In social life, time plays a very important part. In the U.S.A., guests tend to feel that they are not highly regarded if the invitation to a dinner party is sent only three or four days
3 . The start-up that attracted the largest investment in the history of cybersecurity, of more than half a billion dollars, has a simple goal: a passwordless future.
Despite the spread of password management software that can generate and remember complicated strings of random characters, some of the most common passwords are still “12345”, “password” and “iloveyou”. As a result, more than 80 percent of hacks involve these kinds of passwords; and passwords remain the most sought-after data by hackers, above other personal or sensitive information.
In many cases, individuals are tricked into handing over password details by phishing emails and other social engineering techniques. Hackers have sought to break into apps and steal entire password databases as well. Passwords are also under attack from new technology, such as automated programs that can rapidly try to guess them, or can try stolen passwords on multiple online accounts.
Since the need to replace the easily forgotten and highly hackable strings of letters and numbers that we use to access everyday life has become even more urgent, the race to replace the password is under way, with biometric-based (基于生物识别的) security emerging as one of the most sought-after solutions. According to Tieo, a union of more than 250 companies, which promotes a standard system of passwordless authentication (身份验证), the vast majority of consumer services will offer passwordless login systems in the next couple of years. “If done correctly and safely, biometrics are really helping us move to a passwordless future in a rapid manner,” said Andrew Jenkinson, CEO of Tieo.
But there are still risks associated with the use of biometric authentication. Unlike passwords, biometrics cannot be changed. This means such data must be closely guarded for privacy purposes and to prevent spoofing—hackers trying to trick cameras or sensors with photos, or masks of their victim. “Biometric authentication and passwordless authentication has its own attack surface,” said Paul Smith, director of security research at CyberPek. His team revealed that it had found a design problem which would allow potential attackers to bypass facial recognition login by injecting a spoofed photo of a user’s face into the process.
The biggest obstacle standing in the way of the start-ups hoping to kill the password is how to change years of habit. Eric Brown, founder of TAK Cyber, a cyber research and advisory company, argued that while sensitive applications may rapidly shift from passwords, other websites have less motivation to update their systems. “You’ll never get rid of them,” he said. “We’re never going to get to the post-password era.”
1. What is the third paragraph mainly about?| A．Why passwords are the most sought-after data. |
| B．How passwords are stolen by phishing emails. |
| C．How passwords have caused us trouble. |
| D．Why passwords are difficult to secure. |
| A．Facial recognition login is the key to fighting hackers. |
| B．Biometric authentication has its own set of problems. |
| C．TAK Cyber’s login system guarantees the safety of data. |
| D．Spoofing brings more problems than automated programs. |
| A．Indifferent. | B．Passionate. | C．Pessimistic. | D．Objective. |
| A．Biometric authentication: password security solution! |
| B．Start-ups race to welcome a passwordless future |
| C．The argument to end passwords has begun |
| D．Killing the password: a cure or a fantasy? |
4 . Thursday would be huge. But when coach announced the championship game would be a night game on Thursday, Devin's heart
That night, Devin lay in bed, staring at the trophies (奖杯) from races, baseball leagues and free-throw contests which
| A．bled | B．sank | C．hurt | D．beat |
| A．taught | B．allowed | C．chosen | D．ordered |
| A．led | B．won | C．joined | D．formed |
| A．watching | B．playing | C．entering | D．skipping |
| A．lined | B．piled | C．covered | D．decorated |
| A．loudly | B．outside | C．alone | D．proudly |
| A．platform | B．request | C．condition | D．excuse |
| A．louder | B．stronger | C．softer | D．deeper |
| A．appreciated | B．accepted | C．confirmed | D．praised |
| A．tension | B．patience | C．sorrow | D．confidence |
5 . Have you ever bought a new car and started noticing the exact color and model of car everywhere? Has that type of car just become popular in your city? Were they there before? Or are you just going crazy?
You’re not going crazy. The reason you are now just noticing them is what psychologists call “priming”. Basically, the cars were always there. You just didn’t recognize them consciously. However, when that certain model of car becomes part of your conscious thinking, you start “automatically” recognizing all of the other cars that are the same, because you are already “primed” to do so.
The priming effect takes many forms. In one study, students were asked to walk around a room for 5 minutes at a rate of 30 steps per minute, which was about one-third their normal pace. After this brief experience, the participants were much quicker to recognize words related to old age, such as forgetful, old, and lonely. Reciprocal priming effects tend to produce a coherent reaction: if you are primed to think of old age, you would tend to act old, and acting old would reinforce the thought of old age. This research shows that the way we think influences the way we act, and the way we act influences the way we think.
A similar conclusion was reached by the American psychologist William James a century ago, but he emphasized the effect on feeling. “Actions seem to follow feeling, but really actions and feeling go together; and by regulating the action, which is under the more direct control of the will, we can indirectly regulate the feeling, which is not. Thus the path to cheerfulness, should our cheerfulness be lost, is to sit up cheerfully and to act and speak as if cheerfulness were already there.”
So, that’s it. If you want to be happy, just sit up and act happy. Based on these scientific findings, we can adopt certain priming effects to help make ourselves consistently happier.
One thing we have in common is our ability to think, and thus feel. Pleasant thoughts have been proven to produce the chemicals that make us feel happy, particularly thoughts and feelings of gratitude. When we purposefully go through and think about the things we’re grateful for and deliberately feel as much gratitude as we can, we are flooding our mind with the “happy chemicals”. Furthermore, by consciously thinking, feeling and expressing gratitude, we will not only be happier in the moment, we will be “primed” to recognize the things in our life to appreciate. Each time this happens, the “happy chemicals” will be produced. Do this every day and we will become consistently happier. This makes up for the momentary happiness we gain from eating chocolate or buying new clothes. More than that, combining thoughts of gratitude with happy acts like smiling and laughing will have a supplementary positive effect on our state of mind.
1. Which of the following is an example of the priming effect?| A．Walking much faster after attending a lecture about old age. |
| B．Donating money to the poor after seeing pictures of cute cats. |
| C．Learning about various types of cars after purchasing the first car. |
| D．Completing SO_P as SOUP rather than SOAP after seeing the word EAT. |
| A．Related. | B．Two-way. | C．Well-rounded. | D．Opposite. |
| A．Eating or shopping leads to consistent feelings of happiness. |
| B．Our will has greater control over emotions than over actions. |
| C．Happy chemicals make us think about the things we’re grateful for. |
| D．Practicing gratitude frequently prepares us for long-term happiness. |
| A．Prime Yourself to Be Happier |
| B．Share Happiness to Enhance Wellbeing |
| C．Why Gratitude Is Important in Psychology |
| D．How Happy Chemicals Affect People’s Thoughts |
The Southwest Museum
The collections of the Southwest Museum represent Native American cultures from Alaska to South America. The museum contains some of the finest examples of Indian art and artifacts in the Unites States.
EXHIBITIONS
In its permanent exhibitions, the Southwest Museum presents the remarkable cultural diversity of America’s earliest residents. The museum’s four main exhibit halls focus on the native people of the Southwest, California, the Great Plains, and the Northwest Coast. Visitors may survey prehistoric Southwest painted earthenware, and enjoy temporary exhibitions and exhibitions that are moved between museums.
PROGRAMS
Throughout the year the museum offers a wide range of programs including: performances, classes, lectures, festivals, films and demonstrations by noted artists and other educational programs for members and the general public. Guided gallery tours are offered by reservation, for student and adult groups.
MEMBERSHIP
Museum membership provides individuals and families with many chances to participate in the active and exciting Southwest Museum community. The membership benefits include: free admission to the Museum; invitations to exhibition openings and special events; reduced rates on programs and classes; discounts in the Museum Store; calendars of events;members’ newsletter and subscription to the museum’s magazine, Masterkey.
MUSEUM STORE
The museum store offers beautifully made Southwest silver jewelry, Pueblo earthenware, and kachina dolls. It also offers folk art from Mexico and Peru. The store carries a large selection of publications on Native American history, and on several famous Native American and Western artists. Museum members receive a 10% discount on all in-store purchases and a 20% discount on all museum publications.
Museum Hours:
Tuesday——Sunday
11:00 a.m.to 5:00p.m.
Telephone: 213-221-2164
Museum Location:
234 Museum Drive
Los Angeles, CA 90065
1. The collections of the Southwest Museum focus on _______.| A．lifestyles of American residents |
| B．native cultures of the Americas |
| C．diversity of American festivals |
| D．development of American arts |
| A．Interview noted artists. |
| B．Try painting earthenware. |
| C．Appreciate traveling exhibitions. |
| D．Survey modern American folk art. |
| A．Free classes and programs. |
| B．A 10% discount on kachina dolls. |
| C．The priority to reserve guided tours. |
| D．The right to invite friends to exhibition openings. |
7 . The release of ChatGPT has caused more than a little worry about its ability to produce credible pieces of writing. “The College Essay Is Dead, ” some people declared. That’s unlikely. There are obvious workarounds. For example, students wouldn’t benefit from ChatGPT if they were required to write out essays by hand.
A return to handwritten essays could benefit students in a way. For instance, neuroscience research has revealed that the act of handwriting is very different from punching letters on a keyboard. Handwriting requires precise motor skills that stimulate greater activity in a broader group of brain regions when compared with typing and engage the brain in ways that researchers have linked to learning and memory improvements. Handwriting forces those areas responsible for memory and learning to communicate with each other, which helps form networks that facilitate the recall and acquisition of new information.
Much of the research has focused on children or younger students. But there’s evidence that, even for older students and adults, completing assignments in longhand is a more cognitively (认知地) involved process, leading to better processing of ideas and more original work. Meanwhile, research on foreign-language learners has found that handwriting is associated with improvements in some measure of accuracy and comprehension. Handwriting requires you to put a filter on what you’re producing in a way that typing doesn’t. When you’re writing by hand, you need to know what you want to say before you begin. If you don’t, you’ll have to cross things out or start over. Typing on a computer requires far less forethought. It is less challenging for the brain-and challenging the brain is central to education itself.
A return to handwritten essays wouldn’t be easy on teachers, who might have to reduce the length of assignments or allocate (分配) extra class time for completion. They’d also have the burden of reading text that wasn’t neatly turned out by a word processor. But some might find all that preferable to being constantly suspicious (猜疑的) that they’re being outsmarted by a computer program.
When health issues forced the German philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche to abandon his pen in favor of a typewriter, a change occurred in his writing style, which one scholar later described as a departure from “sustained argument and prolonged reflection” to a “telegram style. ” Our writing tools work on our thoughts. Ensuring that today’s students have more than one writing tool might pay off in ways experts are only beginning to grasp. ChatGPT and other AI-powered technologies will win only if we agree to play on their home territory.
1. How can handwriting benefit students?| A．It enhances brain engagement. |
| B．It guarantees accurate comprehension. |
| C．It creates networks for communication. |
| D．It facilitates the assessment of information. |
| A．Carefully screen. | B．Passively accept. |
| C．Objectively assess. | D．Gradually discover. |
| A．The risk of weakened concentration. |
| B．The fear of being outsmarted by AI. |
| C．The trouble of marking untidy work. |
| D．The content of handwritten essays. |
| A．College education will be reformed by ChatGPT |
| B．Handwriting will replace typing due to ChatGPT |
| C．Handwritten essays can help teachers defeat ChatGPT |
| D．College teachers return to longhand to battle ChatGPT |
Gratitude is more than just saying “thank you”. Gratitude is a deeper appreciation for someone or something. Expressing gratitude makes us feel a positive emotion. Over the past thirty years, there
9 . In parts of Africa, people communicate with a wild bird — the greater honeyguide-in order to locate bee habitats and harvest their stores of honey. It’s a rare example of cooperation between humans and wild animals, and a potential instance of cultural coevolution (共同进化). Brian Wood from UCLA and Claire Spottiswoode from University of Cape Town were lead authors on a study showing how this valuable partnership is maintained and varies across cultures.
“Our study demonstrates the bird’s ability to learn distinct voiced signals that are traditionally used by different honey-hunting communities, expanding possibilities for mutually beneficial cooperation with people,” Wood said. “Honeyguides seem to know the landscape well, gathering knowledge about the location of bee nests, which they then share with people,” Spottiswoode said. “People are eager for the bird’s help.” The honeyguides also benefit from locating the colonies: They eat the leftover honeycomb.
Spottiswoode and Wood’s study was done in cooperation with the Hadza in Tanzania, with whom Wood has been conducting research since 2004, and the Yao community of northern Mozambique. Their prior work in both communities documented differences in how each culture attracts honeyguides. Among the Hadza, a honey-hunter announces a desire to partner with the bird by whistling. In Mozambique, Yao honey-hunters do so with a “Brr!”... followed by a “...hmm!”
Using mathematical models and audio playback experiments, the team studied these signals, their usefulness to people and their impacts on birds. They experimentally exposed honeyguides in Tanzania and Mozambique to the same set of prerecorded sounds. This enabled the researchers to test whether honeyguides had learned to recognize and prefer the specialized signals that local honey-hunters used or were naturally attracted to all such signals.
The honeyguides in Tanzania were over three times more likely to cooperate when hearing the calls of local Hadza people than the calls of ‘foreign’ Yao. The honeyguides in Mozambique were almost twice as likely to cooperate when hearing the local Yao call, compared to the ‘foreign’ Hadza whistles.
The study proposes that differences in honeyguide-attracting signals are not random, but make practical sense. While honey-hunting, both the Hadza and Yao come across mammals (哺乳动物), but only the Hadza hunt them, using bows and arrows. The Hadza’s hunting might explain the less notable whistles they use. Filmed interviews show Hadza hunters explaining that they can evade being detected by their prey (猎物) because their whistles “sound like birds.” Contrarily, the signal the Yao use to communicate with the honeyguide can help scare off animals they find dangerous.
1. By cooperating with honey-hunting communities, honeyguides can _____.| A．nest near human culture |
| B．locate bee habitats easier |
| C．have access to more food |
| D．become familiar with the landscape |
| A．To study their mathematical models. |
| B．To check if they are a natural preference. |
| C．To investigate their usefulness to humans. |
| D．To see if they increase birds’ ability to find honey. |
| A．The human-bird relationship can change with new signals. |
| B．The Yao community hunts animals while looking for bee nests. |
| C．The honeyguides are more responsive to calls from the local people. |
| D．The signals from the Hadza were more effective in attracting honeyguides. |
| A．How mammals react to different signals. |
| B．How hunting techniques are applied to prey. |
| C．How whistles enable honeyguides to find targets. |
| D．How signals are associated with hunting practice. |
10 . Sometimes in our life we face this problem: loved ones as well as strangers annoying us. At home, we’ve had to put up with children screaming during online meetings, and family members on the computer all the time.
Kindness seems like a distant memory. The ability to live peacefully with annoying housemates or neighbors seems more difficult than ever.
Donald Altman, a psychotherapist from Portland, Oregon, says LKM helps us recognize we are all weak and have been hurt.
So how? To begin with, Altman suggests finding a quiet place to sit. He says to then imagine a favorite family member or friend sending you the words, “May you be well, happy and at peace.” After a few minutes, direct the words at yourself, “May I be well, happy and at peace.”
Indeed, we should find our own way toward LKM — but only if we are prepared to access its benefits and extend them to anyone who may need them.
| A．The good news is that it isn’t lost. |
| B．Luckily, we can look to ancient disciplines for guidance. |
| C．At work, we’ve had to face the added pressure these demanding jobs create. |
| D．Then, extend the blessing to other people, in order of decreasing fondness. |
| E．For that reason, we could all benefit from love’s warm and comforting blessing. |
| F．You can combine the words with breathing, repeating a phrase of love for yourself. |
| G．Outside, we’ve encountered drivers speeding on busy roads and passengers talking loudly on the subway. |
