1 . Coinciding with the groundbreaking theory of biological evolution proposed by British naturalist Charles Darwin in the 1860s, British social philosopher Herbert Spencer put forward his own theory of biological and cultural evolution. Spencer argued that all worldly phenomena, including human societies, changed over time, advancing toward perfection.    1    .

American social scientist Lewis Henry Morgan introduced another theory of cultural evolution in the late 1800s. Morgan, along with Taylor, was one of the founders of modern anthropology. In his work, he attempted to show how all aspects of culture changed together in the evolution of societies.    2    .

In the early 1900s in North America, German-born American anthropologist Franz Boas developed a new theory of culture known as historical particularism. Historical particularism, which emphasized the uniqueness of all cultures, gave new direction to anthropology.     3    .

Boas felt that the culture of any society must be understood as the result of a unique history and not as one of many cultures belonging to a broader evolutionary stage or type of culture.     4    .

Historical particularism became a dominant approach to the study of culture in American anthropology, largely through the influence of many students of Boas. But a number of anthropologists in the early 1900s also rejected the particularist theory of culture in favor of diffusionism. Some attributed virtually every important cultural achievement to the inventions of a few, especially gifted peoples that, according to diffusionists, then spread to other cultures.     5    .

A．Other anthropologists believed that cultural innovations, such as inventions, had a single origin and passed from society to society. This theory was known as diffusionism.

B．In order to study particular cultures as completely as possible, Boas became skilled in linguistics, the study of languages, and in physical anthropology, the study of human biology and anatomy.

C．He argued that human evolution was characterized by a struggle he called the “survival of the fittest,” in which weaker races and societies must eventually be replaced by stronger, more advanced races and societies.

D．They also focused on important rituals that appeared to preserve a people’s social structure, such as initiation ceremonies that formally signify children’s entrance into adulthood.

E．Thus, in his view, diverse aspects of culture, such as the structure of families, forms of marriage, categories of kinship, ownership of property, forms of government, technology, and systems of food production, all changed as societies evolved.

F．Supporters of the theory viewed as a collection of integrated parts that work together to keep a society functioning.

G．For example, British anthropologists Grafton Elliot Smith and W. J. Perry incorrectly suggested, on the basis of inadequate information, that farming, pottery making, and metallurgy all originated in ancient Egypt and diffused throughout the world.

2 . Everyone has a moment in history, which belongs particularly to him. It is the moment when his emotions achieve their most powerful sway over him, and afterward when you say to this person “the world today” or “life” or “reality” he will assume that you mean this moment, even if it is fifty years past. The world, through his unleashed emotions, imprinted itself upon him, and he carries the stamp of that passing moment forever.

For me, this moment — four years in a moment in history — was the war. The war was and is reality for me. I still instinctively live and think in its atmosphere. These are some of its characteristics: Franklin Delano Roosevelt is the president of the United States, and he always has been. The other two eternal world leaders are Winston Churchill and Joseph Stalin. America is not, never has been, and never will be what the song and poems call it, a land of plenty. Nylon, meat, gasoline, and steel are rare. There are too many jobs and not enough workers. Money is very easy to earn but rather hard to spend, because there isn’t very much to buy. Trains are always late and always crowded with “service men”. The war will always be fought very far from America, and it will never end. Nothing in America stands still for very long, including the people who are always either leaving or on leave. People in America cry often. Sixteen is the key and crucial and natural age for a human being to be, and people of all other ages are ranged in an orderly manner ahead of and behind you as a harmonious setting for the sixteen-year-olds of the world.

When you are sixteen, adults are slightly impressed and almost intimidated by you. This is a puzzle finally solved by the realization that they foresee your military future: fighting for them. You do not foresee it. To waste anything in America is immoral. String and tinfoil are treasures. Newspapers are always crowed with strange maps and names of towns, and every few months the earth seems to lurch (突然倾斜) from its path when you see something in the newspapers, such as the time Mussolini, who almost seemed one of the eternal leaders, is photographed hanging upside down on a meat hook.

1. Which statement best depicts the main idea of the first paragraph?

A．Reality is what you make of it.	B．Time is like a river.
C．Emotions are powerful.	D．Every person has a special moment.

2. Why does the author still clearly remember the war?

A．Franklin Delano Roosevelt was President.

B．It was his personal reality and part of his life.

C．There was not much to buy.

D．The war would never end.

3. Which statement best describes the author’s feelings about the war?

A．It was ever real for him, yet he was not actively involved.

B．It was real for him because he was a soldier at that time.

C．It was very unreal to him.

D．The war was very disruptive to the people at home.

4. Why does the author think that adults are impressed with sixteen-year-olds?

A．Adults would like to be young.

B．Sixteen-year-olds do not waste things.

C．Sixteen-year-olds read newspapers.

D．They will be fighting soon for adults.

3 . One of the interesting things about languages is the way they change over time. In English, everything from spelling to vocabulary has _____________ major changes over the years. In fact, to a modern speaker, the English of 1000 years ago looks like a _____________ language!

The history of English dates back around 1500 years. At that time, groups of Europeans _____________ England, bringing their language with them. It developed into old English. Later in 1066, English was invaded by the Normans from France. The language went through an important shift leading to what we now call Middle English. Over the next 500 years, the language underwent _____________ shifts, leading to modern English. As the language has developed over time, many things about it have changed.

___________ is one of the most obvious areas. For example, in old English, people say “hus” and “mus”. Now, we say “house” and “mouse”. These days there are many differences in the way English is pronounced in the U.S., India and elsewhere. When people live in groups separated by great distances, the _____________ of change can be fast.

Vocabulary changes happen even more quickly. English has grown by borrowing words from languages such as French, Greek and _____________, _____________. This often happens with types of _____________, for example, “tofu”. Then there is slang which enters and ____________ the language every year! Thirty years ago, one often heard people saying “groovy”, meaning great. These days you rarely hear the word ______________ on old TV shows or movies.

Because English is spoken by so many people worldwide, it really is an exciting time for the language. Just as American and British versions are always changing, so are versions ______________ in Canada, ____________in Asia and elsewhere. At the same time, an entirely new version of English is appearing on the Internet with whole new ______________ and writing styles. In a way, learning English is a never-ending process, even for native speakers! Language is as much a part of the earth as ____________ its soil and water of its lakes, rivers and oceans.

1.

A．gone over

B．gone through

C．gone into

D．gone for

2.

A．other

B．unfamiliar

C．strange

D．foreign

3.

A．invaded

B．seized

C．took over

D．captured

4.

A．few

B．some

C．further

D．more

5.

A．Pronunciation

B．Grammar

C．Speaking

D．Present

6.

A．speed

B．pace

C．velocity

D．way

7.

A．Russian

B．Vietnamese

C．Latin

D．Korean

8.

A．to name a few

B．not at all

C．in all

D．after all

9.

A．vegetable

B．fruit

C．meat

D．food

10.

A．appears

B．leaves

C．escapes

D．quits

11.

A．except

B．merely

C．besides

D．already

12.

A．used

B．written

C．spoken

D．seen

13.

A．Nigeria

B．Singapore

C．Rome

D．Jamaica

14.

A．slang

B．jargon

C．image

D．vernacular

15.

A．are

B．is

C．do

D．has

4 . 阅读下而材料，根据其内容和所给段落开头语续写两段，使之构成一篇完整的短文。
A Hearty Welcome

Chase counted his new year gifts one more time as he put a robot-shaped eraser into each envelope. “Twenty, twenty-one, twenty-two.”

“Do you have one for everyone in your class?” Mom asked.

“Yep!” Chase said. “I’m ready for the party tomorrow!”

When Chase got to school the next day, he saw a new girl in his classroom. She stood near Ms. Robins and looked around shyly.

“This is Eva,” said Ms. Robins. “Will someone volunteer to show her around today? “Chase raised his hand since he liked showing the new kids around and helping them feel welcome.

“Thanks, Chase, “Ms. Robins said. “Now let’s get down to our work.”

That’s when Chase realized he didn’t have a new year gift for Eva. No one else would have one either. Chase pictured his classmates’ desks covered with gifts while Eva’s desk was empty. He felt sad about that.

At a break, he was careful not to mention the party as he showed Eva around the playground. At lunchtime, he walked Eva to the lunchroom, still worried about what would happen at the party. Eva had brought a packed lunch. so Chase showed her where she was supposed to sit and introduced her to some of the kids at her table.

While eating, Chase suddenly remembered that kids often included candy hearts with the new year gifts they exchanged. This won’t be a New Year’s Day for Eva with no gifts. But as he sat down at his table, an idea flooded into his head. He whispered it to the kids around him. Soon everyone at the table was nodding and whispering.

When they were back in the classroom after lunch, Chase told Ms. Robins about their plan. Ms. Robins smiled. “That’s very thoughtful, “she said. “Let’s go for it.”

It was math time, so Chase invited Eva to study with him. He made sure Eva sat with her back to the room so she wouldn’t notice.

1. 续写词数应为150左右：
2. 请按如下格式在答题卡的相应位登作答。

Meanwhile, her new classmates were busying working on something.

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

“Here’s your new year gift, Eva. It’s from everyone,” said Chase.

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

5 . When I was young, I _____________ (宁愿待在家里) on weekends rather than go outside, but now I usually go out and   _____________ (志愿帮助) those in need. (根据汉语提示完成句子)

6 . 阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。

The Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region,     1     (surround) by advancing deserts on three sides, is one of the major sources of sandstorms which threaten northern China. The region lacks water resources     2     faces extreme weather events. If no actions     3     (take), the region will face the threat of being buried by sand as no     4     (defend) can stop the advancing deserts and repetitive strong sandstorms.

More than four decades of efforts against desertification in Ningxia have helped develop crucial experience. Growing different trees based on different habitats is     5     (critic) to maintaining the forests’ quality and sustainability. In Shapotou District, Zhongwei City, wild shrubs (灌木) are planted because of the     6     (extreme) low groundwater. Shrubs help lower the wind speed, preventing the transportation     7     sands to neighboring areas. At the same time, the organisms     8     (live) on the shrubs gradually form biological soil coats to hold the sand firmly.

By the end of 2020, Ningxia     9     (grow) 510,000 hectares of forest, increasing forest coverage from 8.4 percent in 2000 to 15.8 percent. During     10     “14th Five-Year Plan” period, Ningxia plans to create 96,000 hectares of forest and restore over 66,000 hectares of grassland.

7 . We're willing to bet you know at least one kid who loves Peppa Pig. The British TV show has been attracting youthful audiences around the world for almost two decades and has even created a generation of American kids with fake British accents. Well, all those millions of young Peppa fans will soon have their own theme park in the United States that they can visit with their parents. Moving over Disney World, Peppa Pig is headed to Florida.

The new theme park is slated to open in Orlando, Florida in 2022 and will feature rides, attractions, a water play area and live shows all popular with preschool-age children and their families. Kids will have the opportunity to meet Peppa, George, Mummy Pig, Daddy Pig and the rest of the animal group as they explore the adorable world that looks like it's been dropped right out of TV and into central Florida.

Peppa fans will love rides such as Grandad Dog's Pirate Boat Ride, where the little piggies can hop aboard and set sail for Pirate Island, and Peppa Pig's Balloon Ride, where they get to fly high above the park in one of Miss Rabbit's hot air balloons. Other rides feature characters like Grampy Rabbit and Mr. Bull.

The park will also feature two play zones: A splash pad where kids can mimic (模仿) jumping in muddy puddles filled with fountains, slides and interactive water features perfect for hot Florida summers and Pirate Island where everyone in the family can look for buried treasure or build sand castles with Danny Dog. Are you looking for something adults will love too? Check out the classic boardwalk with free arcade games. When it's time for a break, head to the cinema, where kids can watch their favorite episodes of Peppa Pig in a cool dark theatre.

Yearly passes are already available for the new park for $75. The opening day is still to be announced, but we're guessing there are enough Peppa Pig episodes to keep you and the kids occupied until next year.

1. What can we learn about Peppa Pig from paragraph 1?

A．It has a negative effect on kids.	B．It enjoys great popularity.
C．It deserves to be adored by kids.	D．It appeals to no Americans.

2. Which of the following is closet in meaning to "slated" in paragraph 2?

A．Prohibited.

B．Pressed.

C．Planned.

D．Permitted.

3. What is the author's writing purpose?

A．To introduce us to the vivid characters involved in Peppa Pig.

B．To evaluate whether such a theme park will possibly be a hit.

C．To convince us of the endless entertainment the park can offer.

D．To inform us of a Peppa Pig theme park to be opened in Florida.

8 . Having to deal with a rejection can be extremely difficult. But something that many people find even more difficult is to be the one who has to reject. Sometimes we accept out of politeness, in other cases because we simply don’t know in what possible way to say no.     1     So why not learn how to politely decline a request and save a lot of time and nerves? It’s time to stop being everybody’s darling!

Saying “no” in a proper way is quite difficult.     2     So, whenever a person makes a demand on us, we will have to decide either to accept or reject it based on whether we like it, feel comfortable with it or not. If you like it you accept it.     3    

But due to the fact that we are no robots, it is not easy for us to make a decision based on whether we just like something or not.     4     In many cases, social factors affect our willingness to say “no”, whenever we fear to hurt the other person’s feelings.

Anytime you say “yes” when you know that you should have said “no”, no matter whether you rationalize (使合理化) it as a sign of friendship or kindness, in the end, it doesn’t change the fact that you have agreed to do something you absolutely do not want to do. That’s just because you don’t want to give others a reason to think negatively of you or believe that they will quit the friendship when you’re not doing everything they demand.     5     And no true friend will quit the friendship with you, just because you aren’t willing to do a favor in a given situation.

A．If you don’t like it you just say “no” and reject it.

B．You can finally live the life the way you want it to.

C．As a result, we always end up with amounts of extra work.

D．It might help to see the situation just as emotionless as a robot.

E．Would you clearly express that you will not be able to do the extra work?

F．There will always be other factors that highly influence our decision-making process.

G．But actually a real friend will try to get his life straight without taking advantage of you.

9 . Every day on her walk to school, Khloe Thompson, 9, always came across the same homeless people and couldn’t help but feel troubled. She _________ asking her mom again and again why or how they were there, and at the end of the _________ she always wondered, “What can I do to help?” Seeing these people _________ in her community touched her deeply, which is what finally _________ Khloe to create her own non-profit organization to _________ the lives of local homeless people.

“No dream is too small or too big!” Khloe _________ on her GoFundMe page, which was set up by Khloe and her mom Alisha and has _________ $14,000 in the two months since it was _________. “Any _________ raised on this page will go toward our organization filing fees and any future __________ projects. The more we raise, the more voluntary activities we can organize, and the more people we can help!”

The __________, called Khloe Kares, plans different projects to lend a hand to those __________ in the community. And Khloe’s first __________ was Kare Bags, which are intended to help the homeless. With the help of her great-grandmother, Khloe prepares __________ and fills them with __________ toiletries (洗漱用品), like toothpaste, soap, and shampoo.

“I like to __________ them a nice bag,” says Khloe, “Sometimes they give me __________ or kisses, sometimes they say ‘God bless you’ and then they say thank you.”

For Khloe, Kare Bags are just the __________. Now she is planning a toy drive for kids living in group homes. In her heart, Khloe __________ to make the toy drive a yearly tradition. “Khloe understands that other kids may not have the same __________ as her,” says her website, “so she wants to give back.”

1.

A．kept

B．imagined

C．remembered

D．preferred

2.

A．day

B．semester

C．argument

D．conversation

3.

A．protesting

B．struggling

C．living

D．working

4.

A．led

B．allowed

C．forced

D．reminded

5.

A．arrange

B．track

C．improve

D．appreciate

6.

A．introduces

B．discusses

C．writes

D．learns

7.

A．earned

B．donated

C．collected

D．saved

8.

A．restarted

B．established

C．promoted

D．discovered

9.

A．funds

B．questions

C．issues

D．expectations

10.

A．volunteer

B．school

C．research

D．culture

11.

A．community

B．founder

C．committee

D．organization

12.

A．in danger

B．in need

C．with disability

D．with responsibility

13.

A．chance

B．test

C．project

D．performance

14.

A．bags

B．boxes

C．cases

D．basins

15.

A．unique

B．necessary

C．clean

D．popular

16.

A．award

B．return

C．show

D．give

17.

A．wishes

B．suggestions

C．greetings

D．hugs

18.

A．result

B．reason

C．beginning

D．experiment

19.

A．manages

B．hopes

C．attempts

D．continues

20.

A．advantages

B．strengths

C．dreams

D．homes

10 . My son, Ben, died at the age of 23. As I ______ the loss of him, I found peace on the mountain peaks of New Hampshire, where he spent his childhood. ______ was my way to hide from the pain of loss. Every step,path and peak gave me the ______ to recover.

About a month after his death, I hiked Carter Dome and Mount Hight with ______. Standing at the top, I ______ the mountains that my son loved. For a moment the blow of his death to me ______ and I could breathe.

The following weekends I ______ Mount Moosilauke, Mount Cannon, then Mount Flume, Mount Liberty and so on. While hiking the mountains, I ______ lots of difficulties — navigating (导航) mountain roads at night, camping on the slopes and planning routes. Mount Cannon ______ the exciting change in my life: I was no longer ______ of walking alone. Instead of feeling my beating heart and anxiety inside, I began to ______ the snow-covered trees and the beautiful blue color of the sky.

Ben's death has led me to more outdoor ______ than ever before. I've gone from taking occasional weekend trips to ______ going hiking in the country for a few days. If Ben lived, I would have done these things with him. I am really ______.

These days I hike to ______, not to hide. I find Ben, and I also find myself: I'm turning into someone ______ and ready to face more challenges in life. The sorrow of forced ______ becomes the silence of the path; the peace of nature ______ the pain of loss. Hiking is exhausting but fun, and it teaches me that sorrow and ______ can live together. I find ______ along the way.

1.

A．figured out

B．struggled with

C．set aside

D．gave away

2.

A．Crying

B．Running

C．Walking

D．Chatting

3.

A．power

B．right

C．chance

D．reason

4.

A．pride

B．sadness

C．fear

D．respect

5.

A．described

B．explored

C．cleared

D．overlooked

6.

A．fell

B．spread

C．faded

D．abandoned

7.

A．protected

B．conquered

C．missed

D．advocated

8.

A．got over

B．got down

C．got out

D．got off

9.

A．witnessed

B．demanded

C．explained

D．accepted

10.

A．fond

B．conscious

C．frightened

D．ashamed

11.

A．draw

B．believe

C．understand

D．notice

12.

A．education

B．performance

C．experience

D．research

13.

A．regularly

B．eventually

C．temporarily

D．permanently

14.

A．surprised

B．content

C．curious

D．regretful

15.

A．relax

B．seek

C．survive

D．help

16.

A．wiser

B．freer

C．healthier

D．braver

17.

A．separation

B．consumption

C．arrangement

D．retirement

18.

A．reflects

B．represents

C．resembles

D．replaces

19.

A．future

B．luck

C．joy

D．sympathy

20.

A．adventure

B．comfort

C．excitement

D．friendship