1 . When you ask people to judge others by their speech, a trend emerges: Listeners dislike disfluency. Slow talkers producing loads of ums and pauses(停顿)are generally perceived as less charming. But science tells us there may be even more to disfluency.

Disfluencies do not occur in arbitrary positions in sentences. Ums typically occur right before more difficult or low-frequency words. Imagine you’re having dinner with a friend at a restaurant,and there’re three items on the table: a knife, a glass, and a wine decanter(醒酒器). Your friend turns to you and says, “Could you hand me the...um...” What would you assume they want? Since it’s unlikely that they will hesitate before such common words as knife, and glass, chances are you’ll pick up the decanter and ask, “You mean this?”

This is exactly what we demonstrated through controlled eye-tracking studies in our lab. Apparently, listeners hear the um and predict that an uncommon word is most likely to follow.Such predictions, though, reflect more than just simple association between disfluencies and difficult words; listeners are actively considering from the speaker’s point of view. For example, when hearing a non-native speaker say the same sentence but with a thick foreign accent, listeners don’t show a preference for looking at low-frequency objects. This is probably because listeners assume non-native speakers may have as much trouble coming up with the English word for a common object, like a knife, as for unusual ones and can’t guess their intention.

In another experiment, listeners were presented with an atypical speaker who produced disfluencies before simple words and never before difficult words. Initially, participants displayed the natural predictive strategy: looking at uncommon objects. However, as more time went by, and they gained experience with this atypical distribution of disfluencies, listeners started to demonstrate the contrary predictive behavior: They tended to look at simple objects when hearing the speaker say um.

These findings represent further evidence that the human brain is a prediction machine: We continuously try to predict what will happen next, even though not all disfluencies are created equal.

1. What does the underlined word “arbitrary”mean in paragraph 2?

A．Random.

B．Strategic.

C．Obvious.

D．Consistent

2. What does the author say about the non-native speakers?

A．They can be understood easily.	B．They actively put themselves in others’ shoes
C．Their vocabularies are limited.	D．Their disfluencies are a little less predictive.

3. What does the experiment in paragraph 4 show?

A．Simple things are difficult in some cases.	B．Listeners can adjust predictions accordingly.
C．Distribution of disfluencies is changeable.	D．Disfluencies in communication can be avoided.

4. Which of the following can be the best title for the text?

A．Pauses Coexist with Prediction.	B．Brains Are Powerful Prediction Machines.
C．Active Listeners Simplify Talks.	D．Disfluency Says More Than You Think.

2 . 阅读下面材料，根据其内容和所给段落开头语续写两段，使之构成一篇完整的短文。
注意：
1. 续写词数应为150左右；
2. 请按如下格式在答题卡的相应位置作答。

A couple of days ago, there were many people on the bus. Halfway down the road, the driver suddenly stopped the bus by the side of the road and said, “I’m going to have dinner first. I’m hungry. ” Then he began to eat fried rice noodles while talking on the phone. After a while, many passengers urged (催促) the driver to go ahead, but the driver replied rudely, “Can’t you see I’m enjoying my noodles? I’m so hungry.”

After a few minutes someone wanted to get off the bus, but was refused by the driver. He explained that nobody could get off because it was NOT a bus stop! Standing beside the driver, I watched him have the last of the noodles, thinking that we could finally start now. However, the driver took out another bag of soup!

I began to feel a little angry because I would be late for an important meeting. So I urged the driver to hurry up. However, the driver suggested politely that I should ask for a leave.

When the soup was about to be finished, the driver picked up the phone again, looking in the rear-view mirror (后视镜) from time to time as if he were waiting for someone. At this time all the passengers on the bus began to shout, “We have waited too long. Start right now!” Suddenly, a police car stopped in front of our bus. We all thought that the policemen could help us and we could go at once.

Paragraph 1.

To our surprise, the two policemen got on our bus with handcuffs (手铐).

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Paragraph 2.

Watching the thieves having been caught by the policemen, all the passengers smiled with delight.

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3 . If you order a Burger King Stacker Quad,you'll be served with a hamburger with no trace of any vegetable in it,a fact boasted about in the TV ads that accompanied the launch of the product in the United States.The Stacker Quad may be extraordinary, but it is far from_________.Recent times have seen the launch of products that the industry calls"indulgent offerings"foods marketed specifically on the basis of how much meat and cheese and how few vegetables they _________, it is worth _________how strange these developments would have seemed just two years ago,when the _________ to fast-food was at its height. At that time,the American burger restaurant Wendy's added a fresh-fruit bowl to its menu.However, at the end of last year,the company quietly _________the menu,blaming a lack of demand for such healthy dishes."We listened to consumers who said they wanted to eat fresh fruit,"a spokesman told the New York Times,"but apparently they _________ .

The industry's_________, it seems, had been to listen to the market researchers instead of the food psychologists. People tell researchers what they think they want to hear,or what the respondents want to believe about themselves. But we know,_________ recent psychological research, that people drink more than a third more fruit juice when they pour it into a short, wide glass instead of a narrow,tall one,and that people will eat more of a product if it comes in a bigger package.We know that people will report that 'Black Forest Double-Chocolate Cake' taste better than"Chocolate Cake', even when the cakes themselves are exactly the same. _________, we know that just because people say they want to eat more healthily, it doesn't mean they really do want to.

Denny Marie Post,from Burger King, admits that the fast-food industry vastly __________the appeal of healthier product lines."Healthy eating is more a state of intention than it is of __________ ."she says.There is a very small percentage whose behaviour agrees with their intentions.Andrew Geier,a psychologist at the University of Pennsylvania, recently conducted an experiment in which he placed a large bowl of sweets in the lobby of an apartment building.Eat your __________. Please use the spoon to serve yourself read a sign he placed next to the bowl.He left it there for 10 days in a row,with,on alternative days, either a teaspoon or a large spoon that held a quarter of a cup of sweets.When they were using the __________spoon, people on average took two thirds more sweet. This __________is known as'unit bias'-the way we tend to think that whatever quantity a product is sold in must be appropriate amount to __________.

1.

A．strange

B．true

C．unique

D．simple

2.

A．emphasize

B．ignore

C．contain

D．promote

3.

A．explaining

B．concluding

C．predicting

D．recalling

4.

A．attitude

B．solution

C．resistance

D．availability

5.

A．kept it to

B．put it on

C．made it into

D．took it off

6.

A．lied

B．tried

C．ate

D．stopped

7.

A．promise

B．mistake

C．behaviour

D．greed

8.

A．thanks to

B．in spite of

C．ahead of

D．in addition to

9.

A．Sure enough

B．Above all

C．After all

D．In conclusion

10.

A．overlooked

B．overestimated

C．overcorrected

D．overcame

11.

A．desire

B．craze

C．confusion

D．action

12.

A．share

B．remaining

C．word

D．fill

13.

A．smaller

B．bigger

C．newer

D．older

14.

A．phenomenon

B．consequence

C．procedure

D．concept

15.

A．demand

B．count

C．consume

D．store