组卷网 > 知识点选题 > 高中英语综合库
更多: | 只看新题 精选材料新、考法新、题型新的试题
已选知识点:
全部清空
解析
| 共计 39 道试题
阅读理解-阅读单选(约490词) | 困难(0.15) |
文章大意:这是一篇说明文。短文介绍了人工智能也可能出错。

1 . Several dozen graduate students in London were recently tasked with outwitting a large language model (LLM), a type of AI designed to hold useful conversations. LLMs are often programmed with guardrails designed to stop them giving harmful replies: instructions on making bombs in a bathtub, say, or the confident statement of   “facts” that are not actually true.

The aim of the task was to break those guardrails. Some results were merely stupid. For example, one participant got the chatbot to claim ducks could be used as indicators of air quality. But the most successful efforts were those that made the machine produce the titles, publication dates and host journals of non-existent academic articles.

AI has the potential to be a big benefit to science. Optimists talk of machines producing readable summaries of complicated areas of research; tirelessly analysing oceans of data to suggest new drugs and even, one day, coming up with hypotheses of their own. But AI comes with downsides, too.

Start with the simplest problem: academic misconduct.Some journals allow researchers to use LLMs to help write papers. But not everybody is willing to admit to it. Sometimes, the fact that LLMs have been used is obvious. Guillaume Cabanac, a computer scientist, has uncovered dozens of papers that contain phrases such as “regenerate response” — the text of a button in some versions of ChatGPT that commands the program to rewrite its most recent answer, probably copied into the manuscript (原稿) by mistake.

Another problem arises when AI models are trained on AI-generated data. LLMs are trained on text from the Internet. As they churn out (大量炮制) more such text, the risk of LLMs taking in their own outputs grows. That can cause “model collapse”. In 2023 llia Shumailov, a computer scientist, co-authored a paper in which a model was fed handwritten digits and asked to generate digits of its own, which were fed back to it in turn. After a few cycles, the computer’s numbers became more or less illegible.After 20iterations (迭代), it could produce only rough circles or blurry lines.

Some worry that computer-generated insights might come from models whose inner workings are not understood. Inexplainable models are not useless, says David Leslie at an AI-research outfit in London, but their outputs will need rigorous testing in the real world. That is perhaps less unnerving than it sounds. Checking models against reality is what science is supposed to be about, after all.

For now, at least, questions outnumber answers. The threats that machines pose to the scientific method are, at the end of the day, the same ones posed by humans. AI could accelerate the production of nonsense just as much as it accelerates good science. As the Royal Society has it,nullius in verba: take nobody’s word for it. No thing’s, either.

1. The result of the task conducted in London shows that ________.
A.LLMs give away useful informationB.the guardrails turn out to be ineffective
C.AI’s influence will potentially be decreasedD.the effort put into the study of AI hardly pays off
2. What does “model collapse” indicate?
A.The readability of the models’output is underestimated.
B.The diverse sources of information confuse the models.
C.Training on regenerated data stops models working well.
D.The data will become reliable   after continuous iterations.
3. According to the passage, people’s worry over the inexplainable models is __________.
A.impracticalB.unjustifiedC.groundlessD.unsettling
4. What would be the best title for the passage?
A.Faster Nonsense: AI Could Also Go Wrong
B.Imperfect Models: How Will AI Make Advances?
C.The Rise of LLMs: AI Could Still Be Promising
D.Bigger Threats: AI Will Be Uncontrollable
2024-04-17更新 | 569次组卷 | 1卷引用:2024届北京市丰台区等5区高三下学期一模英语试题
书信写作-建议信 | 困难(0.15) |
2 . 假设你是红星中学高三学生李华。你的英国好友Jim计划明年来北京上大学学习中文,特发来邮件询问你的建议。请你用英文给他回复,内容包括:
1. 表示欢迎;
2. 推荐他上哪所大学;
3. 建议他做哪些准备工作。
注意:1. 词数100 词左右;
2. 开头和结尾已给出,不计入总词数。
Dear Jim,
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Yours,

Li Hua

2024-04-17更新 | 145次组卷 | 1卷引用:2024届北京市房山区高三下学期一模英语试题
阅读理解-阅读单选(约500词) | 困难(0.15) |
名校
文章大意:这是一篇议论文。这篇文章主要讲心理学教授BrianNosek提出“假定自己是错的”这一建议用于追求更好的科学,文章围绕该建议展开,论述其背景、面临的挑战及担忧,作者虽对这一假说存疑,但喜欢该建议,希望借助科学社区和方法工具,共同减少错误。

3 . “Assume you are wrong.” The advice came from Brian Nosek, a psychology professor, who was offering a strategy for pursuing better science.

To understand the context for Nosek’s advice, we need to take a step back to the nature of science itself. You see despite what many of us learned in elementary school, there is no single scientific method. Just as scientific theories become elaborated and change, so do scientific methods.

But methodological reform hasn’t come without some fretting and friction. Nasty things have been said by and about methodological reformers. Few people like having the value of their life’s work called into question. On the other side, few people are good at voicing criticisms in kind and constructive ways. So, part of the challenge is figuring out how to bake critical self-reflection into the culture of science itself, so it unfolds as a welcome and integrated part of the process, and not an embarrassing sideshow.

What Nosek recommended was a strategy for changing the way we offer and respond to critique. Assuming you are right might be a motivating force, sustaining the enormous effort that conducting scientific work requires. But it also makes it easy to interpret criticisms as personal attacks. Beginning, instead, from the assumption you are wrong, a criticism is easier to interpret as a constructive suggestion for how to be less wrong — a goal that your critic presumably shares.

One worry about this approach is that it could be demoralizing for scientists. Striving to be less wrong might be a less effective motivation than the promise of being right. Another concern is that a strategy that works well within science could backfire when it comes to communicating science with the public. Without an appreciation for how science works, it’s easy to take uncertainty or disagreements as marks against science, when in fact they reflect some of the very features of science that make it our best approach to reaching reliable conclusions about the world. Science is reliable because it responds to evidence: as the quantity and quality of our evidence improves, our theories can and should change, too.

Despite these worries, I like Nosek’s suggestion because it builds in cognitive humility along with a sense that we can do better. It also builds in a sense of community — we’re all in the same boat when it comes to falling short of getting things right.

Unfortunately, this still leaves us with an untested hypothesis (假说): that assuming one is wrong can change community norms for the better, and ultimately support better science and even, perhaps, better decisions in life. I don’t know if that’s true. In fact, I should probably assume that it’s wrong. But with the benefit of the scientific community and our best methodological tools, I hope we can get it less wrong, together.

1. What can we learn from Paragraph 3?
A.Reformers tend to devalue researchers’ work.
B.Scientists are unwilling to express kind criticisms.
C.People hold wrong assumptions about the culture of science.
D.The scientific community should practice critical self-reflection.
2. The strategy of “assuming you are wrong” may contribute to ______.
A.the enormous efforts of scientists at workB.the reliability of potential research results
C.the public’s passion for scientific findingsD.the improvement in the quality of evidence
3. The underlined word “demoralizing” in Paragraph 5 means ______.
A.discouragingB.ineffectiveC.unfairD.misleading
4. The tone the author uses in talking about the untested hypothesis is ______.
A.doubtful but sincereB.disapproving but soft
C.authoritative and directD.reflective and humorous
阅读理解-七选五(约310词) | 困难(0.15) |
名校
文章大意:本文是一篇议论文。文章讨论了艺术给人们带来的启示和影响。当人们第一次见到一件艺术作品时,我们的经历和感情或许会和它发生链接,从而影响或改变我们的想法,提高思想境界,但是这是如何发生的呢?文章就这个问题进行了讨论。

4 . Art Builds Understanding

Despite the long history of scholarship on experiences of art, researchers have yet to capture and understand the most meaningful aspects of such experiences, including the thoughts and insights we gain when we visit a museum, the sense of encounter after seeing a meaningful work of art, or the changed thinking after experiences with art. These powerful encounters can be inspiring, uplifting, and contribute to well-being and flourishing.

    1     It contributes to facilitating a better understanding of ourselves, the human condition, and moral and spiritual concepts. The question is how that happens — what are the attributes of meaningful experiences of art?

According to the mirror model of art developed by Pablo P. L. Tinio, aesthetic reception corresponds to artistic creation in a mirror-reversed fashion. Artists aim to express ideas and messages about the human condition or the world at large.     2     This results in the build-up of layers of materials — from initial studies and sketches to the final, refined piece. A viewer’s initial interaction with an artwork starts where the artist has left off. Their interaction first involves the processing surface features, such as color, texture, and the finishing touches applied by the artist during the final stages of the creative process.     3    

In addition, art making and art viewing are connected by creative thinking. Research in a lab at Yale University shows that an educational program that uses art appreciation activities builds creative thinking skills. It showed that the more time visitors spent engaging with art and the more they reflected on it, the greater the correspondence with the artists’ intentions and ideas.     4    

Correspondence in feeling and thinking suggests a transfer — between creator and viewer — of ideas, concepts, and emotions contained in the works of art. Art has the potential to communicate across space and time.     5     What it takes for this to happen is active engagement with art in contexts that facilitate this engagement, especially museums.

A.The viewers gain a new perspective on the story.
B.The theory of aesthetic cognitivism describes the value of art.
C.This helps to create connections and insights that otherwise would not happen.
D.To do so, they explore key ideas and continually expand them as they develop their work.
E.After spending more time with the work, the viewer begins to access the ideas of the artist.
F.For example, in one activity, people are asked to view a work of art from different perspectives.
G.Participants were more original in their thinking when compared to those who did not take part in the program.
阅读理解-阅读单选(约430词) | 困难(0.15) |
名校
文章大意:本文是一篇夹叙夹议文。作者通过亲身经历告诉我们,学好一种乐器,练习固然重要,但是对音乐的热爱才是最重要的。

5 . Often people receive a guitar, mandolin, or some other musical instrument as a birthday or Christmas gift. There’s joy everywhere. The giver of the gift knows how much the receiver wants to learn this instrument and the receiver is actually holding it in his hands instead of longing for it through the shop window.

Finding an instructor that fits into a busy work schedule is hard enough, but once you decide on a lesson plan, then you must consider the practice time, how to practice, what to practice — and let’s face it — not all people learn something the same way. So in order to learn a musical instrument, how much practice time is enough and what kind of practice is right for you?

There is no set amount of time that anyone should practice a musical instrument. When I was in programming classes, I could have studied nightly for 5 hours each night. It would have taken me years to learn the art of computer programming. Though I’m attracted by the systematic logic of it, my talent is towards another thing. However, on the other hand, if I spent an hour every couple days with a passionate (充满热情的) hobby like playing the violin, not only would the time fly quickly, I’d also be learning at a much greater speed since the built-in passion is the motivation for advancement.

So as much as it’s important to practice, a step back is to first find the harmonious instrument that fits you as a person as development of your personality. If you’re learning the guitar because it’s cool — obviously that’s the modern-day mindset, however, you might not be actually linking your talent for musical satisfaction with your most creative advantages you have to offer.

It’s been my experience that every person has a certain level of musical talent. My enjoyable challenge has been to assist them in this adventure and actually locate their best abilities as quickly as possible. Then and only then can we match learners with instruments and truly begin a fun and exciting walk down the road of happiness and contentment, where music, ability, personality and soul all meet. Once this piece of the mystery puzzle is in place, I’ve never had to work at motivating a learner to practice.

1. In the author’s opinion, which of the following is the most important when learning a music instrument?
A.The amount of time for practice.B.A scientific learning method.
C.A good music instructor.D.The strong fondness for music.
2. According to the author, a learner should choose to learn a music instrument which ________.
A.is received as a birthday or Christmas gift
B.follows a modern fashion in music training
C.is easy to learn and fits the learner very much
D.contributes to developing the learner’s character
3. What do we know about the author?
A.She writes pop music.B.She’s a music instructor.
C.She advertises for music lesson.D.She’s a music instrument collector.
4. Which of these questions does the passage answer?
A.Does practice make perfect?B.Does talent make a difference?
C.Does a lesson plan really fit you?D.Does hard work make up for lack of talent?
2024-03-06更新 | 404次组卷 | 1卷引用:北京市第一六一中学2023-2024学年高三下学期开学考英语试题
书信写作-告知信 | 困难(0.15) |
6 . 假设你是红星中学高三学生李华。你的英国好友Jim来信询问你毕业后的暑期安排。请你用英文给他写一封电子邮件,谈谈你的打算及原因。
注意:1. 词数100左右;
2. 开头和结尾已给出,不计入总词数。
Dear Jim,
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Yours,

Li Hua

2023-04-28更新 | 213次组卷 | 1卷引用:2023届北京市丰台区高三下学期二模英语试题
书信写作-邀请信 | 困难(0.15) |
7 . 假设你是红星中学的学生李华。你校交换生Jim对中国的非物质文化遗产非常感兴趣,这个周末在国家博物馆将举办一场非遗文化展。请你给Jim写一封电子邮件,邀请他一同前往。邮件内容包括:
1.介绍活动;
2.发出邀请。
注意:1.词数100左右,开头和结尾已经给出,不计入总词数;
2.可以适当增加细节,以使行文连贯。
提示词:国家博物馆 National Museum of China
非物质文化遗产展览 intangible cultural heritage exhibition
Dear Jim,
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Yours,

Li Hua

2023-04-22更新 | 208次组卷 | 1卷引用:2023届北京市通州区一模英语试题
阅读理解-阅读单选(约530词) | 困难(0.15) |
名校
文章大意:这是一篇议论文。文章论述了企业通过破坏环境和伤害人们来获得利益,这是很正常的,但仅仅指责企业是没用的,还需发挥公众的作用和影响力。

8 . The environmental practices of big businesses are shaped by a fundamental fact that offends our sense of justice. A business may maximize the amount of money it makes by damaging the environment and hurting people. When government regulation is effective, and the public is environmentally aware, environmentally clean big businesses may out-compete dirty ones, but the reverse is likely to be true if government regulation is ineffective and the public doesn’t care.

It is easy to blame a business for helping itself by hurting other people. But blaming alone is unlikely to produce change. It ignores the fact that businesses are not charities but profit-making companies, and they are under obligation to maximize profits for shareholders by legal means.

Our blaming of businesses also ignores the ultimate responsibility of the public for creating the conditions that let a business profit through destructive environmental policies. In the long run, it is the public, either directly or through its politicians, that has the power to make such destructive policies unprofitable and illegal, and to make sustainable environmental policies profitable.

The public can do that by accusing businesses of harming them. The public may also make their opinion felt by choosing to buy sustainably harvested products; by preferring their governments to award valuable contracts to businesses with a good environmental track record; and by pressing their governments to pass and enforce laws and regulations requiring good environmental practices.

In turn, big businesses can exert powerful pressure on any suppliers that might ignore public or government pressure. For instance, after the US public became concerned about the spread of a disease, transmitted to humans through infected meat, the US government introduced rules demanding that the meat industry abandon practices associated with the risk of the disease spreading. But the meat packers refused to follow these, claiming that they would be too expensive to obey. However, when a fast-food company made the same demands after customer purchases of its hamburgers dropped, the meat industry followed immediately. The public’s task is therefore to identify which links in the supply chain are sensitive to public pressure.

Some readers may be disappointed or outraged that I place the ultimate responsibility for business practices harming the public on the public itself. I also believe that the public must accept the necessity for higher prices for products to cover the added costs of sound environmental practices. My views may seem to ignore the belief that businesses should act in accordance with moral principles even if this leads to a reduction in their profits. But I think we have to recognize that, throughout human history, government regulation has arisen precisely because it was found that not only did moral principles need to be made explicit, they also needed to be enforced.

My conclusion is not a moralistic one about who is right or wrong, admirable or selfish. I believe that changes in public attitudes are essential for changes in businesses’ environmental practices.

1. The main idea of Paragraph 3 is that environmental damage__________.
A.is the result of ignorance of the public
B.requires political action if it is to be stopped
C.can be prevented by the action of ordinary people
D.can only be stopped by educating business leaders
2. In Paragraph 4, the writer describes ways in which the public can__________.
A.reduce their own individual impact on the environment
B.learn more about the impact of business on the environment
C.raise awareness of the effects of specific environmental disasters
D.influence the environmental policies of businesses and governments
3. What pressure was given by big business in the case of the disease mentioned in Paragraph 5?
A.Meat packers stopped supplying hamburgers to fast-food chains.
B.Meat packers persuaded the government to reduce their expenses.
C.A fast-food company forced their meat suppliers to follow the law.
D.A fast-food company encouraged the government to introduce regulations.
4. What would be the best heading for this passage?
A.Will the world survive the threat caused by big businesses?
B.How can big businesses be encouraged to be less driven by profit?
C.What environmental dangers are caused by the greed of businesses?
D.Are big businesses to blame for the damage they cause to the environment?
书信写作-邀请信 | 困难(0.15) |
名校
9 . 假定你是南山外国语学校学生英语俱乐部的负责人李华,请写一封信,邀请你校外教格林女士就如何提高英语写作能力,为全校英语爱好者作一场报告。要点如下:
1.发出邀请;
2.表明讲座的意义;
3.表达期盼。
注意:
1.写作词数应为80左右;
2.请按如下格式在答题卡的相应位置作答。
Dear Ms. Green,
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Sincerely,

Li Hua

2022-08-14更新 | 614次组卷 | 4卷引用:2022年北京卷书面表达变式题
阅读理解-阅读表达(约440词) | 困难(0.15) |
文章大意:本文是一篇议论文,主要论述的是决心的力量。
10 . 阅读下面短文,根据题目要求用英文回答问题。

The Power of Determination

Your quest for success and happiness begins with right intentions. It culminates (达到顶点) when you reach your chosen goals. What sustains your effort in between is your determination. What carries you towards your goals is your determination. It means the firmness of purpose or intention.

If there is one gift that you can give to yourself in your life to be what you want to be, it is the power of determination. Without it you are a mere passive spectator in the drama of your life. If there is one quality that makes a difference between a winner and a loser or a leader and a follower, it is the power of determination. Without it, you may dream wild dreams, but you will not accomplish much in life. If you have determination, nothing can stop you and deter you from following your course of action to achieve your goals or realize your dreams.

Obstacles may arise and obstruct your progress. They may delay your success, disturb you temporarily, and may even mislead you, but they cannot withstand the power of determination. It is the power that you generate within yourself to remain committed to your path and conviction, and march towards your cherished goals. Before you take up any project or goal, you should know whether you have the determination to stick to your plans and reach your goals. Your determination has to arise from within and derive its reinforcement from your thinking and beliefs rather than circumstances. Only then will you be able to sustain your effort, even when the going gets tough. Determination is your inner strength. Like the hardwood inside a tree, it gives you the power to stand tall and face the winds of turmoil.

With determination, you can crush the mountains of fear and doubts in you. You can find your way through the most difficult situations. Determination does not mean you will be insensitive to the reality of the situation. A determined person is also an adaptable and flexible person. He is not interested in being tough for toughness sake, but to overcome obstacles and reach his goals. Hence, he remains open-minded about possibilities and opportunities, but firm in his commitment and convictions. Discipline and determination go together. If you have them, you become unstoppable.

1. According to the passage, what is determination?
2. What would happen if one does not have determination?
3. Please decide which part is false in the following statement, then underline it and explain why.
With determination, you can crush the mountains of fear and doubts in you, and you will not make changes.
4. How does being determined benefit you? (In about 40 words)
2022-05-24更新 | 153次组卷 | 1卷引用:北京市海淀区2021-2022学年高三下学期5月综合练习英语试题
共计 平均难度:一般