1 . Why can’t we stop longing for the good old days?
Why are human beings always so nostalgic(怀旧的) for past eras that seemed difficult and dangerous to those who lived through them? One possibility is that we know we survived past dangers, so they seem smaller now.
This kind of nostalgia has neurological roots. Researchers have found that we encode more memories during adolescence and early adulthood than any other period of our lives, and when we think about the past, this is the period we most often return to. Moreover, as we grow more distant from past events, we tend to remember them more positively.
Obviously, some things really were better in the past. But our instinctive nostalgia for the good old days can easily deceive us, with dangerous consequences.
And not all fears about the future are unfounded. New technologies do result in accidents, they disturb traditional cultures and habits, and they destroy old jobs while creating new ones. But the only way to learn how to make the best use of new technologies and reduce risks is by trial and error.
A.The future won’t be perfect, but neither were the good old days. |
B.When a new invention is first made, its inventor has to test it through trial and error. |
C.Longing for the past and fear of the future discourage the experiments and innovations that drive progress. |
D.But we can never be certain we will solve the problems we are facing today. |
E.Psychologists say this kind of feeling is natural and sometimes even useful. |
F.Another reason is that historical nostalgia is often colored by personal nostalgia. |
2 . All Rise
With just over 500 different species of shark classified, and a further two dozen waiting to be formally scientifically named, shark classification is not for the faint-hearted.
Sporting a wide, flattened head that is uniquely shaped like a double-headed hammer, it’s not hard to see how these sharks got their name. The eyes and openings at the end of the nose are located at either end of the “hammer” — or cephalopodic, as it’s technically called.
Though widespread, the scalloped hammerhead, one of the nine species of hammerhead, is most commonly encountered in the Hammerhead Triangle in the eastern Pacific. While it can be relatively easily observed at a number of sites, particularly around seamounts, there are only a few places where it gathers in large numbers.
At locations such as the Hammerhead Triangle, numbers can reach into the hundreds or even, on occasion, thousands. As the sharks tend to assemble relatively close to the water’s surface, this is one ocean spectacle (壮观的景象) for diver.
With its fins highly prized as the key ingredient in shark-fin soup, it’s no surprise that the scalloped hammerhead has experienced a dramatic population decline. Any sharks caught are often subjected to the frankly horrible treatment of ‘finning’, whereby fins are sliced off and the bodies thrown overboard.
However, with hammerheads consistently ranking among the world’s top underwater wildlife attractions, shark tourism now contributes millions towards regional economies, thereby presenting a sustainable alternative to fishing them into extinction.
A.Added to this, the shark is often the victim of fishing bycatch. |
B.The explanation behind the shape of the hammerhead’s head has long been debated. |
C.But there is one group that everyone would immediately recognize the hammerheads. |
D.The scalloped hammerhead can be distinguished by the V-shaped cut at its cephalopodic. |
E.As most predators at the top of the food chain operate as ‘lone wolves’, this is considered highly unusual behaviour. |
F.Doubtless, those enjoying this magnificent spectacle agree that the fins look far better on the sharks than they do floating in a bowl of soup. |
3 . Fear of Missing Out
It’s a common experience: You’re scrolling through a social media page, and you see pictures of friends travelling or going to parties. Suddenly you start to wonder why you’re not doing those things.
Wanting to be in on the fun when exciting things are happening is completely normal. But for some people, it can lead to the constant thought of checking their phones to find out what other people are doing. Even while doing things that are fun or necessary, people can feel like there’s something better going on elsewhere.
It’s also important to be humble and acknowledge your limitations. You cannot be everywhere and do everything that might be interesting or productive, and that’s OK.
It might even be necessary to turn off your phone or log out of social media for a while. Get rid of the constant reminders of everything that’s happening in the world. You can even set particular times in your day to check email and social media.
Finally, focus on the things in front of you. Enjoy them, do them well and let everything else go. When you fully engage with life, you’ll worry less about what you’re not doing.
Don’t let the fear of missing out cause you to miss out on the good things you have in life. Relax, enjoy what you do and let other people enjoy their lives without envying them.
A.This urge to connect can ironically lead them to disconnect from the people they are actually with. |
B.By stepping away for a time, you can help keep other people’s lives in perspective. |
C.Your mood will be easily influenced by others and your life starts to be controlled by the outside world. |
D.Are you missing out on something fun and exciting because you’re locked into everyday life? |
E.It’s important to remember that what people choose to post on social media does not necessarily reflect their life overall. |
F.Rather than focusing on what you lack, try noticing what you have. |
4 . Time, What is it?
If I were to stop you on the street and say,“ Excuse me, what time is it?” what would you do? You’d probably look at your watch and say, “ It’s a quarter to three,” or some such thing.
For centuries, philosophers and wise men have tried to explain time. Saint Augustine once tried to answer this question. He said: “For what is time? Who is able easily and briefly to explain it? …Surely we understand well enough when we speak of it. What then is time? If nobody asks me, I know; but if I were desirous to explain it to someone — plainly I know not.”
Sir Isaac Newton said that time was absolute, that it occurred whether the universe was here or not. Leibnitz came along and turned Newton’s definition upside down. He said, “ Time is merely the order of events, not an entity itself.” Albert Einstein followed Leibnitz, and made the statement that “ Time has no independent existence apart from the order of events by which we measure it.”
Ben Franklin said, “ Dost thou love life? Then do not squander (挥霍) time, for that’s the stuff life is made of.” If this is true, then controlling your life means controlling your time, and controlling your time means controlling the events in your life.
A.The astute Augustine obviously wasn’t much help on this matter. |
B.The definition from the dictionary says: “Time is the occurrence of events in sequence, one after the other.” |
C.He then developed an idea called “simultaneous events.” |
D.Time is what is happening now and will happen in the future replace what happened in the past |
E.In America we don’t usually stop people on the street and ask them philosophical questions. |
F.If we waste time, how can we say we love our lives? |
5 . Can Happiness Be Bought?
There is a Web site called the “World Database of Happiness”. It combines and analyzes the results of hundreds of surveys from around the world that have been conducted on life satisfaction. Most of the findings are predictable, but a few are surprising.
Studies have been carried out on people who acquired sudden wealth, such as lottery winners. In most cases, after the initial joy had worn off, people were not left with a sense of lasting happiness.
If material wealth does not bring happiness, then what does? Perhaps happiness has something to do with where you live. The authorities at the World Database on Happiness have surveyed levels of happiness in different countries. Other surveys consistently point to the importance of relationships.
A.In fact, they tended to return to the way they felt before they became rich. |
B.Nowadays people look to technology as an alternative source of satisfaction. |
C.Family relationships in particular seem to be the key to long-term contentment. |
D.You can’t buy happiness but it looks like you can at least inherit it, some researchers said. |
E.The database makes it clear that there is not a strong connection between material wealth and general contentment. |
F.An important implication is that personality traits of being outgoing and reliable provide a resource that drives future happiness. |
6 . Acceptance Speeches
‘Thank you’ is a very polite thing to say when you are given something, and this is particularly important when receiving an award at a ceremony. But if you’re one of the lucky winners, ‘thank you’ is just the start of the most important acceptance speech of your life.
Film, TV and music award ceremonies are all about the acceptance speeches — they are an art form in their own right. They are a chance for an actor or performer to publicly thank people who’ve helped them.
Speeches are also used as a platform to make a political statement or just to raise someone’s profile (形象) — so it’s important to get the words right.
When the clock is ticking, it’s hard to say everything you want. Weeping can waste time; bumbling (结结巴巴讲话) costs valuable seconds.
You would expect an actor to be persuasive and able to perform on stage in front of an audience.
A.Experts in the field say it’s important to be personable, heartfelt and to speak like you’re talking to a friend. |
B.Emotion matters in an acceptance speech at an awarding ceremony. |
C.And these words have to be delivered in a short amount of time. |
D.But for others, such as sports people, it can be more awkward. |
E.Preparation is key. |
F.Making an acceptable speech sounds frightening, but don’t panic. |
7 . Tuning in to Gestures
Gesture gets its power in part from the fact that it is seldom noticed by the speaker or listener yet is easily understood and included in our conversations. The challenge is to use it to good effect.
Gesture more when you speak. It will help you learn and understand, and also think in a more abstract way. If you gesture while talking, you will remember more of what you have said. Do it while you are multitasking and it will lighten your mental load. What’s more, when you gesture, the people around you tend to do so too.
Encourage gestures in your children, students and anyone else you are trying to teach. This will help them understand the material you are conveying.
Pay attention to other people’s gestures. These offer a window into the thoughts that speakers have but don’t express in their words. These thoughts are often at the cutting-edge of their knowledge or address issues that are uppermost in their minds. Noticing and responding to such gestures will improve your interactions at home and at work.
Observe the gesturing of infants (婴儿). While learning to talk, children typically convey sentence-like meanings in a combination of gesture and speech before using words alone.
A.For example, they usually point at a box and say “open”. |
B.You should be mindful of the potential impact of gestures. |
C.Make fake gestures on certain occasions if necessary. |
D.Here are some tips that can help you take advantage of gestures. |
E.This can give you a way of seeing what others are thinking but not saying. |
F.Gesturing while learning will also help them solve the same problem in a new way. |
8 . Many of our most worrying problems, from overeating to not saving enough for retirement to not working out enough have something in common: lack of self-control. Self-control is what gives us the capacity to say no to choices that are immediately satisfying but costly in the long term — that a piece of chocolate cake (instead of an apple), that afternoon in front of the couch (instead of a visit to the gym).
The problem of self-control has puzzled psychologists and behavioral scientists for decades. A great deal of research has identified situations in which self-control failures are likely to happen and tools to help people exercise better control.
Entrepreneurs have also become interested in self-control, as is evident from the many diet and exercise apps and gadgets on the market. To take one notable example, on the commitment contract website stickK.com, users put down some money (say, $200) and state a goal they want to achieve (such as to lose ten pounds in a month).
Tools like stickK.com can be effective, but they are often difficult to implement. My colleagues and I conducted a new research to point to a different solution that may be easier to carry out: using rituals.
A.They have to point out someone to monitor them and ensure they reach the goal or donate the money. |
B.Despite our best intentions, we often fail to meet our goals. |
C.Rituals are series of steps we take while attaching some kind of symbolic meaning. |
D.In the past, my colleagues and I have found that rituals reduce anxiety before stressful tasks, and improve performance. |
E.They also need to state what will happen to the money if they don’t stick to their commitments (e.g., it’ll go to a friend or to a charity they do not like). |
F.For instance, research has found that people persist for longer on tasks that require self-control when they know they’ll be paid for their efforts, or when they are told that their work will benefit others. |
9 . It is certainly difficult to make money. But should money be difficult to give away? In The Gilded Age, industrialists such as Andrew Carnegie and John D. Rockefeller worried about waste and misuse; Carnegie wrote in 1889 that $950 of every $1,000 that went to charity was “unwisely spent”.
Fortunately, a new generation of donors is once again shaking up the world of big philanthropy (慈善事业). Leading the mission is MacKenzie Scott, who simplified the process of giving and is donating billions of dollars a year with few conditions. This “no-strings giving” is changing mega-donors’ long-held assumptions.
One is the recognition that philanthropists do not have to do everything themselves.
Another lesson from the no-strings crowd is that philanthropists can trust recipients to put money to good use once the proper due diligence is in place. That means analyzing a nonprofit organization’s annual reports and interviewing its leaders and other funders.
A.It offers lessons for those struggling to get money out of the door. |
B.In addition to that, her charity work is too numerous to mention. |
C.However, this idea that charities’ money is wasted has been proven wrong by evidence. |
D.Mega-donors no longer need to endure the trouble of setting up a foundation and hiring staff. |
E.Two decades on, however, it’s become clear that all this paperwork puts the brakes on giving. |
F.Around the turn of the millennium donors looked to data and rules as a way to stop waste. |
10 . What a chatbot can teach us about the art of conversation
After lunchtime on May 2, 1989, a student at Drake University in Iowa started an online text chat with a user at University College Dublin. The UCD user’s handle was “MGonz”.
Over the next hour and 20 minutes, the two exchanged insults (谩骂). When the student logged off, he wrote off MGonz as an abusive troll (山怪). But while MGonz was abusive, it was not a troll — it was a simple chatbot programmed by UCD undergrad Mark Humphrys. The next day, Humphrys reviewed the chat logs in astonishment. His MGonz chatbot had passed the Turing test.
The Turing test was invented by the mathematician, codebreaker and computing pioneer Alan Turing in 1950.
Faced with the difficult task of convincing a human that a chatbot is human, the obvious strategy is to increase the sophistication (复杂) of the chatbot, Humphrys try an alternative: reduce the sophistication of the human. MGonz had passed the Turing test, but is it not also fair to say that the student had failed it?
But MGonz generates dialogue because insults need neither context nor memory. And it is impossible to read the MGonz transcript without thinking of ugly parallels on social media.
We are at our best when our conversation explores complex issues and is sensitive to context.
Brian Christian’s book The Most Human Human explores the history of chatbots, while reflecting on the nature of good conversation. Christian argues that chatbots tend to pass for human because we humans set the benchmark so low.
Conversation is not easy. But the best conversations are delightful. So let’s start by promising to do better than MGonz and see what we can build from there.
A.So many of our interactions are predictable or downright rude. |
B.A good conversation involves give and take, builds over time and exists in a context. |
C.That is understandable response to the limited range of modern communication. |
D.But complexity and context do not play well on social media. |
E.The test is simply for a computer to successfully pretend to be a human in a text-based conversation with another human. |
F.Turing had something more uplifting in mind than MGonz’s exchange with the student. |