1 . 刚到学校我就发现把化学书忘家里了。(Hardly…)(汉译英)

2 . Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point (s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.

Is Leather Good or Not?

For thousands of years, humans have used leather to make everything from clothing to furniture to footwear. The skin of animals is a material that is strong, hard-wearing and flexible. These qualities make leather a popular material for many different products, but more people are becoming concerned about the potential harm caused by items they buy. Should we respect ancient traditions or is having real leather not as important as it used to be?

The treatment of animals raised for their skins is a massive issue. According to the Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO), more than 2.29 billion cows, pigs and goats are killed each year for their hides. This does not include the animal skin of fancier leather products, such as sheep, crocodiles, kangaroos and lizards.

There’s also an environmental problem. Producing leather is a very polluting process, because it requires treating the skins with chemicals. During the procedure, called tanning, chemicals change the fibres (纤维) inside the leather, making it tougher. A tanning facility uses more than 60,000 litres of water for every tonne of leather produced. It uses huge amounts of poisonous chemicals, including substances containing heavy metals such as chromium, which when washed out ends up in nearby soil and drinking water that people use.

However, the making of leather is not entirely negative. Selling animal skin is a key source of income for remote populations such as the Inuit people in Canada. Every day, cows, pigs and goats are killed for their meat to be sold in supermarkets. It’s respectful not to waste anything, and without leather their skins would have to be buried or burned.

Although there are alternatives to leather, some of these fabrics are only 85% to 90% biodegradable (可生物降解的). Vegan leather can be made from plastics which take years to biodegrade, so it’s actually worse for the planet.

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3 . Building good transportation is a good idea. To have environmental value, new transportation has to sufficiently replace or eliminate driving to cut energy consumption overall. That means that a new traffic system has to be supported by reduction in car use. Traffic lanes should be eliminated or converted into bike or bus lanes. Ideally, these should be combined with higher fuel taxes, and parking fees. Needless to say, I have to struggle to make myself extensively understood. But they’re necessary, because you can’t make people drive less, in the long run, by taking steps that make driving more pleasant, economical, and productive.

Lengthy commuting (通勤) time is a forceful factor which can slow the growth of suburbs. The farther people live away from cities, the longer commuting time they need, which means more pollution their cars produce. If, in a misguided effort to do something of environmental value, governments take steps that make long-distance car commuting faster or more convenient—by adding lanes, building bypass, employing traffic-control measures that make it possible for existing roads to accommodate more cars with fewer delays—we are actually encouraging people to live still farther from their jobs, stores, and schools. As a result, governments are forced to further extend road networks, water lines, and other facilities. If you cut commuting time by 10 percent, people who now drive fifty miles each way to work can find reason to move five miles farther out, because their travel time won’t change.

Traffic congestion (拥堵) isn’t an environmental problem; traffic is. Relieving congestion without doing anything to reduce the total volume of cars can only make the real problem worse. Highway engineers have known for a long time that building new car lanes only temporarily reduces congestion, because the new lanes add additional driving. Widening roads makes traffic move faster in the short term, but the improved conditions eventually attract additional drivers, and congestion reappears. With more car on the roads, people think about widening roads again. Moving drivers out of cars and into other forms of transportation can have the same effect, if existing traffic lanes are kept in service: road space stimulates road use.

One of the arguments that cities inevitably make in promoting transportation plans is that the new system, by relieving automobile congestion, will improve the lives of those who continue to drive. No one ever promotes a transportation system by arguing that it would make travelling less convenient—even though, from an environmental perspective, inconvenient travel is a worthy goal.

1. In the first paragraph, the author gives us the hint that his recommendations are ______.

A．not widely supported	B．costly to carry out
C．generally recognized	D．temporarily beneficial

2. According to the passage, what will happen if commuting time for drivers is reduced?

A．Drivers will become more productive employees.

B．Mass transportation will be extended farther into suburban areas.

C．Drivers will be more willing to live farther from their working place.

D．Mass transportation will carry fewer passengers and receive less government funding.

3. Which of the following can be inferred about the author’s attitude towards the measures to improve traffic?

A．They are environmentally beneficial and should be carried out immediately.

B．They are well intentioned but ultimately lead to environmental harm.

C．They will definitely arouse people’s awareness of environmental protection.

D．They will only work if they can make driving more economical and productive.

4. The author wrote this massage mainly to ______.

A．support the claim that efforts to reduce traffic actually increase traffic.

B．oppose the belief that improving mass transportation systems is good for the environment.

C．provide a balance between suburban expansion and traffic congestion.

D．indicate that making driving less agreeable is a way to reduce negative effects of traffic.

4 .

ALCS NEWS Autumn 2021 Mavis Cheek (born 1948) is an English novelist, author of 15 novels. Mavis Cheek in conversation about her writing life Q: What initially inspired you to become a writer? A: Being unqualified to do any other job was a great help – or rather spur (激励). If I’d been able to be a secretary or a typist, for example, then economics might well have overtaken me in the years I spent improving my craft and trying to get published. Of course, the great inspiration was having my daughter and wanting to be at home with the baby while using my brain. Q: What’s been your most exciting book and why? A: My latest Amenable Women, from the point of view of all the research I had to do – which I hugely enjoyed, by the way. The most exciting book to have published was my first (Pause Between Acts, 1988), which had absolutely wonderful reviews everywhere (except the New York Times – and I didn’t mind that at all – just to be in the NYT was thrilling). It gave me extreme excitement, when the first of those came out. Q: You once said that “any writer with a mortgage (贷款) never gets writer’s block”. Do your views differ now you have had 12 commercially successful books? If so, why? A: I still think that one of the best (and worst) spurs to writing and for continuing to write is a requirement to earn a living. The road to publication is littered with the corpses (尸体) of would-be authors who can’t make it to the second or third book. I’ve just recently been sent a new novel by a really good author who were less successful for years and I am sure it was largely due to her having a private income. Believe me, if I didn’t have a mortgage in the bank, I’d be lying on Greek beach right now, not struggling to make sense of yet another novel. Q: The more successful you become, do you find it harder to come up with concepts for a new novel? A: It’s harder to believe you are getting better at the job, though obviously that’s what I and most writers want. Basically, we compete with ourselves while trying to continue pleasing our audience. Finding new ways of pleasing the readers one more time gets harder— at least for me. I always have to start with an idea that’s suddenly entered my head, and which won’t go away. Currently I’m suffered by thoughts of truth and how hard it is to maintain in an ordinary life.

1. What encouraged Mavis Cheek to become a writer?

A．The expectation of the worthy financial rewards.

B．The desire to combine the role of a mother and a career.

C．The established idea of gaining reputation of a famous writer.

D．The wish of encouraging people through the power of literature.

2. Overall, Mavis Cheek describes the writing profession as ______.

A．motivating but struggling	B．respectable but impersonal
C．stressful and unfulfilling	D．exciting and financially rewarding

3. According to the passage, which of the following is true?

A．Mavis Cheek had earned a lot before she became a writer.

B．The income from writing has removed Mavis Cheek’s material worries.

C．Mavis Cheek’s career once almost came to an end due to unfavorable comments.

D．Successful as she is, Mavis Cheek still feels it hard to satisfy the readers continuously.

5 . Raccoons are arguably the most successful urban carnivore (食肉动物) in North America. They maintain large populations in most U.S. cities and are certainly just as common in Chicago, though actual population estimates are unknown. Almost anyone who has spent time outdoors at night has likely seen one, and they are quite difficult to confuse with anything else — their fat bodies, and mask-like facial markings, make them quite distinctive, and even perhaps charming.

A typical urban raccoon is able to eat virtually anything. Their diet includes earthworms, carrion, plant matter, cat food, and all kind of discarded human food waste. Raccoons are probably the most advanced wildlife which can dive our dustbins. Their paws (爪子) are quite dexterous and enable them to access closed garbage dustbins. Raccoons are also capable climbers and can be found on the top of fences and in trees. While they are typically solitary, they are willing to tolerate crowds of other raccoons if high quality food resources are present. They give birth once and sometimes twice a year in late spring and make use of a wide variety of den (巢穴) sites, including hollow trees, chimneys, etc. Because they make dens in a variety of human structures, raccoons can be a source of human-wildlife conflict, through direct confrontation with humans, property damage caused by their activities, and, perhaps most critically, through the transmission of disease. Leptospirosis, canine distemper, raccoon roundworm, and rabies are the most important zoonotic (人畜共患的) diseases carried by raccoons. Rabies in particular has had a massive effect on raccoon populations and caused a public health attention, to the point where use of vaccine have been attempted in some cities.

In most cases where raccoons are reported by the public, no management action is necessary. Large packs of raccoons, such as those often sighted along the lakeshore path, likely suggest a large artificial food source, such as people deliberately feeding raccoons on unchecked garbage. These large gatherings present a high disease risk and people should be strongly discouraged from feeding raccoons or leaving food outside for them. In cases where there is evidence of disease, individual raccoons will need to be trapped and killed.

1. What do we know about raccoons from the first paragraph?

A．They are unknown in Chicago.	B．They are easily recognized.
C．They tend to attack people at night.	D．They are declining in population.

2. The word “dexterous” (in paragraph two) probably means “______”.

A．skillful

B．mysterious

C．invisible

D．abnormal

3. From the sentence “While they are typically…” (in paragraph two), we know that raccoons prefer to ______.

A．share food	B．be in crowd
C．live separately	D．hide high quality food

4. What do we know from the last paragraph?

A．People are encouraged to feed raccoons.

B．Raccoons are killed as food source for people.

C．Immediate measures are adopted when raccoons are found.

D．Extreme actions may be taken to deal with racoons carrying disease.

6 . Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.

A. objects       B. cease       C. removed       D. substitutions       E. justified F. engaging       G. responsible       H. present       I. companions       J. employ K. exposing

Smart Toys that Spy on Kids

Americans are becoming more and more alert of the ways their personal information is being collected on the Internet. A recent national survey found that 72% of respondents are not sure whether Facebook is using the data it collected on them in a(n)       1     way. And 70% of respondents said they believed their smartphones are being monitored in ways they haven’t agreed to. That doubt is     2    . Concerns about personal privacy are on the rise all the time.

But adult gift-givers may not realize that some children’s toys are collecting personal data, too. Toys with cameras, mobile apps, and requirements to set up online accounts that store data about the toy and its user all     3     privacy concerns.

Toys that     4     Bluetooth connections, for example, could be sensitive to being hacked from outside the home, perhaps     5     the child to inappropriate content or gathering sensitive info. The famous car race Mario Kart Live Home Circuit installs a camera that uploads images of the room in order to create virtual racetrack. But these images of the room’s layout(布局) and the     6     in it could be exposed if the game’s website were ever hacked.

Most toy manufacturers are trying to build in protections. And the Children’s Online Privacy Protection Act provides another layer of defense by requiring parents to be involved in setting up the toy and giving adults the right to have their children’s online data     7    .

The worldwide market for smart toys is expected to reach almost $70 billion in the next five years. These toys can be wonderfully     8     and even educational, such as an interactive globe that speaks to children about a country as they touch it on the map. Action figures, robots, or dolls that talk back and hold conversations can become smart     9    . Yet, in an environment where so much information can be collected through interaction with devices, children     10     to be mere “players” or “consumers”. They become “data subjects” that disclose information or “personal data” about themselves, both consciously and unconsciously.

7 . 听下面一段较长对话，回答以下小题。1.

A．The development of a group project.

B．A difficult project designing a bridge.

C．Lack of knowledge in ancient philosophy.

D．Poor grade on the philosophy course.

2.

A．A 10-page paper and a 10-minute presentation.

B．A 10-page paper and a 20-minute presentation.

C．A 20-page paper and a 10-minute presentation.

D．A 20-page paper and a 20-minute presentation.

3.

A．They don’t take the assignment seriously.

B．They don’t believe in Jennifer.

C．They don’t show interest in philosophy.

D．They prefer to do individual work.

4.

A．He assigned each member different work.

B．He had to depend on himself.

C．He gave up the project at last.

D．He shifted his role to others.

8 . 听下面一段独白，回答以下小题。1.

A．The 18th century architecture.	B．The countryside location.
C．The seating arrangements.	D．The quality of the music.

2.

A．It is a held around the year.	B．It is supported by the government.
C．It mainly focuses on young people.	D．It doesn’t accept private donation.

3.

A．An introduction of a music festival.	B．Ways to donate the music festival.
C．Performances by young musicians.	D．Policy of private sponsorship.

9 . 听下面一段独白，回答以下小题。1.

A．Because of their common interest.	B．Because of their shared skills.
C．Because of their working experiences.	D．Because of their same education.

2.

A．By contacting their relatives.	B．By communicating with them.
C．By doing housework for them.	D．By setting up the volunteer program.

3.

A．It improves elderly people’s health.	B．It collects some data for research.
C．It calls for complex skills.	D．It meets the requirement for graduation.

10 .

A．The woman doesn’t know the man well.

B．The man has had a new hairstyle.

C．The man went to a new hair salon.

D．The new barber can’t figure out what to do.