local landscape characteristics and shortcomings in the__________of storm sewer（下水道）systems.

Over 280 million Americans live in__________areas. "In order to better understand and manage urban flooding," said a civil engineering professor who__________the committee behind the report, "each city must take into account its__________and natural environment, the impacts on people, information available to understand or communicate flood events, and the mix of local, state and federal policies in force."

1.

A．draw

B．expect

C．predict

D．ensure

2.

A．conversation

B．cooperation

C．combination

D．concentration

3.

A．affected

B．downsized

C．overwhelmed

D．constructed

4.

A．devoted

B．referred

C．contributed

D．appealed

5.

A．Likewise

B．Instead

C．Therefore

D．Meanwhile

6.

A．concluded

B．assured

C．warned

D．complained

7.

A．understated

B．documented

C．overestimated

D．measured

8.

A．locked up

B．taken over

C．shut down

D．burnt out

9.

A．acceptable

B．difficult

C．reasonable

D．impossible

10.

A．on average

B．on schedule

C．on occasion

D．on record

11.

A．calls for

B．appeals to

C．comes up with

D．accounts for

12.

A．techniques

B．capacities

C．destruction

D．separation

13.

A．rural

B．residential

C．metropolitan

D．regional

14.

A．criticized

B．recommended

C．approved

D．chaired

15.

A．secure

B．newly-built

C．unsteady

D．man-made

9 . Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.

A. existing   B. matters   C. plunging   D. identifying   E. regulatory   F. removal G. failure   H. race     I. reached   J. increased     K. declined

Reasons to be Hopeful

The climate emergency is the biggest threat to civilization we have ever faced. But there is good news: we already have every tool we need to beat it. The challenge is not    1    the solutions, but rolling them out with great speed.

Some key sectors are already racing ahead, such as electric cars. They are already cheaper to own and run in many places—and when the purchase prices equal those of fossil—fuelled vehicles in the next few years, a critical tipping point will be    2    .

Electricity from renewables is now the cheapest form of power in most places, sometimes even cheaper than continuing to run    3    coal plants. There's a long way to go to feed the world's huge energy demand, but the    4    costs of batteries and other storage technologies seem promising.

And many big companies are realizing that a    5    to invest will be far more expensive as the impacts of global heating destroy economies. Even some of the biggest polluters, such as steel, have seen the green writing on the wall.

Stopping the    6    of forests requires no technology at all, but it does require government action. While progress is poor, countries such as Indonesia have shown    7    action can be effective. Protecting and restoring forests, particularly by empowering local people, is a strong tool.

In the climate crisis, every fraction of a degree    8    and so every action reduces people's suffering. Every action makes the world a cleaner and better place to live-by, for example, cutting the air pollution that ends millions of lives a year.

The real fuel for the green transition is a combination of those most valuable and intangible of commodities: political will and skill. The supply is being    9    by demands for action from youth strikers to chief executives, and must be used to face down powerful vested interests (既得利益者), such as the fossil fuel, airlines and cattle industries. The     10    for a sustainable, low-carbon future is on, and question at core is how much faster we need to go.