1 . All Rise
With just over 500 different species of shark classified, and a further two dozen waiting to be formally scientifically named, shark classification is not for the faint-hearted.
Sporting a wide, flattened head that is uniquely shaped like a double-headed hammer, it’s not hard to see how these sharks got their name. The eyes and openings at the end of the nose are located at either end of the “hammer” — or cephalopodic, as it’s technically called.
Though widespread, the scalloped hammerhead, one of the nine species of hammerhead, is most commonly encountered in the Hammerhead Triangle in the eastern Pacific. While it can be relatively easily observed at a number of sites, particularly around seamounts, there are only a few places where it gathers in large numbers.
At locations such as the Hammerhead Triangle, numbers can reach into the hundreds or even, on occasion, thousands. As the sharks tend to assemble relatively close to the water’s surface, this is one ocean spectacle (壮观的景象) for diver.
With its fins highly prized as the key ingredient in shark-fin soup, it’s no surprise that the scalloped hammerhead has experienced a dramatic population decline. Any sharks caught are often subjected to the frankly horrible treatment of ‘finning’, whereby fins are sliced off and the bodies thrown overboard.
However, with hammerheads consistently ranking among the world’s top underwater wildlife attractions, shark tourism now contributes millions towards regional economies, thereby presenting a sustainable alternative to fishing them into extinction.
A.Added to this, the shark is often the victim of fishing bycatch. |
B.The explanation behind the shape of the hammerhead’s head has long been debated. |
C.But there is one group that everyone would immediately recognize the hammerheads. |
D.The scalloped hammerhead can be distinguished by the V-shaped cut at its cephalopodic. |
E.As most predators at the top of the food chain operate as ‘lone wolves’, this is considered highly unusual behaviour. |
F.Doubtless, those enjoying this magnificent spectacle agree that the fins look far better on the sharks than they do floating in a bowl of soup. |
2 . Time, What is it?
If I were to stop you on the street and say,“ Excuse me, what time is it?” what would you do? You’d probably look at your watch and say, “ It’s a quarter to three,” or some such thing.
For centuries, philosophers and wise men have tried to explain time. Saint Augustine once tried to answer this question. He said: “For what is time? Who is able easily and briefly to explain it? …Surely we understand well enough when we speak of it. What then is time? If nobody asks me, I know; but if I were desirous to explain it to someone — plainly I know not.”
Sir Isaac Newton said that time was absolute, that it occurred whether the universe was here or not. Leibnitz came along and turned Newton’s definition upside down. He said, “ Time is merely the order of events, not an entity itself.” Albert Einstein followed Leibnitz, and made the statement that “ Time has no independent existence apart from the order of events by which we measure it.”
Ben Franklin said, “ Dost thou love life? Then do not squander (挥霍) time, for that’s the stuff life is made of.” If this is true, then controlling your life means controlling your time, and controlling your time means controlling the events in your life.
A.The astute Augustine obviously wasn’t much help on this matter. |
B.The definition from the dictionary says: “Time is the occurrence of events in sequence, one after the other.” |
C.He then developed an idea called “simultaneous events.” |
D.Time is what is happening now and will happen in the future replace what happened in the past |
E.In America we don’t usually stop people on the street and ask them philosophical questions. |
F.If we waste time, how can we say we love our lives? |
3 . Tuning in to Gestures
Gesture gets its power in part from the fact that it is seldom noticed by the speaker or listener yet is easily understood and included in our conversations. The challenge is to use it to good effect.
Gesture more when you speak. It will help you learn and understand, and also think in a more abstract way. If you gesture while talking, you will remember more of what you have said. Do it while you are multitasking and it will lighten your mental load. What’s more, when you gesture, the people around you tend to do so too.
Encourage gestures in your children, students and anyone else you are trying to teach. This will help them understand the material you are conveying.
Pay attention to other people’s gestures. These offer a window into the thoughts that speakers have but don’t express in their words. These thoughts are often at the cutting-edge of their knowledge or address issues that are uppermost in their minds. Noticing and responding to such gestures will improve your interactions at home and at work.
Observe the gesturing of infants (婴儿). While learning to talk, children typically convey sentence-like meanings in a combination of gesture and speech before using words alone.
A.For example, they usually point at a box and say “open”. |
B.You should be mindful of the potential impact of gestures. |
C.Make fake gestures on certain occasions if necessary. |
D.Here are some tips that can help you take advantage of gestures. |
E.This can give you a way of seeing what others are thinking but not saying. |
F.Gesturing while learning will also help them solve the same problem in a new way. |
4 . Many of our most worrying problems, from overeating to not saving enough for retirement to not working out enough have something in common: lack of self-control. Self-control is what gives us the capacity to say no to choices that are immediately satisfying but costly in the long term — that a piece of chocolate cake (instead of an apple), that afternoon in front of the couch (instead of a visit to the gym).
The problem of self-control has puzzled psychologists and behavioral scientists for decades. A great deal of research has identified situations in which self-control failures are likely to happen and tools to help people exercise better control.
Entrepreneurs have also become interested in self-control, as is evident from the many diet and exercise apps and gadgets on the market. To take one notable example, on the commitment contract website stickK.com, users put down some money (say, $200) and state a goal they want to achieve (such as to lose ten pounds in a month).
Tools like stickK.com can be effective, but they are often difficult to implement. My colleagues and I conducted a new research to point to a different solution that may be easier to carry out: using rituals.
A.They have to point out someone to monitor them and ensure they reach the goal or donate the money. |
B.Despite our best intentions, we often fail to meet our goals. |
C.Rituals are series of steps we take while attaching some kind of symbolic meaning. |
D.In the past, my colleagues and I have found that rituals reduce anxiety before stressful tasks, and improve performance. |
E.They also need to state what will happen to the money if they don’t stick to their commitments (e.g., it’ll go to a friend or to a charity they do not like). |
F.For instance, research has found that people persist for longer on tasks that require self-control when they know they’ll be paid for their efforts, or when they are told that their work will benefit others. |
5 . As we know, it is very important that a firm should pay attention to the training of its staff as there exist many weak parts in its various departments.
A job description should give details of the performance that is required for a particular job, and a job specification should give information about the behavior, knowledge and skills that are expected of an employee who works in it.
A.Even if the employees may have high degrees in college, their knowledge and skills still need improving. |
B.When all of this has been collected, it is possible to make a training specification. |
C.It is always difficult to evaluate the costs and savings of a training programme. |
D.Staff training helps to develop employees’ skills and to improve the weak points. |
E.There are many different training methods, and there are advantages and disadvantages of all of them. |
F.Staff training must have a purpose. |
6 . Success Requires “Ample Doses of Pain”
Jensen Huang, CEO of Nvidia, has a simple message for young people who want to achieve greatness: No pain, no gain. That was essentially his message for students at his alma mater, Stanford University, where he made a speech at the Stanford Institute for Economic Policy Research.
“Greatness is not intelligence.
“One of my great advantages is that I have very low expectations,” Huang said, noting that most Stanford graduates have very high expectations as a result of having an elite education. Often people with very high expectations have very low resilience because they are not accustomed to, or prepared for, failure. “
“To this day I use the phrase ‘pain and suffering’ inside our company with great joy,” Huang told the Stanford students. “
A.Greatness comes from character. |
B.Unfortunately, resilience matters in success. |
C.Building character is a key factor in determining success. |
D.When it comes to achieving success, Huang knows more than most. |
E.That’s why I still worry Nvidia could ultimately fail, despite its massive success. |
F.I mean that in a happy way, because you want to refine the character of your company. |
7 . It is certainly difficult to make money. But should money be difficult to give away? In The Gilded Age, industrialists such as Andrew Carnegie and John D. Rockefeller worried about waste and misuse; Carnegie wrote in 1889 that $950 of every $1,000 that went to charity was “unwisely spent”.
Fortunately, a new generation of donors is once again shaking up the world of big philanthropy (慈善事业). Leading the mission is MacKenzie Scott, who simplified the process of giving and is donating billions of dollars a year with few conditions. This “no-strings giving” is changing mega-donors’ long-held assumptions.
One is the recognition that philanthropists do not have to do everything themselves.
Another lesson from the no-strings crowd is that philanthropists can trust recipients to put money to good use once the proper due diligence is in place. That means analyzing a nonprofit organization’s annual reports and interviewing its leaders and other funders.
A.It offers lessons for those struggling to get money out of the door. |
B.In addition to that, her charity work is too numerous to mention. |
C.However, this idea that charities’ money is wasted has been proven wrong by evidence. |
D.Mega-donors no longer need to endure the trouble of setting up a foundation and hiring staff. |
E.Two decades on, however, it’s become clear that all this paperwork puts the brakes on giving. |
F.Around the turn of the millennium donors looked to data and rules as a way to stop waste. |
8 . Monarch Butterflies Listed as Endangered
The monarch butterfly, known for its legendary migration from Mexico to Canada, is now at great risk of extinction. According to the International Union for Conservation of Nature, the population of this orange-and-black insect has shrunk between 23% and 72% over the past 10 years. IUCN has labeled it as being endangered after having added it to its Red List of Threatened Species.
Another factor at play is the use of herbicides (除草剂) in agricultural fields.
Climate change has also taken a heavy toll on the species.
Monarch experts are calling for the public’s help in the fight to save the species. “Few species inspire the awe and wonder that the migratory monarch butterfly commands,” said Dr. Sean T. O’Brien, President and CEO of Nature Serve. “While efforts to protect this species are encouraging, much is still needed to ensure its long-term survival.”
What can be done to case the problem? A middle-of-the-road solution is gaining ground. Scientists recommend promoting the growth of native milkweed and nectar flowers. Monarch butterflies are a common backyard insect in America, so everyone can contribute their share. —
A.People can plant milkweed to support their egg-laying and caterpillars. |
B.When they are caterpillars (幼虫), monarchs entirely depend on milkweed. |
C.Hence, local people should maintain thick forests and reduce the use of pesticides within the monarch’s range. |
D.The reasons for the threat to monarchs are varied, but the leading one is the decades-long destruction of its habitats. |
E.In a one-two punch, droughts have limited the growth of milkweed, thus threatening the butterflies’ overwintering habitats. |
F.To help ensure the survival of monarchs, the habitats of the Monarch butterfly need to be protected and conserved. |
9 . The Maya loved cacao so much that they used the beans as currency. They also believed it is good for you — which many people still say today about cacao’s most famous byproduct, chocolate.
Flavanols may also boost insulin sensitivity, according to some studies, which might be helpful in reducing the risk of type 2 diabetes (糖尿病).
What these findings mean for chocolate is limited, however. Participants would have had to eat multiple fat and sugar filled chocolate bars a day to source 500mg of flavanols.
A.Cacao contains hundreds of bioactive plant compounds, including flavanols, which have been associated with numerous possible health benefits. |
B.In 2022, Sesso and colleagues found compelling evidence for the benefits of flavanols. |
C.But the results aren’t conclusive. |
D.Spurred by chocolate’s popularity, numerous studies have explored bow the natural chemical compounds found in cocoa might be good for human health. |
E.All chocolates are definitely not created equal. |
F.But there’s still more research to be done to understand these effects. |
10 . Successful people have a few common characteristics that make them great. Now look at the following common traits exhibited by successful people that I have observed across various fields including sports, business and arts.
Self-disciplineI put this at the top of the list simply because without self-discipline nothing is possible. Self-discipline is a quality that can be developed by having a clear idea on what we want and then ensuring the desire to succeed is greater than the consequences of not doing it. If we want to exercise 5 times a week, then we can imagine the enormous benefits of exercise and visualise that while trying to keep the end goal in mind.
Angela Lee Duckworth says that grit is the single quality that guarantees success, based on her groundbreaking studies. There are going to be setbacks, like we may not get the promotion we wanted, but having patience and perseverance never goes out of fashion. Talent will not take the place of persistence and resilience.
One of the best kept secrets of the highly successful is the ability to keep learning something new every day in their field or related fields. The hallmark of learning is curiosity. Peter Drucker, the father of modern management, is an excellent example of someone who kept learning till the end of his life.
A.You can be down but never out. |
B.I have noticed that a lot of successful people take care of themselves better. |
C.If we want to achieve all the things we want, then self-discipline is the best place to start and we have 100% control on this. |
D.He was always learing something new. |
E.When you have high self-esteem, you generally feel more positive about life and do better at work. |
F.Passion is the fuel behind the success engine. |