1 . American people appreciate ________ beforehand when you wish to pay a visit to them.

A．your calling

B．you call

C．you to call

D．that you call

2 . If you live in Tokyo or Toronto, you need a warm coat in winter. But you want one that is short, or black, or has a designer brand. The aim of advertising to change our ideas about things we want and we need.

Some ads for designer products use people’s vanity to sell a product. The ads try to create a personality for each brand. For example, one brand of watches is for people who like adventure, with ads featuring an auto racer or a pilot wearing them. Another brand of watches is for elegant and fashionable people, and the ads show wealthy travelers on a cruise ship. The watches look almost the same- only their image as different. When you buy that brand of watch, you are buying the image.     1    

Many ads use people’s emotions to persuade us that we need the product. Think of a TV commercial that shows a woman out driving in a car on a rainy day, with her two small children. Suddenly, another car turns in front of her. The children are still smiling and laughing. The message is: This car will keep you safe.     2     Other examples are slogans that tell you to take vitamins to prevent heart disease, ‘or’ buy insurance- protect your family.

Commercials for soft drinks often show people having a party, playing sports, or enjoying a day at the beach: Everyone in the ad is having a good time. The message is : If you buy this drink, you will have a good time too. Many ads like this are based on people’s desire for fun and enjoyment.

    3     Psychologists have found that people have positive feelings about things they see more often, so the same ad is used for a long time before it is replaced with a new ad. Other studies found that people react better to an ad when it is fresh in their memory, so TV ads are repeated very often.

Knowing about psychology in advertising lets us make better decisions about the things we buy.     4    

A．Advertisements like this one use fear to sell products

B．You have to be careful not to be fooled by the ads on the Internet.

C．But the children may not realize that what they are viewing is unreal.

D．This is the reason that people spend much more money for a product.

E．After an ad is prepared, advertisers use psychology to make it more effective.

F．It helps us know the difference between what we want and what we really need.

3 . 虽然他事先对高原生活有所了解，但是这位生物学家发现要适应各种气候环境还是颇具挑战性的。(Despite) (汉译英)

4 . 许多科幻小说的作者在他们作品中预测在未来人人都可以住进以可再生能源供暖和供电，并能遮风避雨的智能房屋。(available, proof) (汉译英)

5 . 你和你的同学想利用周末时间到学校旁边的南亭公寓小区(community)做一天志愿者。请给社区负责人写一封信，信中请具体说明你们希望做些什么，以及这样做的原因。
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6 . 募捐活动并不是提升公众野生动物保护意识的唯一方法。(raise) （汉译英）

7 . Directions: Choose the best phrase to fill in the blank, using its proper form.

run away       donate       cease       keep pace with the times       a great trial       make a difference       pose a threat to       acquire knowledge       take turns       consist of       nickname

1. She founded the Green Belt Movement, a non-government organization, and ________ “The Tree Mother of Africa”.
2. With the world changing so fast, ________learning for just a few days will make a person lag behind.
3. Living in the digital age, we may as well ________by learning skills about information technology continuously.
4. High home prices will push forward land rent and labor cost, ________the development of major cities.
5. These paintings of the famous artists ________to the China Foundation for peace and development next year.
6. It is a common mistake for parents to regard school as the only place ________.
7. On the first day of school, the students in my class________introducing themselves and got to know each other quickly.
8. The medical team________more than 100 experienced nurses volunteer to go to Wuhan in order to save more lives.
9. Although the difficulty you are encountering may be ________to you, it will be overshadowed by the difficulties of countless other people on our planet.
10. It never occurred to him that the experience of being a volunteer ________his later life.

8 . When it comes to anxiety over online data privacy, the first and most common legal solution comes to mind: more transparency. If firms are required to tell people what information they collect, and do so in a simple and obvious manner, people would be able to ___________ doing business with those that adopt abusive privacy practices.

There is one ___________ with the transparency solution. There is no evidence that it works! (And there are mountains of evidence that it fails.) Even when the information people are asked to share is highly private and ___________, and even if the notices about the ways firms collect, use and share this information are delivered in the simplest and most concise manner, people still don’t read the notices and don’t change their ___________. A recent experiment tried to deliver the privacy notices to users in the format of a simple “nutrition facts” box, to no avail. The notice still went ___________ and people shared the same amount of sensitive personal information as they do when the notices are long and cluttered.

If simple notices are not read or used by people, the hopes for ___________ choice flee. Users are not going to ___________ Google’s personalized ads or to personalize the Facebook’s privacy setting. These consumers might comparison-shop among services based on various quality and service measures, but not on the basis of ___________ features.

It is also important to dispel a second perceived solution to privacy ___________: lawsuits. There are numerous class action lawsuits percolating in courts, alleging violations by websites of privacy statutes. Google,____________, has long been defending against the complaints that its Gmail service, which scans the text of its users’ emails, is a violation of the Wiretap Act (窃听法). Many of these lawsuits eventually fail because they cannot prove a ____________ injury. But even the few that succeed are not going to change the behavior of firms. They will only teach firms to write more ____________ privacy notices and require more frequent clicks “I Agree” from users.

A third legal solution fueled by privacy anxiety is the “right to be forgotten”. It gives users the right to request search engines to ____________ links to personal information that are no longer accurate or relevant. Viewed by its ____________ as a major landmark in privacy protection, the right to be forgotten mandate is ultimately proving to be a storm in a tea cup. In one year, Google reported to have received only 218,000 requests (or which it granted about half). Only a minor number of users are ____________ sensitive to privacy issues to exercise the cherished right.

1.

A．avoid

B．advise

C．favor

D．admit

2.

A．proof

B．problem

C．possibility

D．purpose

3.

A．detailed

B．sensitive

C．adequate

D．effective

4.

A．mind

B．decision

C．behavior

D．direction

5.

A．invalid

B．wrong

C．round

D．unread

6.

A．preferred

B．accepted

C．informed

D．obliged

7.

A．opt out of

B．make up for

C．look forward to

D．put up with

8.

A．privacy

B．advertising

C．designer

D．specific

9.

A．policies

B．protection

C．risks

D．terms

10.

A．by contrast

B．in particular

C．on average

D．for example

11.

A．severe

B．fatal

C．concrete

D．external

12.

A．informal

B．comprehensive

C．informative

D．unavailable

13.

A．start

B．attach

C．remove

D．build

14.

A．initials

B．advocates

C．appeals

D．motivates

15.

A．sufficiently

B．extremely

C．comparatively

D．appropriately

9 . Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.

Machines are once again doing the car-washing in Britain

Warm weather is to ice-cream vans     1    popcorn is to dentists, Saharan dust storms are to car washes. A big dust cloud like the one     2     reached Britain on March 16th boosts revenues by about a quarter, according to Kevin Pay of Wilcomatic, which runs about 800 automatic car washes in Britain. “You love to see it,” he says, as a dusty red Ford Ka joins the queue in Hove in East Sussex, on the south coast.

Until recently, Britain’s drivers usually took their dirty motors to car parks and disused petrol stations,    3     eastern European immigrants had them washed with sponges. In 2018, a parliamentary committee was informed that Britain had 10,000 — 20,000 hand car washes,    4    (compare)with 2,000 automatic “rollover” machines and about 4,000 do-it-yourself jet washes. Hand car washes were     5    (convenient) — drivers simply handed money through the window rather than traipsing into a petrol station to buy a six-digit code-and often cheaper than machines. The industry     6     be a rare example of de-automation.

It is now re-automating. Automatic car washes and jet washes have improved,     7     contactless payment, superior brushes and theatrical foam. But the main reason for their popularity is that hand car washes     8    (disappear). The informal ones can be inferior employers: in 2016 a study of Leicester by two academics, Ian Clark and Trevor Colling, found that many paid less than the legal minimum wage. Car washing is a typical first job for an unskilled immigrant. And Brexit means that Britain has fewer newly arrived unskilled immigrants these days.

Covid-19 further tilted (倾斜) the market towards machines. The government shut down hand car washes for longer than automated ones,    9     they posed a higher infection risk. The pandemic also discouraged drivers from paying with cash.

Alexander Russell of the Car Wash Association, a trade group, says that the industry has gone in a circle. Some petrol stations are now putting automatic car-washing machines into bays that were originally built for     10    , but were then occupied by hand car washes. Car washing has been in a lather, but it is emerging cleaner.

10 . This website is designed to explore how the experience, diagnosis and treatment of illness has changed over time, and to show some of the many ways illness has been understood by humans. It is our hope that you will leave the site with a broader appreciation of the relationship of medicine to culture, and an understanding that our own medical practices look different when seen in a historical context.

In exploring this site, we ask you to think of this fundamental idea: that illness, the feeling and experience of being sick, is itself a historical object. Illness and medicine are not static(静止的) phenomena. Different people in different time periods can experience, understand and treat similar groups of symptoms very differently. Cycles of fevers and chills may be identified as being a particular disease, part of a general pattern of seasonal health or an internal struggle of opposing yet complementary forces. These are more than just descriptions; they influence the actual experience of having illness, and strongly influence the treatment. A body that is out of balance feels pain in manner that is subjectively different from a body fighting a battle against an external attacker. We believe that illness changes over time. Thus, to fully understand illness, we need not just biological explanation, but also historical explanation. We need both medicine and the history of illness.

Related to this idea is a second. This is the concept that illness, and the medical responses to illness, are related to cultural worldviews. How we see the world structures how we experience and shape the world we live in. What makes particular responses seem reasonable emerges from specific cultural values. The judgements about what medical practices are effective and sensible are value judgements made in the context of broader cultural beliefs about how the world works, our place in that world, and what is morally good and bad. Our aim is to help you understand why blood-letting for instance, now considered unacceptable, was a sensible healing activity in the early 19^th century.

Finally, it is easy to read the history of medicine as one of constant progression leading from barbaric (野蛮的) roots to a scientific approaches embodied in current medical practice. We believe that this understanding is problematic. First, a lack of knowledge that we have today did not mean that medicine in other time periods and cultures was wrong. Based on cultural values and contemporary knowledge, other cultures developed advanced treatments that were effective and sensible for their people, although they may be considered barbaric nowadays. Similarly in a century or two, our own medical practices may seem backward and nonsensical, it is not the case that former practices have led simplistically to our own superior knowledge.

1. According to the first paragraph, the website is intended to show that ________.

A．many illnesses were wrongly diagnosed in the past

B．we have unrealistic expectations of medical practice

C．medicine should be examined in connection with culture

D．changes in living conditions have led to the development of new illnesses

2. The writer refers to fevers and chills (paragraph 2) to illustrate ________.

A．we need more accurate biological explanations of illnesses

B．illnesses are influenced by climate and environment

C．our bodies are constantly under attack from illnesses

D．how an illness is interpreted affects how it is experienced

3. What can be inferred from the third paragraph?

A．In certain cultures, the factual basis of illnesses is not recognized

B．Medical practices have improved over time.

C．Illness can influence our perception of the world.

D．We judge past medical practices by inappropriate principles.

4. In the last paragraph, what assumption is criticized?

A．There are considerable differences between cultures.

B．Illnesses are better understood today than in the past.

C．Current medical practices will be seen differently in the future.

D．Little research is being carried out into the treatment of some diseases.